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Copyright Information
Permission has been obtained from the copyright
holders to reproduce certain quoted material in this
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Suggested Citation
National Center for Health Statistics.
Health, United States, 2000
With Adolescent Health Chartbook.
Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000.
MacKay AP, Fingerhut LA, Duran CR.
Adolescent Health Chartbook. Health,
United States, 2000. Hyattsville, Maryland: National
Center for Health Statistics. 2000.
Library of Congress Catalog Number 76–641496
For sale by Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
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[No extractable text was available for this source page.]
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS)
Donna E. Shalala
Secretary
Office of Public Health and Science, DHHS
David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D.
Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H.
Director
National Center for Health Statistics, CDC
Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D.
Director
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.................................................................................................................... Preface
Health, United States, 2000 is the 24th report on current printed report. Where possible, these additional
the health status of the Nation. This report was data are available in Lotus 1–2–3 and Excel
compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and spreadsheet files as listed in Appendix III.
Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS). The National Committee on Vital Racial and Ethnic Data
and Health Statistics served in a review capacity. Several tables in Health, United States present
Health, United States presents national trends in data according to race and Hispanic origin consistent
health statistics. Major findings are presented in the with Department-wide emphasis on expanding racial
highlights. The report includes a chartbook on and ethnic detail in presenting health data. Trend data
adolescent health and trend tables. on race and ethnicity are usually in the greatest detail
possible, after taking into account the quality of data,
Adolescent Health Chartbook the amount of missing data, and the number of
observations. The large differences in health status by
In each edition of Health, United States, a race and Hispanic origin that are documented in this
chartbook focuses on a major health topic. This year report may be explained by several factors including
the Adolescent Health Chartbook describes the health socioeconomic status, health practices, psychosocial
of the adolescent population, 10–19 years of age. stress and resources, environmental exposures,
Adolescence is a period of accelerated growth and discrimination, and access to health care. New
change, bridging the complex transition from standards for presenting Federal data on race and
childhood to adulthood. Young people experience ethnicity are described in Appendix II under Race.
profound biological, emotional, intellectual, and social
changes, and the patterns of behavior they adopt may
Changes in This Edition
have long-term consequences for their health and
quality of life. The chartbook presents data on the Similar tables appear in each volume of Health,
current status of adolescent health, with a focus on the United States to enhance the use of this publication as
transitions in adolescent health status by single year of a standard reference source. However, each year new
age. The 32 figures and accompanying text show tables are added to reflect emerging topics in public
differences in health status, injury, mortality, health and changes in the content of ongoing tables are
reproductive health, health care utilization, and risk made to enhance their usefulness. New to Health,
behaviors by age and gender. Many charts also United States, 2000 are data on early prenatal care for
describe racial, ethnic, and sociodemographic States (table 7) based on vital statistics; use of
differences. ambulatory health care as measured by visits to
doctor’s offices, clinics, and emergency departments, as
well as home visits from nurses and other health
Trend Tables professionals (table 71) based on the National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS); access to care by children
The chartbook is followed by 146 trend tables under 18 years of age as measured by no health care
organized around four major subject areas: health contacts within the past 12 months (table 75), hospital
status and determinants, health care utilization, health emergency department use by children (table 77) and
care resources, and health care expenditures. A major by adults (table 79) based on NHIS; injury-related
criterion used in selecting the trend tables is the visits to hospital emergency departments based on the
availability of comparable national data over a period National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
of several years. The tables report data for selected (NHAMCS) (table 84); fee-for-service Medicare
years to highlight major trends in health statistics. enrollees and payments based on data from the Health
Earlier editions of Health, United States may present Care Financing Administration (table 134); and health
data for additional years that are not included in the
Health, United States, 2000 ............................................................................................................. iii
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Preface ....................................................................................................................
care use and expenditures by Medicare beneficiaries Electronic Access
based on the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey
Health, United States has its own home page on
(table 135).
the NCHS web site at www.cdc.gov/nchs. Click on
Data for racial and ethnic groups are expanded in
‘‘Top 10 Downloads’’. The direct Uniform Resource
tables showing contraceptive use (table 18), infant and
Locator (URL) address for the Health, United States
neonatal mortality rates by State (tables 24 and 25),
home page is:
limitation of activity (table 57), interval since the last
health care contact (table 72), and Medicaid recipients www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hus/hus.htm.
(table 136). In addition, new tables 7, 71, 75, 77, 79, Health, United States, 2000, the Adolescent Health
and 135 also present data for racial and ethnic groups. Chartbook, and each of the 146 individual trend tables
In other changes, death rates for lung cancer are available as separate Acrobat .pdf files on the
(ICD 162) replace death rates for respiratory cancer Health, United States home page. In addition
(ICD 160–165) in tables 30, 31, and 40; the age range individual tables are downloadable as Lotus 1–2–3 and
of data on dental visits (table 80) and untreated dental Excel spreadsheet files. Previous editions of Health,
caries (table 81) is expanded to encompass children, United States and chartbooks, starting with the 1993
adults, and the elderly; Medicare expenditures for edition, also may be accessed from the Health, United
managed care and fee-for-service care are added to States home page.
table 133. Tables that present NHIS, NAMCS, Health, United States is also available, along with
NHAMCS, National Nursing Home Survey, and other NCHS reports, on a CD-ROM entitled
National Home and Hospice Care Survey data are age ‘‘Publications from the National Center for Health
adjusted using a new population standard, the year Statistics, featuring Health, United States, 2000,’’
2000 population (see Appendix II, Age adjustment). A vol 1 no 6, 2000. These publications can be viewed,
newly designed brochure features representative charts searched, printed, and saved using Adobe Acrobat
and tables from the report. software on the CD-ROM. The CD-ROM may be
purchased from the Government Printing Office.
Appendixes
Appendix I describes each data source used in the Questions?
report and the limitations of the data and provides For answers to questions about this report, contact:
references for further information about the sources. Data Dissemination Branch
Appendix II is an alphabetical listing of terms National Center for Health Statistics
used in the report. It also contains standard populations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
used for age adjustment, International Classification of 6525 Belcrest Road, Room 1064
Diseases (ICD) codes for cause of death and Hyattsville, Maryland 20782–2003
diagnostic and procedure categories. phone: 301–458–INFO
Appendix III lists tables with additional years of E-mail: nchsquery@cdc.gov
trend data that are available electronically in Lotus Internet: www.cdc.gov/nchs
1–2–3 and Excel spreadsheet files on the NCHS home
page and CD-ROM.
The Index to Trend Tables is a useful tool for
locating data by topic. Tables are cross-referenced by
such topics as Child and adolescent health, Women’s
health, Elderly population, Nutrition related, State data,
American Indian, Asian, Black, and Hispanic origin
populations, Education, and Poverty status.
iv .............................................................................................................Health, United States, 2000
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............................................................................................. Acknowledgments
Overall responsibility for planning and Publications management and editorial review
coordinating the content of this volume rested with the were provided by Thelma W. Sanders and Rolfe W.
Office of Analysis, Epidemiology, and Health Larson. The designer was Sarah M. Hinkle. Graphics
Promotion, National Center for Health Statistics were supervised by Stephen L. Sloan. Production was
(NCHS), under the general direction of Diane M. done by Jacqueline M. Davis and Annette F. Holman.
Makuc and Jennifer H. Madans. Printing was managed by Joan D. Burton and
Health, United States, 2000 highlights, trend Patricia L. Wilson.
tables, and appendixes were prepared under the Electronic access through CD-ROM and the
leadership of Kate Prager. Trend tables were prepared NCHS internet site was provided by Christine J.
by Alan J. Cohen, Margaret A. Cooke, La-Tonya D. Brown, Michelle L. Bysheim, Jacqueline M. Davis,
Curl, Catherine Duran, Virginia M. Freid, Karen E. Annette F. Holman, Gail V. Johnson, Demarius V.
Fujii, Andrea P. MacKay, Mitchell B. Pierre, Jr., Miller, Sharon L. Ramirez, Thelma W. Sanders,
Rebecca A. Placek, Anita L. Powell, Kate Prager, Julia A. Sothoron, and Tammy M. Stewart-Prather.
Laura A. Pratt, and Henry Xia of NOVA Research Data and technical assistance were provided by
Company with assistance from Amy M. Branum, Charles A. Adams, Robert N. Anderson, Margaret C.
Patricia A. Knapp, Brenda E. Mitchell and Jennie Avery, Linda E. Biggar, Viona I. Brown, Catharine W.
Wald. Production planning and coordination of Burt, Margaret D. Carroll, Pei-Lu Chiu, Robin A.
appendixes and index to trend tables were managed by Cohen, Richard H. Coles, Thomas D. Dunn, Lois A.
Anita L. Powell. The Health, United States brochure Fingerhut, Katherine M. Flegal, Nancy G. Gagne,
was designed by Brenda E. Mitchell. Production Cathy Hao, Ann M. Hardy, Barbara J. Haupt, Kristina
planning and coordination of trend tables were Kotulak-Hays, Rosemarie Hirsch, Donna L. Hoyert,
managed by Rebecca A. Placek. Administrative and Deborah D. Ingram, Susan S. Jack, Clifford L.
word processing assistance were provided by Carole J. Johnson, Kenneth D. Kochanek, Lola Jean Kozak,
Hunt, Camille A. Miller, and Anne E. Cromwell. Robert J. Kuczmarski, Linda S. Lawrence, Karen L.
The Adolescent Health Chartbook was prepared Lipkind, Marian F. MacDorman, Joyce A. Martin,
by Andrea P. MacKay, Lois A. Fingerhut, and Jeffrey D. Maurer, Linda F. McCaig, Geraldine M.
Catherine Duran, under the general direction of McQuillen, William D. Mosher, Sherry L. Murphy,
Kenneth C. Schoendorf and Diane M. Makuc. Data Cheryl R. Nelson, Francis C. Notzon, Maria F.
and analysis for specific charts were provided by Lara Owings, Jane Page, Jennifer D. Parker, Gail A. Parr,
Akinbami, Christine S. Cox, Alisa M. Jenny, Linda J. Piccinino, Harry M. Rosenberg, Susan M.
Clemencia M. Vargas, Stephanie J. Ventura, and Schappert, Charlotte A. Schoenborn, J. Fred Seitz,
Margaret Warner of NCHS; Melinda L. Flock and Mira Shanks, Manju Sharma, Alvin J. Sirrocco,
Joseph M. Posid of the National Center for HIV, STD, Betty L. Smith, Genevieve W. Strahan, Anne K.
and TB Prevention, CDC; Laura Kann and Sherry C. Stratton, Luong Tonthat, Clemencia M. Vargas,
Everett of the National Center for Chronic Disease Stephanie J. Ventura, and David A. Woodwell of
Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; Laura NCHS; Tim Bush, Andrea Gates, and Luetta Schneider
Lippman of the National Center for Education of the National Center for HIV, STD, and TB
Statistics; and Michael R. Rand of the Bureau of Prevention, CDC; Samuel L. Groseclose and Patsy A.
Justice Statistics. Advice on the content of the Hall of the Epidemiology Program Office, CDC;
chartbook was provided by Charles E. Irwin, Jr., of the Lisa M. Koonin and Lilo T. Strauss of the National
National Adolescent Health Information Center, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
University of California, San Francisco; John L. Kiely Promotion, CDC; Monina Klevens of the National
and Elizabeth Goodman of Children’s Hospital Immunization Program, CDC; Evelyn Christian of the
Medical Center of Cincinnati; and Trina Anglin of the Health Resources and Services Administration;
Health Resources and Services Administration. Mitchell Goldstein of the Office of the Secretary,
Health, United States, 2000 .............................................................................................................. v
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Acknowledgments .............................................................................................
DHHS; Joanne Atay, Judy Ball, Joseph C. Gfroerer,
Janet Greenblatt, Patricia Royston, Richard Thoreson,
and Deborah Trunzo of the Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration; Ken Allison,
Lynn A. G. Ries, Arthur L. Hughes, and Deborah
Dawson of the National Institutes of Health; Gerald S.
Adler, Cathy A. Cowan, Janice D. Drexler, David A.
Gibson, Leslie Greenwald, Helen C. Lazenby,
Katharine R. Levit, Anna Long, Anthony C. Parker,
and Madie W. Stewart of the Health Care Financing
Administration; Joseph Dalaker of the Census Bureau;
James Barnhardt, Alan Blostin, Kay Ford, Daniel
Ginsburg, and Janice Windau of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics; Elizabeth Ahuja and Laura O’Shea of the
Department of Veterans Affairs; Susan Tew of the Alan
Guttmacher Institute; Wendy Katz of the Association
of Schools of Public Health; Richard Hamer of
InterStudy; Patrick O’Malley of the University of
Michigan; C. McKeen Cowles of Cowles Research
Group; and Gerald D. Williams of CSR Incorporated.
vi .............................................................................................................Health, United States, 2000
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.................................................................................................................. Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures on Adolescent Health ix
Geographic Regions and Divisions of the United States xi
Highlights
Adolescent Health 3
Health Status and Determinants 7
Health Care Utilization 11
Health Care Expenditures 13
Adolescent Health Chartbook
Introduction 20
Population
Race and Ethnicity 26
Poverty and Family Structure 28
Employment 30
Dropout Rates 32
Health Status
Activity Limitation 34
Untreated Dental Caries 36
Suicide Ideation and Attempts 38
Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Discharges, and Death Rates 40
Emergency Department Visits 42
Injury-Related Visits to Emergency Departments 44
Noninjury Visits to Emergency Departments 48
Hospital Discharge Rates 50
Violent Crime Victimization 54
Death Rates 56
Motor Vehicle and Firearm-Related Deaths 58
Reproductive Health
Pregnancy Rates 62
Birth Rates 64
Low Birthweight 66
Infant Mortality 68
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 70
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 72
Risk Behavior
Sexual Activity 74
Cigarette Smoking 76
Alcohol Use 78
Marijuana Use 80
Weapon Carrying 82
Physical Activity 84
Health Care Access
Health Care Coverage 86
Health Care Visits 88
Technical Notes 90
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 96
Health, United States, 2000 ............................................................................................................. vii
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Contents .................................................................................................................
Trend Tables
List of Trend Tables 117
Health Status and Determinants
Population 123
Fertility and Natality 123
Mortality 149
Determinants and Measures of Health 221
Utilization of Health Resources
Ambulatory Care 257
Inpatient Care 283
Health Care Resources
Personnel 303
Facilities 315
Health Care Expenditures
National Health Expenditures 321
Health Care Coverage and Major Federal Programs 339
State Health Expenditures 357
Appendixes
Contents
I. Sources of Data 372
II. Glossary 407
III. Additional Years of Data Available 438
Index to Trend Tables 440
viii ............................................................................................................Health, United States, 2000
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..................................................................................................... List of Figures
Population Characteristics 15. Violent crime victimization rates among adolescents
12–19 years of age, by age and sex: United States,
1. Race and Hispanic origin of adolescents 10–19 years 1992–97 55
of age: United States, 1980–2050 27
16. Death rates for injury, by intent of injury, and
2. Poverty by family structure, race, and Hispanic origin natural causes among adolescents 10–19 years of age,
among adolescents 10–17 years of age: United States, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1996–97 57
1998 29
17. Death rates for motor vehicle traffic-related and
3. Employment during April and July among firearm-related injuries among adolescents 10–19 years
adolescents 16–19 years of age, by age, race, and of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual
Hispanic origin: United States, 1999 31 1996–97 59
4. Event dropout rates among adolescents 15–19 years 18. Death rates for motor vehicle traffic-related and
of age, by age, race, Hispanic origin, and family firearm-related injuries among adolescents 10–19 years
income: United States, 1998 33 of age, by age and urbanization: United States,
average annual 1996–97 61
Health Status
Reproductive Health
5. Activity limitation among adolescents 10–17 years of
age, by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, and poverty 19. Pregnancy rates according to outcome of pregnancy
status: United States, 1997 35 among adolescents 15–19 years of age, by age, race,
and Hispanic origin: United States, 1995 63
6. Untreated dental caries among adolescents 10–19
years of age, by family income, race, and Hispanic 20. Birth rates among adolescents 13–19 years of age,
origin: United States, 1988–94 37 by birth order, age, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, average annual 1997–98 65
7. Suicide ideation and attempts among students in
grades 9–12, by grade level, sex, race, and Hispanic 21. Low-birthweight live births among adolescent
origin: United States, 1999 39 mothers 13–19 years of age, by maternal age, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, average annual 1997–98 67
8. Emergency department visit rates, hospital discharge
rates, and death rates among adolescents 10–19 years of 22. Infant mortality rates among infants of adolescent
age, by age and sex: United States, average annual mothers 13–19 years of age, by maternal age, race, and
1995–97 41 Hispanic origin: United States, average annual 1995–97 69
9. Emergency department visit rates for injury, 23. Sexually transmitted disease rates reported for
noninjury, and pregnancy-related diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age, sex, race, and
adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age and sex: Hispanic origin: United States, 1998 71
United States, average annual 1995–97 43
24. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) rates
10. Emergency department visit rates for selected reported for adolescents 11–19 years of age, by age,
external causes of injury among adolescents 10–19 years sex, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, average
of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual annual 1996–98 73
1995–97 45
11. Emergency department visit rates for selected injury Risk Behaviors
diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by
age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97 47 25. Lifetime sexual activity among students in grades
12. Emergency department visit rates for selected 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
noninjury diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of United States, 1999 75
age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 26. Current cigarette smoking among students in grades
1995–97 49 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
13. Short-stay hospital discharge rates for injury, United States, 1999 77
noninjury, and pregnancy-related diagnoses among 27. Current alcohol use among students in grades 9–12,
adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age and sex: by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, average annual 1995–97 51 United States, 1999 79
14. Short-stay hospital discharge rates for selected 28. Lifetime marijuana use among students in grades
diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97 53 United States, 1999 81
Health, United States, 2000 ............................................................................................................. ix
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List of Figures ......................................................................................................
29. Weapon carrying in the past 30 days among students
in grades 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic
origin: United States, 1999 83
30. Participation in moderate to vigorous physical
activity among students in grades 9–12, by sex, grade
level, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1999 85
Health Care Access
31. Health care coverage of adolescents 10–19 years of
age, by type of health care coverage, age, and poverty
status: United States, 1997 87
32. Lack of a health care visit in the past 12 months
among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age, sex,
health care coverage, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, 1997 89
x ..............................................................................................................Health, United States, 2000
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..............Geographic Regions and Divisions of the United States
West Northeast
Midwest
New
England
Middle
Pacific West North East North Atlantic
Central Central
Mountain
East South
South Atlantic
Central
West South
Central
South
AK
Health, United States, 2000 ............................................................................................................. xi
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................................................................................................................ Highlights
Adolescent Health
Adolescent Population Characteristics Adolescent Health Status
In 1999, 40 million residents of the United States were Indicators of adolescent health status include activity
adolescents 10–19 years of age, comprising limitation, dental health, suicide ideation and attempts,
approximately 14 percent of the U.S. population. The as well as emergency department visit rates, hospital
racial and ethnic composition of the adolescent discharge rates, and death rates. The health of
population of the United States is changing and will be adolescents varies by age, gender, race and Hispanic
increasingly diverse in the 21st century. Social origin.
determinants and educational achievement play an
Activity limitation due to a physical, mental, or
important role in the health of these adolescents.
emotional health problem is one indicator of
In 1999 two-thirds of the adolescent population adolescent health status. The vast majority of
was non-Hispanic white and one-third was of other adolescents do not have any activity limitation. In
racial and ethnic groups. By the year 2050, projections 1997 approximately 8 percent of adolescents 10–17
of the population indicate that Hispanic, black, years of age were reported to have some activity
American Indian, and Asian adolescents will constitute limitation. Receipt of special education services was
56 percent of the adolescent population (figure 1). the only activity limitation identified for about
5 percent of adolescents (figure 5).
Poverty during adolescence has immediate and
lasting negative consequences. In 1998, 17 percent of During 1988–94 one-fifth of adolescents 10–19
all adolescents lived in families with incomes below years of age had at least one untreated dental caries
the poverty level. One-parent households headed by or active tooth infection. Three times as many
women experience the highest rates of poverty. Forty adolescents in families living below the poverty level
percent of adolescents in female-headed families were had untreated caries as did adolescents in families with
living in poverty, compared with 8 percent of incomes twice the poverty level or higher (figure 6).
adolescents in two-parent families (figure 2).
Suicidal ideation or attempting suicide is one
Employment during the adolescent years can have indicator of mental or emotional health. In 1999,
beneficial or negative effects on the health and 25 percent of female adolescents and 14 percent of
well-being of youth. In 1999 approximately two-fifths male adolescents in grades 9–12 reported seriously
of adolescents 16–19 years of age were employed considering or attempting suicide (figure 7).
during the school year and over one-half worked
Adolescents may be victims of violent crimes,
during the summer months. The proportion of
including rape or sexual assault, aggravated and simple
adolescents employed during the school year and
assault, and robbery. During the period 1992–97 an
during the summer increased with age (figure 3).
average of approximately 3.4 million adolescents
Although most adolescents complete high school, 12–19 years of age were reported to be victims of
in 1998 the dropout rate among students 15–19 years violent crimes each year. The rates of violent crime
of age in grades 10–12 was 4 per 100 students. The victimization for adolescents 12–19 years of age were
proportion of adolescents who dropped out without lower in 1997 than in 1992, with declines in each of
completing high school increased from 2 percent of the major categories of victimization (figure 15).
students 15–16 years of age to almost 11 percent of
those 19 years of age. Students from low-income Emergency Department Visits by Adolescents
families dropped out of high school about four times In 1995–97 adolescents 10–19 years of age made
as frequently as students from middle-income and about 11.6 million emergency department visits each
high-income families (figure 4). year. Approximately one-half of these visits were for
injuries. Injury-related and noninjury-related visit rates
Health, United States, 2000 ........................................................................................................... 3
Extracted source page 16
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Adolescent Health
increased with age. Among female adolescents Asthma, psychoses, fractures, poisoning, and
pregnancy-related emergency department visit rates appendicitis were among the leading first-listed
increased almost sevenfold between 14 and 19 years hospital discharge diagnoses for adolescents in
(figures 8 and 9). 1995–97. These five diagnoses accounted for
20 percent of all hospital discharges (figure 14).
In 1995–97 four causes of injury—being struck,
falls, cuts, and motor vehicle traffic-related
injuries—accounted for nearly 60 percent of all
Adolescent Mortality
injury-related emergency department (ED) visits. ED In 1996–97 about 19,000 adolescents died each
visit rates for cuts and motor vehicle traffic-related year. Nearly 14,000 adolescents died annually from
injuries increased with age, while ED visit rates for injury-related causes; in contrast 5,000 adolescents
falls decreased with age (figure 10). died from natural causes. The proportion of all deaths
from injuries increased with age from 47 percent
The most common emergency department injury
among adolescents 10 years of age to 81 percent
diagnoses include fractures, sprains and strains, open
among adolescents 18 years of age (figure 16).
wounds, and contusions. In 1995–97 these four injury
diagnoses accounted for 80 percent of first-listed injury Motor vehicle traffic-related injuries and
diagnoses in emergency department visits for firearm-related injuries are the two leading causes of
adolescents 10–19 years of age (figure 11). injury death among adolescents 10–19 years of age. In
1996–97 these two causes accounted for 55 percent of
Asthma, upper respiratory conditions, and
all deaths and 75 percent of all injury deaths. Motor
abdominal or gastrointestinal (GI) conditions are
vehicle traffic death rates increased markedly with age,
among the leading emergency department (ED)
with the greatest increase occurring between ages 15
noninjury diagnoses for adolescents 10–19 years of
years and 16 years for male and female adolescents
age. Among female adolescents, the ED visit rate for
(figure 17).
abdominal and GI conditions, as well as ED visits for
sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, In 1996–97 motor vehicle traffic-related and
and pregnancy-related conditions, increased markedly firearm-related death rates among adolescents varied
with age (figure 12). by urbanization of residence, although marked
increases with age were apparent in all three
Adolescent Hospitalizations urbanization categories. Adolescents living in the most
densely populated counties had higher death rates
In 1995–97 adolescents 10–19 years of age had
associated with interpersonal violence (firearm
1.6 million hospitalizations annually. Hospital
homicide), while adolescents living in more rural
discharge rates increased with age across the
counties had higher rates of motor vehicle fatalities
adolescent years, but the pattern varied by gender and
(figure 18).
diagnosis (figure 8).
In 1995–97 noninjury-related causes accounted for Adolescent Reproductive Health
72 percent of all hospital discharges among male
As adolescents develop sexually, they face issues and
adolescents and 39 percent (excluding pregnancy)
decisions about their own sexuality. The majority of
among female adolescents. Injuries accounted for
today’s adolescents are becoming sexually active
26 percent of discharges among males and 8 percent
during their teen years and experience many of the
among females. Among female adolescents,
health consequences associated with sexual activity,
pregnancy-related causes (including deliveries and
such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.
diagnoses associated with pregnancy) accounted for
Disparities by age, race, and Hispanic origin were
53 percent of discharges (figure 13).
observed in all measures of reproductive health.
4 ............................................................................................................ Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 17
................................................................................................................ Highlights
Adolescent Health
More than 900,000 adolescents become pregnant Adolescent Risk Behavior
each year. In 1996 the pregnancy rate was 98.7
pregnancies per 1,000 adolescent women aged 15–19, Many adolescents are engaging in risk behaviors that
a decrease of 15 percent since 1991. Pregnancy rates are harmful or dangerous to themselves and others,
increased with age from 67.8 for adolescents 15–17 with consequences to their health and well-being that
years of age to 146.4 for adolescents 18–19 years may be immediate or long-term. There were distinct
(figure 19). differences in the percentage of students engaging in
In 1997–98 there were approximately 493,600 risk behaviors by grade level, gender, race, and
births annually to adolescents 13–19 years of age, Hispanic origin.
accounting for 13 percent of all births in each year. In 1999 one-half of all high school students
There was a consistent pattern of increasing birth reported that they had ever been sexually active.
rates by maternal age. Overall, 19-year-old adolescents Sixty-six percent of female students and 64 percent of
were nearly seven times as likely to have a birth as male students in the 12th grade had ever had sexual
their 15-year-old counterparts (figure 20). intercourse, compared with 33 percent of female
Infants of adolescent mothers are more likely to be students and 45 percent of male students in the 9th
low birthweight than infants of mothers in their grade. Between 1991 and 1999 the proportion of high
twenties and thirties. In 1997–98, 13.2 percent of school students reporting sexual experience decreased
infants born to adolescents under the age of 15 years by 8 percent (figure 25).
and 9.5 percent of infants born to adolescents 15–19 In 1999 more than one-third of high school
years of age were low birthweight. In contrast students reported smoking cigarettes in the previous
7.2 percent of infants born to women in their twenties 30 days, and 17 percent reported smoking frequently
and thirties were low birthweight (figure 21). (20 or more days). The prevalence of cigarette
The infant mortality rate is an important indicator smoking among high school students in 1999 was
of the health and well-being of infants and their 27 percent higher than in 1991. (figure 26).
adolescent mothers. During 1995–97 there were 10.6 In 1999 about one-half of all high school students
infant deaths per 1,000 live births to adolescent (48 percent of female and 52 percent of male students)
mothers. Among the youngest adolescent mothers reported alcohol use in the previous 30 days. Binge
(13–14 years of age) the infant mortality rate was 1.8 drinking, that is, having 5 or more drinks on 1
times that of mothers 19 years of age (figure 22). occasion, was reported by 28 percent of female
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are the students and 35 percent of male students during the
most commonly reported infectious diseases among same 30-day period (figure 27).
sexually active adolescents; chlamydia and gonorrhea Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug
are the most common bacterial causes of STD’s. among high school students. In 1999 almost one-half
Reported rates for chlamydial and gonococcal (47 percent) of high school students had ever used
infections are higher among female adolescents 15–19 marijuana, and more than one-fourth had used
years of age than among male adolescents and adults marijuana one or more times in the past 30 days
of either gender (figure 23). (figure 28).
Although the overall prevalence of acquired Weapon carrying is associated with violence and
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is relatively low serious injury. In 1999, 6 percent of female and
among adolescents, adolescents in some minority and 29 percent of male high school students reported
racial groups are disproportionately affected by HIV carrying a gun or other weapon in the past 30 days.
and AIDS (figure 24). Between 1991 and 1999 the percent of students who
Health, United States, 2000 ........................................................................................................... 5
Extracted source page 18
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Adolescent Health
reported carrying a weapon decreased by 35 percent
(figure 29).
Physical activity provides important health
benefits for adolescents. In 1999 more than two-thirds
of all high school students participated in moderate to
vigorous physical activity. Male and female students
were more likely to participate in 9th grade than in
higher grades (figure 30).
Adolescent Health Care Access
Adolescents have lower rates of health care utilization
than younger and older persons, despite the health
problems that affect the adolescent population, such as
sexually transmitted diseases, emotional and
behavioral problems, unintended pregnancy, drug and
alcohol abuse, and injuries and violence. Access to
and use of health care services is dependent in part on
health insurance coverage or the ability to pay for
services.
In 1997, 17 percent of adolescents had no health
care coverage. One-third of adolescents in families
with incomes below the poverty level were uninsured
compared with 8 percent of adolescents in families
with incomes greater than two times the poverty level.
The proportion of adolescents without health care
coverage increased with age in every income category
(figure 31).
Lack of health insurance coverage has a significant
impact on adolescents’ access to routine health care. In
1997 the percent of adolescents who had not had a
health care visit in the past year was 2.6 times as
high for those without health insurance as for those
with health insurance. The percent of adolescents
without a health care visit declined with age among
females and increased with age among males
(figure 32).
6 ............................................................................................................ Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 19
................................................................................................................ Highlights
Health Status and Determinants
Mortality Trends The age-adjusted death rate for suicide, the eighth
leading cause of death, has been edging downward
In 1998 life expectancy at birth increased to an during the 1990’s. The age-adjusted suicide rate was
all-time high and life expectancy for black males 10.4 deaths per 100,000 population in 1998, compared
increased for the fifth consecutive year. Infant mortality with 11.5 in 1990 (tables 30, 32, and 47).
was unchanged from 1997. The death rate for HIV
infection declined for the third straight year. Death The age-adjusted homicide rate fell almost
rates for heart disease, cancer, stroke, homicide, and 9 percent in 1998, continuing a downward trend that
suicide also decreased in 1998. began in the early 1990’s. At 7.3 homicides per
100,000 population in 1998, this was the lowest rate in
In 1998 life expectancy at birth reached an about three decades. Despite the overall decline in
all-time high of 76.7 years and infant mortality homicide mortality, this cause is still the leading cause
remained at a record low 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live of death for young black males 15–24 years of age
births (tables 23 and 28). (tables 30 and 46).
Between 1993 and 1998 life expectancy at birth Mortality from HIV infection declined 21 percent
for black males increased 3.0 years to a record high of in 1998, following a 48-percent decline in 1997 and a
67.6 years, due in large part to continuing declines in 29-percent decline in 1996. This 3-year decline
mortality from HIV infection and homicide. However, contrasts sharply with the period 1987–94, when HIV
life expectancy was still 6.9 years shorter for black mortality increased at an average rate of 16 percent per
males than for white males in 1998 (table 28). year (tables 30 and 43).
Mortality from heart disease, the leading cause of
death, declined 3 percent in 1998, continuing a Disparities in Mortality
long-term downward trend. The 1998 age-adjusted
death rate for heart disease was about one-half the rate Despite overall declines in mortality, disparities among
in 1970 (tables 30, 32, and 37). racial and ethnic groups, for many causes of death,
are substantial. Disparities among persons of different
Mortality from cancer, the second leading cause education levels continue. Persons with less than a
of death, decreased 1.6 percent in 1998, continuing the high school education have death rates at least double
decline that began in 1990. Over the preceding 20-year those with education beyond high school.
period, 1970–90, age-adjusted cancer death rates
steadily increased (tables 30, 32, and 39). In 1997 infant mortality rates were highest
among infants of black, Hawaiian, and
Mortality from stroke, the third leading cause of
American-Indian mothers (13.7, 9.0, and 8.7 deaths per
death, appears to have resumed a downward trend. In
1,000 live births). Infant mortality was lowest for
1998 the age-adjusted death rate fell 3.1 percent,
infants of Chinese-American mothers (3.1 per 1,000).
declining for the third straight year following a
Mortality rates for infants of Hispanic mothers and
leveling off earlier in the decade. Between 1980 and
non-Hispanic white mothers were the same (6.0 per
1992 stroke mortality declined at an average rate of
1,000 live births) (table 20).
3.6 percent per year (tables 30, 32, and 38).
Infant mortality decreases as the mother’s level
Mortality from unintentional injuries, the fifth
of education increases and this disparity is greater for
leading cause of death, was unchanged between 1997
white mothers than for mothers in other racial and
and 1998. Since the 1970’s the trend in injury
ethnic groups. In 1997 mortality for infants of
mortality has been generally downward (tables 30 and
non-Hispanic white mothers with less than 12 years of
32).
education was more than double that for infants whose
mothers had 13 or more years of education. The
Health, United States, 2000 ........................................................................................................... 7
Extracted source page 20
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Health Status and Determinants
disparity in infant mortality by mother’s education was In 1998 the overall age-adjusted death rate for
29 percent for non-Hispanic black mothers and Asian-American males was 40 percent lower than the
12 percent for Mexican-American mothers (table 21). rate for white males. However the homicide rate
among Asian males was 14 percent lower than for
Homicide among young black males 15–24 years
white males and the death rate for stroke was
of age declined 10.4 percent per year on average
8 percent higher for Asian males than for white males.
between 1993, the year the rate peaked, and 1998.
Death rates for Asian Americans are known to be
Despite the decline, the rate in 1998 (96.5 deaths per
underestimated somewhat (tables 36, 38, and 46).
100,000 population) was still almost 8 times the rate
for young white males. Among adults 25–44 years of In 1998 the age-adjusted death rate for chronic
age, the homicide rate for black males was nearly 7 obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), the fourth
times the rate for white males, and the HIV infection leading cause of death, was 43 percent higher for
death rate for adult black males 25–44 years of age males than females. Between 1990 and 1998
was 6 times the rate for white males in this age group age-adjusted death rates for males were relatively
(tables 43 and 46). stable while death rates for females increased at an
average annual rate of almost 3 percent (tables 30 and
In 1998 the homicide rate among young
32).
Hispanic males 15–24 years of age (41.1 deaths per
100,000 population) was about 7 times the rate for Death rates are higher among persons with less
non-Hispanic white males. Among adults 25–44 years education. In 1998 the age-adjusted death rate for
of age, the homicide rate for Hispanic males was more chronic diseases among adults with fewer than 12
than 3 times the rate, and the HIV infection death rate years of education was more than twice the rate among
for Hispanic males 25–44 years of age was more than those with more than 12 years of education. The death
2 times the rate for non-Hispanic white males rate for injuries for the least educated was 3 times the
(tables 43 and 46). rate for the most educated adults (table 35).
The risk of suicide is higher for elderly white Between 1992 and 1998 the occupational injury
males than for other groups. In 1998 the suicide rate death rate decreased 13 percent to 4.5 deaths per
among white males 85 years of age and over (62.7 100,000 employed workers. The two industries with
deaths per 100,000 population) was more than 3 times the highest death rates were mining and agriculture,
that for young white males 15–24 years (table 47). forestry, and fishing (23–24 deaths per 100,000).
Construction with a death rate of 14.5 per 100,000
In 1998 among American Indians the
accounted for the largest number of deaths, nearly
age-adjusted death rates for motor vehicle-related
20 percent of all occupational injury deaths (table 50).
injuries (31.8 deaths per 100,000 population) and
diabetes (29.6) were 2 and 2.5 times the rates for
white persons and the death rate for cirrhosis (22.0) Natality
was 3 times the rate for white persons. Death rates for
Although birth rates for teens continued the downward
the American-Indian population are known to be
trend that began in 1992, birth rates for women in
underestimated (table 30).
their principal childbearing ages (twenties) increased
In 1998 overall mortality was 53 percent higher in 1998 and overall fertility increased for the first time
for black Americans than for white Americans. In since 1990. The number of births to unmarried women
1998 the age-adjusted death rates for the black increased 3 percent in 1998, the highest number ever
population exceeded those for the white population by reported. The proportion of babies born with low
78 percent for stroke, 50 percent for heart disease, birthweight continued to edge upward.
33 percent for cancer, and almost 700 percent for HIV
infection (table 30).
8 ............................................................................................................ Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 21
................................................................................................................ Highlights
Health Status and Determinants
In 1998 the birth rate for teenagers (15–19 as were those with family income at least twice the
years) declined for the seventh consecutive year, to poverty threshold (29–30 percent compared with
51.1 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years. 11 percent of the noninstitutionalized population, age
Between 1991 and 1998 the teen birth rate declined adjusted) (table 57).
more for 15–17 year-olds than for 18–19 year-olds
In 1998 the percent of persons reporting fair or
(21 percent compared with 13 percent) (table 3).
poor health was 3.9 times as high for persons living
In 1998 the birth rate for unmarried women below the poverty threshold as for those with family
increased slightly to 44.3 births per 1,000 unmarried income at least twice the poverty threshold
women aged 15–44 years, but was still below its (22.2 percent and 5.7 percent, age adjusted) (table 58).
highest level, 46.9 in 1994. Between 1994 and 1998
The continuing decline in the number of newly
birth rates for unmarried black women and unmarried
reported AIDS cases is evidence of the beneficial
Hispanic women each declined about 11 percent
effects of new treatment regimens. In 1998, 20 percent
(table 9).
fewer cases were reported than in the previous year.
Low birthweight is associated with elevated risk Despite the declines, AIDS incidence continues to
of death and disability in infants. In 1998 the rate of disproportionately affect the non-Hispanic black and
low birthweight (infants weighing less than 2,500 Hispanic populations (table 53).
grams at birth) increased to 7.6 percent overall, up
In 1998 tuberculosis (TB) incidence declined for
from 7.0 percent in 1990. Since 1990 the
the sixth consecutive year to 6.8 cases per 100,000
low-birthweight rate increased for most racial and
population, a reflection of the apparent strengthening
ethnic groups, except for black infants. The rise in
of TB-control programs nationwide. Despite the
multiple births has influenced the upward trend in low
progress in controlling TB, the 1998 rate remained
birthweight (table 12).
above the national objective for 2000 of 3.5 cases per
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a risk 100,000 (table 52).
factor for poor birth outcomes such as low birthweight
Between 1990 and 1998 the incidence of primary
and infant death. In 1998 the proportion of mothers
and secondary syphilis declined 87 percent to 2.6 cases
who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy declined to a
per 100,000 population, below the national objective
record low of 12.9 percent, down from 19.5 percent in
for 2000 of 4 per 100,000 (table 52).
1989. However the percent of teenage mothers 15–19
years who smoked increased between 1994 and 1998 The decline in gonorrhea incidence that
(table 11). characterized the 1980’s slowed in the 1990’s. In
1998, gonorrhea incidence increased for the first time
since 1980, to 133 cases per 100,000 population, well
Morbidity below the rate when national reporting began in the
mid-1970’s, but still above the 2000 objective of 100
Activity limitation and health status (self- or family
per 100,000 (table 52).
member-assessed) are two summary measures of
morbidity presented in this report. Additional measures Overall cancer incidence has been declining in
of morbidity that are presented include the incidence the 1990’s, more so for males than for females.
of specific diseases. Between 1992 and 1996 cancer incidence rates
declined 15 percent for males and 2 percent for
Activity limitation due to a chronic condition is females. Despite these declines, cancer incidence is
substantially higher among those with lower family one-third higher among males than females (table 55).
incomes. In 1997 non-Hispanic white and
non-Hispanic black persons who were poor were Prostate cancer and lung cancer are the two
nearly three times as likely to report activity limitation most frequently diagnosed cancers in men. In 1996
Health, United States, 2000 ........................................................................................................... 9
Extracted source page 22
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Health Status and Determinants
incidence of prostate cancer was 65 percent higher in reported they were lifetime abstainers, and 16 percent
black men than in white men, and lung cancer were former drinkers. Women were about twice as
incidence, 48 percent higher (table 55). likely as men to be lifetime abstainers (29 percent
compared with 15 percent) (table 65).
Breast cancer incidence in 1996 was 11 percent
lower for black women than for white women. Binge drinking, having five or more alcoholic
However survival was lower for black women than for drinks on at least one occasion in the past month, is
white women. The 5-year relative survival rate for more common among young people 18–25 years of
breast cancer diagnosed in 1989–95 was 71 percent for age than among younger or older persons. In 1998
black women and 86 percent for white women among young adults, binge drinking was 1.5–2.4 times
(tables 55 and 56). as likely for non-Hispanic white persons (38 percent)
as for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black persons (25
Between 1980 and 1998 the injuries with lost
and 16 percent). In 1998 rates of binge drinking in
workdays rate decreased 26 percent to 2.9 per 100
these populations were higher than in 1997 but similar
full-time equivalents (FTE’s) in the private sector.
to rates observed in 1996 (table 62).
Within the goods-producing industries, manufacturing
had the highest injury rate (4.2 injuries with lost In 1997 there were more than 161,000
workdays per 100 FTE’s) and within the cocaine-related emergency department visits, twice
service-producing sector, the highest injury rate was as many as in 1990. The greatest increases occurred
reported for transportation, communication, and public for persons 35 years and over, reflecting an aging
utilities (4.2) (table 51). population of drug abusers being treated in emergency
departments. However, the proportion of adults aged
35 years and over who reported using cocaine in the
Health Behaviors
past month has remained stable during this period at
Cigarette smoking is the single leading preventable less than 1 percent (tables 62 and 64).
cause of death in the United States. It increases the
risk of lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and
other respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoking by adults
has remained stable at about 25 percent since 1990.
Heavy and chronic use of alcohol and use of illicit
drugs increase the risk of disease and injuries.
Cigarette smoking is more prevalent among
American-Indian men and non-Hispanic black men
than among other men. In 1995–98, 41 percent of
American-Indian men and 31 percent of non-Hispanic
black men were current smokers compared with
27 percent of non-Hispanic white men, 24 percent of
Hispanic men, and 18 percent of Asian men. Among
women, the prevalence of smoking was highest among
American-Indian women (29 percent) and lowest
among Hispanic women (14 percent) and Asian women
(11 percent) (percents are age adjusted and are for
persons 18 years of age and over) (table 61).
In 1998, 62 percent of adults 18 years of age and
over reported they were current drinkers, 22 percent
10 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 23
................................................................................................................ Highlights
Health Care Utilization
Prevention Services Access to Care
Use of preventive health services has substantial Access to health care is important for preventive care
positive effects on the long-term health status of those and for prompt treatment of illness and injuries. Some
who receive the services. The use of several different indicators of access to health care services include
types of preventive services has been increasing. having a usual source of health care, having a recent
However, disparities in use of preventive health care health care contact, use of the emergency department,
by family income and by race and ethnicity remain in and treatment of health problems such as dental
evidence. caries. Access to health care varies by health
insurance status, poverty status, race, and ethnicity.
Between 1990 and 1998 the percent of mothers
receiving prenatal care in the first trimester of In 1997, 14 percent of children under 18 years of
pregnancy increased from 76 to 83 percent. The largest age had no health insurance coverage. More than
increases in receipt of early prenatal care have one-quarter of children with family income of 1–1.5
occurred for racial and ethnic groups with the lowest times the poverty level were without coverage
levels of use, thereby reducing disparities in use of compared with only 6 percent of those with income
early care. However in 1998 the percent of mothers above twice the poverty level (table 128).
with early prenatal care still varied substantially among
In 1997–98, 13 percent of children under 18 years
racial and ethnic groups from 69 percent for
of age did not have a health care visit to an office or
American-Indian mothers to 92 percent for Cuban
clinic within the previous 12-month period. Uninsured
mothers (table 6).
children were nearly three times as likely as those with
In 1998, 79 percent of children 19–35 months of health insurance to be without a recent visit
age received the combined vaccination series of 4 (29 percent compared with 10 percent) (table 75).
doses of DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) vaccine, 3
In 1997–98, about 7 percent of children under 18
doses of polio vaccine, 1 dose of measles-containing
years of age had no usual source of health care.
vaccine, and 3 doses of Hib (Haemophilus influenzae
More than one-quarter of children without health
type b) vaccine, up from 69 percent in 1994. Children
insurance coverage had no usual source of health care
living below the poverty threshold were less likely to
(table 76).
have received the combined vaccination series than
were children living at or above poverty (74 compared In 1998, 20 percent of children under 18 years of
with 82 percent) (table 73). age had an emergency department visit within the
past 12 months. Children living below the poverty
In 1998 only 100 cases of measles were reported,
threshold were 50 percent more likely than nonpoor
down from 28,000 cases in 1990, providing evidence
children to have a recent emergency department visit
of the success of vaccination efforts to increase
(27 percent compared with 18 percent) (table 77).
population immunity to measles (table 52).
In 1998, three-quarters of children under 18 years
Regular mammography screening for women
of age had a dental visit in the past year. Hispanic and
aged 50 years and over has been shown to be effective
non-Hispanic black children were less likely than
in reducing deaths from breast cancer. In 1998,
non-Hispanic white children to have a recent dental
69 percent of women aged 50 years and over reported
visit (62 percent, 70 percent, and 77 percent,
mammography screening in the previous 2-year period,
respectively) (table 80).
up from 61 percent in 1994. Among women living
below the poverty threshold in 1998, 53 percent In 1998 one in five adults 18 years of age and
reported recent screening compared with 72 percent of over had an emergency department visit within the
women with family income at or above poverty past 12 months. Emergency department visits were
(table 82). more common among young adults 18–24 years of age
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 11
Extracted source page 24
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Health Care Utilization
and elderly persons 75 years of age and over (25 and Between 1985 and 1998 the hospital discharge
24 percent) than among adults 25–64 years (17–19 rate declined by one-quarter from 138 discharges per
percent) (table 79). 1,000 population to 103 per 1,000, while average
length of stay declined by almost 1.5 days, from 6.3
In 1988–94, 28 percent of adults 18–64 years of
to 4.9 days (data are age adjusted) (table 90).
age had at least one untreated dental cavity, down
from 48 percent in 1971–74. Although substantial Between 1990 and 1998 the number of
declines in untreated dental cavities have occurred for community hospital beds declined from 927,000 to
adults at all income levels, nearly one-half of adults 840,000. Community hospital occupancy, estimated at
living in poverty compared with one in five nonpoor 63 percent in 1998, has been relatively stable since the
adults had an untreated cavity in 1988–94 (table 81). mid-1990’s, after declining from 67 percent in 1990
and 76 percent in 1980 (table 109).
Outpatient Care In 1997 there were almost 1.5 million elderly
nursing home residents 65 years of age and over.
Major changes continue to occur in the delivery of
One-half of the elderly residents were 85 years of age
health care in the United States, driven in large part
and over and three-fourths were female. Between the
by the need to rein in rising costs. One significant
mid-1970’s and 1997, nursing home utilization rates
change has been a decline in use of inpatient services
increased for the black population and decreased for
and an increase in outpatient services such as
the white population (table 96).
outpatient surgery and home health care.
In 1998 there were 1.8 million nursing home
In 1997, 61 percent of all surgical operations in beds in facilities certified for use by Medicare and
community hospitals were performed on outpatients, Medicaid beneficiaries. Between 1995 and 1998
up from 51 percent in 1990, 35 percent in 1985, and nursing home bed occupancy in those facilities was
16 percent in 1980 (table 95). relatively stable, estimated at 84 percent in 1998
Among the elderly, use of home health care grew (table 113).
by more than 70 percent during the period from 1992 Between 1984 and 1994 the supply of beds in
to 1996, while the use of hospice services remained inpatient and residential mental health organizations
fairly stable over the same period (data are age declined 14 percent to 98 beds per 100,000 population.
adjusted) (table 88). The decline was greatest for state and county mental
hospitals with a reduction of 45 percent to 31 beds per
Inpatient Care and Resources 100,000 population (table 110).
Utilization of hospital inpatient services has declined,
as has the number of beds in community hospitals.
Utilization of nursing home care has also declined.
Hospital discharge rates are higher among poor
persons than among those with higher family incomes.
In 1998 among persons under 65 years of age, hospital
discharge rates for the poor were double those for
persons with family income above twice the poverty
level (175 and 87 per 1,000 population). Average
length of stay was 1.5 days longer for the poor than
for the nonpoor (5.3 and 3.8 days) (data are age
adjusted) (table 89).
12 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 25
................................................................................................................ Highlights
Health Care Expenditures
National Health Expenditures from 42 percent in 1980 to 33 percent in 1998.
Physician services accounted for 20 percent of the total
After 25 years of double-digit annual growth in in 1998, drugs for 11 percent, and nursing home care
national health expenditures, the rate of growth slowed for 8 percent (table 118).
during the 1990’s. However the United States
continues to spend more on health than any other Home health care expenditures declined
industrialized country. 6 percent between 1996 and 1998 as Medicare’s new
cost controls and fraud-and-abuse activities restrained
In 1998 national health care expenditures in the growth in spending (table 118).
United States totaled almost $1.15 trillion, increasing
Between 1995 and 1998 drug expenditures
less than 6 percent from the previous year and
increased at an average annual rate of 11 percent. The
continuing the slowdown in growth of the 1990’s.
rate of increase for drug expenditures during this
During the 1980’s national health expenditures grew at
period was more than double the rate of increase for
an average annual rate of 11 percent (table 115).
total national health expenditures. In 1999 prescription
This slowdown in growth is also reflected in the drugs posted one of the highest rates of increase in the
Consumer Price Index (CPI). The rate of increase in Consumer Price Index, 5.7 percent (tables 116 and
the medical care component of the CPI declined from 118).
6.3 percent in 1990–95 to 3.3 percent in 1995–99
Between 1993 and 1998 the average annual
(table 116).
increase in total expenses in community hospitals
The combination of strong economic growth and was 3.7 percent, following a period of higher growth
the slowdown in the rate of increase in health spending that averaged 9.3 percent per year from 1985 to 1993
over the last few years has stabilized health (table 122).
expenditures as a percent of the gross domestic
In 1998, 34 percent of personal health care
product (GPD) at 13.4–13.7 percent between 1995
expenditures were paid by the Federal Government
and 1998, after increasing steadily from 8.9 percent in
and 10 percent by State and local government; private
1980 (table 115).
health insurance paid 33 percent and 20 percent was
Despite the slowdown in the growth of health paid out-of-pocket (table 119).
spending, the United States continues to spend a larger
In 1998 the major sources of funds for hospital
share of GDP on health than any other major
care were Medicare (32 percent) and private health
industrialized country. The United States devoted
insurance (31 percent). Physician services were also
13.4 percent of GDP to health in 1997 compared with
primarily funded by private health insurance
about 10–11 percent each in Germany, Switzerland,
(51 percent) and Medicare (22 percent). In contrast,
and France, the countries with the next highest shares.
nursing home care was financed primarily by Medicaid
(table 114).
(46 percent) and out-of-pocket payments (33 percent)
(table 119).
Expenditures by Type of Care and Source of
In 1997 the average monthly charge per nursing
Funds home resident was $3,609. Residents for whom the
Expenditures for hospital care as a percent of national source of payment was private insurance, family
health expenditures continue to decline. The sources of support, or their own income paid close to the average
funds for medical care differ substantially according to charge compared with an average monthly charge of
the type of medical care being provided. over $6,000 when Medicare was the payor and $3,100
when Medicaid was the source of payment (table 124).
Expenditures for hospital care continued to
decline as a percent of national health expenditures
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 13
Extracted source page 26
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Health Care Expenditures
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) account Hispanic beneficiaries (44 percent compared with
for about 80 percent of Federal funding for health 19 percent and 28 percent) (table 135).
research and development. In 1997 the National
Total health expenditures per Medicare
Cancer Institute accounted for 20 percent of NIH’s
beneficiary (including non-Medicare health
research and development budget, the National Heart,
expenditures) varied from $7,800 for Hispanic
Lung and Blood Institute for 12 percent, and the
beneficiaries to $8,900 for non-Hispanic white and
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
$10,670 for non-Hispanic black beneficiaries in 1996
for 10 percent. The Department of Defense accounted
(table 135).
for 7 percent of Federal funding for health research
and development (table 126). In 1998 hospital insurance (HI) accounted for
64 percent of Medicare expenditures. Expenditures for
In 1999 Federal expenditures for HIV-related
home health agency care decreased to 9 percent of the
activities increased 12 percent to $10 billion,
HI expenditures in 1998, down from 13 percent in
compared with a 7-percent increase the previous year.
1997. Expenditures for skilled nursing facilities
Of the total Federal HIV-related spending in 1999,
continued to climb as a percent of the HI expenditures
58 percent was for medical care, 20 percent for
(10 percent in 1998) (table 133).
research, 14 percent for cash assistance, and 8 percent
for education and prevention (table 127). In 1998 supplementary medical insurance (SMI)
accounted for 36 percent of Medicare expenditures.
Payments to managed care organizations increased
Publicly Funded Health Programs from 6 percent of the SMI expenditures in 1990 to
20 percent in 1998 (table 133).
The two major publicly-funded health programs are
Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is funded by the Of the 33 million Medicare enrollees in the
Federal government and reimburses the elderly and fee-for-service program in 1997, 11 percent were 85
the disabled for their health care. Medicaid is funded years of age and over and 14 percent were under 65
jointly by the Federal and State governments to years of age. Among elderly fee-for-service Medicare
provide health care for the poor. Medicaid benefits and enrollees, payments increase with age from an average
eligibility vary by State. Medicare and Medicaid health of $4,000 per enrollee for those aged 65–74 years to
care utilization and costs vary considerably by State. $7,900 for those 85 years and over (table 134).
In 1998 the Medicare program had 38.8 million In 1997 Medicare payments per enrollee
enrollees and expenditures of $213 billion (table 133). averaged $5,416 in the United States, ranging from
$3,700–$3,800 in North Dakota, South Dakota,
In 1996, 82 percent of Medicare beneficiaries Vermont, and Montana to more than $6,700 in
were non-Hispanic white, 9 percent were non-Hispanic Massachusetts, the District of Columbia, and Louisiana
black, and 6 percent were Hispanic. Some (table 143).
22–24 percent of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black
beneficiaries were persons under 65 entitled to In 1998 Medicaid vendor payments totaled $142
Medicare through disability compared with 10 percent billion for 40.6 million recipients (table 136).
of non-Hispanic white beneficiaries (table 135). In 1998 children under the age of 21 years
In 1996, 10 percent of non-Hispanic white comprised 47 percent of Medicaid recipients but
Medicare beneficiaries had a nursing home stay accounted for only 16 percent of expenditures. The
compared with 8 percent of non-Hispanic black aged, blind, and disabled accounted for 26 percent of
beneficiaries and 5 percent of Hispanic beneficiaries. recipients and 71 percent of expenditures (table 136).
White beneficiaries were also more likely to have
received dental care than non-Hispanic black or
14 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 27
................................................................................................................ Highlights
Health Care Expenditures
Of the 40.6 million Medicaid recipients in 1998, years. The health insurance market continues to
41 percent were white, 24 percent black, 16 percent change rapidly as new types of managed care products
Hispanic, and 16 percent were of unknown race and are introduced. The use of traditional fee-for-service
ethnicity (table 136). medical care continues to decline.
In 1998, 22 percent of Medicaid payments went to Between 1994 and 1997 the age-adjusted
nursing facilities, 15 percent to general hospitals, proportion of the population under 65 years of age
14 percent to prepaid health care, and 10 percent to with private health insurance has remained stable at
prescribed drugs (table 137). 71–72 percent after declining from 76 percent in 1989.
Some 92 percent of private coverage was obtained
In 1998, 50 percent of Medicaid recipients used
through the workplace (a current or former employer
prepaid health care at a cost averaging $955 per
or union) in 1997 (table 128).
recipient. One-fifth of recipients used early and
periodic screening and family planning services but In 1999 private employers’ health insurance
these services received just over 1 percent of Medicaid costs per employee-hour worked increased from $1.00
funds in 1998. The annual cost per recipient for to $1.03 after declining from $1.14 in 1994. Among
screening and family planning averaged about $220 for private employers the share of total compensation
each service (table 137). devoted to health insurance declined from 6.7 percent
in 1994 to 5.4 percent in 1998 and 1999 (table 121).
In 1998 the percent of Medicaid recipients
enrolled in managed care varied substantially among The average monthly contribution by full-time
the States from 0 in Alaska and Wyoming to employees for family medical care benefits was
98–100 percent in Montana, Colorado, and Tennessee 40 percent higher in small companies ($182 in 1996)
(table 144). than in medium and large companies ($130 in 1997)
(table 132).
Between 1997 and 1998 spending on health care
by the Department of Veterans Affairs increased by During the 1990’s the use of traditional
less than 2 percent to $17.4 billion. In 1998, 38 percent fee-for-service medical care benefits by full-time
of the total was for inpatient hospital care, down from employees in private companies declined sharply. In
58 percent in 1990; 42 percent for outpatient care, up 1996 in small companies, 36 percent of full-time
from 25 percent in 1990; and 10 percent for nursing employees who participated in medical care benefits
home care, unchanged since 1990. In 1998, 55 percent were in fee-for-service plans, down from 74 percent in
of inpatients and 41 percent of outpatients were 1990. In 1997 in medium and large companies,
low-income veterans without service-connected 27 percent of participating full-time employees were in
disability (table 138). fee-for-service plans, down from 67 percent in 1991. In
1996–97 full-time employees in private companies
In 1997 State mental health agency per capita
who participated in medical care benefits were more
expenditures for mental health services ranged from
likely to be enrolled in preferred provider
$23 in Tennessee and West Virginia to $113 in New
organizations (PPO’s) than in health maintenance
York and averaged $64 per capita for the total United
organizations (HMO’s) (table 132).
States (table 142).
In 1999, 30 percent of the U.S. population was
enrolled in health maintenance organizations
Privately Funded Health Care
(HMO’s), ranging from 23–24 percent in the Midwest
About 70 percent of the population has private health and South to 37 percent in the Northeast and
insurance, most of which is obtained through the 41 percent in the West. HMO enrollment has been
workplace. The share of employees’ total compensation steadily increasing. Enrollment in 1999 was 81 million
devoted to health insurance has declined in recent
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 15
Extracted source page 28
Highlights ...............................................................................................................
Health Care Expenditures
persons, more than double the enrollment in 1993
(table 131).
In 1997 non-Hispanic black and Hispanic persons
were less likely to have private health insurance than
were non-Hispanic white persons. However among
those with private health insurance coverage,
non-Hispanic black and Hispanic persons were more
likely than their non-Hispanic white counterparts to
enroll in HMO’s. The elderly were less likely to be
enrolled in private HMO’s than were younger adults
and children (table 130).
In 1999 the percent of the population enrolled in
HMO’s varied among the States from 0 in Alaska to
52–53 percent in California and Massachusetts. Other
States with more than 40 percent of the population
enrolled in HMO’s in 1999 included Rhode Island,
Delaware, Maryland, and Oregon (table 145).
In 1998 the proportion of the population without
health care coverage (either public or private) was
16.3 percent, compared with 16.1 percent the previous
year and 12.9 percent in 1987. In 1998 the proportion
of the population without health care coverage varied
from 10 percent or less in Hawaii, Rhode Island,
Vermont, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska, to
20 percent or more in Mississippi, Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, Nevada, and California (table 146).
16 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 29
[No extractable text was available for this source page.]
Extracted source page 30
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Introduction
The Adolescent Health Chartbook describes the health status during the adolescent period. Many of the
health of the adolescent population, 10–19 years of health status measures are shown by single year of age
age. Adolescence is a period of accelerated growth and or by two- or three-year age intervals to highlight the
change, bridging the complex transition from changes that occur in health as adolescents move
childhood to adulthood. Young people experience through this important developmental period. Summary
profound biological, emotional, intellectual, and social measures combining 5- or 10-year age groups (the
changes, and the patterns of behavior they adopt may norm for analyses of childhood health events) do not
have long-term consequences for their health and adequately capture the wide variation in health status
quality of life. and the vast developmental differences between
Definitions of adolescence, and the years younger and older adolescents.
encompassed, vary. Adolescence is generally regarded Race and ethnic variation in adolescent health is
as the period of life from puberty to maturity; the discussed when the data sources allow for such
meaning of ‘‘puberty’’ and ‘‘maturity’’ are often analysis. Gender differences in some aspects of health
debated by health professionals. Many adolescents status among adolescents become more apparent with
begin puberty by age 10, although there is significant age. These are presented when the data allow for such
individual variation in the developmental and analysis and the differences are notable.
maturation time line. By age 19, most adolescents have Socioeconomic status, as measured by family
completed high school and are embarking on widely income, poverty status, or level of parents’ education,
divergent paths and living situations—from college to is strongly associated with the health of adolescents as
military service to employment. They are completing well as the health of persons of all ages in the United
their teen years and entering the young adult realm, States (1). Differences in the life circumstances of
with new legal standing, responsibilities and high- and low-socioeconomic status adolescents and
independence. their families influence health and health risk behavior
The population commonly referred to as through a number of pathways. Low family income
‘‘teenagers’’ constitutes a unique cohort in American decreases the ability to afford comfortable housing,
population and society. This second decade of life is healthy food, and appropriate health care, and to live
often a turbulent period, in which adolescents in a safe and healthy environment. To fully assess the
experience hormonal changes, physical maturation, and impact of socioeconomic factors in the health of
frequently, opportunities to engage in risk behaviors. adolescents, it is important to include examination of
During this period adolescents experience special their school and family environments, as well as their
vulnerabilities, health concerns, and barriers to broader sociostructural environments (2). A
accessing health care. comprehensive presentation on socioeconomic status
The teenage years are also a time of exploration, and adolescent health is beyond the scope of this
idealism, and cynicism. Adolescents have remarkable chartbook. However, information on selected social
creativity, energy, and potential. This period offers determinants of health (figures 2–4) and the strong
adolescents an opportunity to begin planning for their relationship between socioeconomic status and
futures, to adopt healthy attitudes about risk behaviors, adolescent health has been documented in charts based
and to develop meaningful roles in their communities. on data sources that allow such analysis (figures 5, 6,
More teens than ever before are making committments 31, 32).
to community service through volunteer activities. Characterizing the health of adolescents requires
not only measuring mortality and morbidity but also
describing other indicators of adolescent health. Risk
Organization of the Chartbook behaviors, including behaviors that contribute to
unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use,
The chartbook presents data on the current status
alcohol and other drug use, sexual behavior, physical
of adolescent health, with a focus on the changes in
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 19
Extracted source page 31
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Introduction
inactivity, and unhealthy dietary behaviors may have a Educational achievement is one of the most important
profound impact on current and future health. indicators of lifetime economic opportunity and is
Reproductive health is a key element in adolescent associated with health status. Adolescents who drop
health. The decision to become sexually active can out of high school will have fewer opportunities to
have long-term and lasting consequences for some succeed in the work force than their peers who
adolescents. complete high school (figure 4).
Healthy People 2010, a nationwide health
promotion and disease prevention agenda that sets Health Status
specific health objectives for the year 2010, also The second section of the chartbook presents
encompasses adolescent health (3). Twenty objectives selected measures of physical, dental, and mental
have been designated as ‘‘critical adolescent health status. Although adolescents do have physical
objectives’’. Several of these objectives are included as health problems, they are at a greatly reduced risk
leading Health Indicators in Healthy People 2010. from life-threatening illnesses that affect the very
Leading Health Indicators have been identified as young or very old. Some adolescents experience a
major public health concerns of the U.S. and will be disability or chronic health condition that limits their
used to spotlight health achievements and challenges in activity or requires special education services
the next decade. Throughout this chartbook, data that (figure 5). The negative effects of poverty on dental
relate to either the 20 critical adolescent objectives or health status as measured by untreated dental caries are
the Leading Health Indiators are noted as such. apparent in figure 6.
This chartbook is divided into sections on Many of the normal transitions of life, such as the
population characteristics, health status, reproductive adjustment to the physical and biological changes to
health, risk behaviors, and health care access. their bodies and new levels of independence and
References are made to related tables in Health, United responsibility can be stressful for teenagers. Although
States. The 32 figures and accompanying text are mood swings are a common feature of adolescence,
followed by technical notes and data tables for each more serious suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts are
figure. Data tables include points graphed and for some indicators of a mental or emotional health problem
charts additional related data are presented. The (figure 7).
technical notes describe in further detail information Adolescents are the victims of violent acts in their
about data sources and methods used that are not homes, schools, and communities. During the period
covered in the Health, United States Appendixes. 1992–97 an average of 3.4 million adolescents each
year were victims of violent crime, including rape or
Population Characteristics sexual assault, aggravated and simple assault, and
The first section of the chartbook describes robbery (figure 15).
selected sociodemographic characteristics of the To further assess adolescent health status, data on
adolescent population. One of the most notable emergency department visits and hospital discharges
characteristics is the changing distribution in the racial were analyzed (figures 8–14). These sources identify
and ethnic composition of the adolescent population health events for which emergency department care or
(figure 1). Today approximately 66 percent of inpatient hospital care was received and provide
adolescents are non-Hispanic white. It is estimated that information on leading diagnoses for injury and
in 2050, this proportion will decrease to 44 percent. noninjury among adolescents.
Other sociodemographic measures, including Injuries are a major cause of emergency
family structure, poverty status, employment, and department visits among adolescents. In 1995–97 four
dropout rates, describe the economic circumstances of external causes of injury accounted for nearly
adolescents (figures 2–4). Family structure affects 60 percent of all injury-related visits: falls, being
adolescents’ economic well-being (figure 2). struck by or against an object or person, cuts, and
20 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 32
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Introduction
motor-vehicle crashes (figure 10). The most common among adolescents place them at high risk for HIV
injury diagnoses were fractures, sprains and strains, transmission (figure 24) (4). Disparities by age, race
open wounds, and contusions (figure 11). Asthma, and Hispanic origin were observed in all the measures
upper respiratory conditions and abdominal or of reproductive health.
gastrointestinal conditions were among the leading In 1997–98 there were approximately 493,600
noninjury-related diagnoses for adolescents’ visits to births each year to adolescent mothers, 13–19 years of
emergency departments in 1995–97 (figure 12). age. Birth rates increased with age among all race and
Hospital discharge rates for both injury and ethnicity groups, but varied widely by group
noninjury diagnoses increased with age for male and (figure 20). Adolescent mothers have a higher risk of
female adolescents (figure 13). Asthma, psychoses, low-birthweight infants than mothers in their twenties
appendicitis, fractures, and poisoning were among the and thirties (figure 21). Preterm or low-birthweight
leading first-listed diagnoses for hospitalized infants have a markedly increased risk of death or
adolescents in 1995–97, accounting for 20 percent of lifelong morbidity. The infant mortality rate among
all hospital discharges (figure 14). infants of adolescent mothers declines with increasing
Mortality rates are a measure of the most serious maternal age (figure 22). The infant mortality rate is an
adolescent health events. Leading causes of injury important indictor of the well-being of infants and
mortality are presented in figures 16–18. Motor vehicle their adolescent mothers.
traffic-related injuries and firearm-related injuries are
the two leading causes of death among adolescents Risk Behavior
10–19 years of age, accounting for 55 percent of all Adolescents today are confronting societal and
deaths (figure 17). Changes in mortality by single year peer-related pressures to use tobacco, alcohol, or other
of age across the adolescent period are significant and drugs and to have sex at earlier ages. Many
striking. Where adolescents reside, that is, in urban, adolescents are engaging in risk behaviors that are
suburban, or rural settings, influences mortality risks. harmful or dangerous to themselves and others, with
In 1996–97 adolescents living in the most densely consequences to their health and well-being that may
populated metropolitan counties had higher death rates be immediate or long term. Many of the patterns of
associated with interpersonal violence, while those in behavior initiated during the adolescent years are
rural counties had higher rates of motor vehicle- associated with adult morbidity and mortality.
related fatalities (figure 18). In 1999 one-half of all high school students had
been sexually active; the proportion of students who
Reproductive Health reported ever having sexual intercourse and those who
The onset of puberty is one of the benchmarks of reported having multiple sex partners increased
adolescence. For the first time in their lives, significantly with age (figure 25).
adolescents are facing issues and decisions about their More than one-third of high school students
own sexuality. The majority of today’s adolescents are reported smoking in the previous 30 days (figure 26).
becoming sexually active during their teen years and Although adolescents cannot legally purchase alcohol,
experiencing many of the health consequences drinking is commonplace among many high school
associated with sexual activity, such as pregnancy or students. One-half of all high school students reported
sexually transmitted disease. More than 900,000 drinking in the past 30 days (figure 27). Marijuana is
adolescents become pregnant each year (figure 19). the most commonly used illicit drug among high
Sexually transmitted diseases are the most commonly school students. In 1999 almost one-half of high
reported infectious diseases among sexually active school students used marijuana in their lifetime
adolescents (figure 23). Although the overall incidence (figure 28).
of AIDS in adolescents is relatively low, the rate of Weapon carrying is associated with the most
HIV infection is higher. Sexual activity and drug use serious injuries resulting from violence. In 1999,
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 21
Extracted source page 33
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Introduction
6 percent of female high school students and Statistics System, Mortality (1996–97), the National
29 percent of male students reported carrying a gun or Vital Statistics System, Natality (1997–98), the
other weapon (for example, a knife or club) in the National Linked File of Live Births and Infant Deaths
previous 30 days (figure 29). (1995–97), and the AIDS Surveillance System
Although physical activity provides important (1996–98). The Third National Health and Nutrition
health benefits for adolescents, the proportion of high Examination Survey was designed to provide estimates
school students who participate in physical activity for the period 1988–94. See Technical Notes and
was higher among students in 9th grade than in grades Appendix I for descriptions of data sources.
10–12 (figure 30). In national surveys that are not specifically
designed to study adolescents, the number of
Health Care Access observations may not be large enough to analyze
differences among age, sex, and race/ethnicity groups.
Lack of health insurance is associated with
For certain topics, data are presented for all races
diminished access to and use of preventive health
combined in the chart, and significant race differences
services. Adolescents from poor and near poor families
(if they exist) are discussed in the accompanying text.
are morely likely to be uninsured than those from
nonpoor families (figure 31). In 1997 adolescents
without health insurance were more than twice as Other Sources of Data
likely to not have visited a physician or other health In addition to the data sources used in this
professional in the past year as adolescents with health chartbook, we would like to acknowledge other
insurance (figure 32). sources of available data on adolescent health. Each of
the following sources makes a unique contribution to
the collective body of knowledge on adolescent health.
Chartbook Data Sources The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
The data presented in the chartbook are from (National Institutes of Health) was designed to study
nationally representative health surveys or vital the influences on health and health behaviors in
statistics. One of the data sources, the Youth Risk adolescence, with an emphasis on the social contexts
Behavior Survey (YRBS), is a survey of high school in which adolescents live (6). Monitoring the Future
students in grades 9–12. Figures based on the YRBS (National Institute on Drug Abuse) is a nationally
present data for adolescents by grade level rather than representative, annual survey of 8th-, 10th-, and
by age. Measures of risk behavior in YRBS are limited 12th-grade students’ values, behaviors, and lifestyle
to the population of adolescents enrolled and attending orientations (7). The 1998 National Alternative High
high school. Consequently, the measures of risk School Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Centers for
behaviors in the chartbook may be slightly lower than Disease Control and Prevention) collected information
if all high school-aged adolescents were included in on health-risk behaviors among students who are at
the survey. In 1996, 5 percent of adolescents 14–17 high risk for failing or dropping out of regular high
years of age were not enrolled in school. These school or who have been expelled from regular high
adolescents are at increased risk of alcohol, drug, and school because of illegal activity or behavioral
tobacco use, and are more likely to engage in problems (8). Great Transitions: Preparing Adolescents
violence-related behavior (5). for a New Century, is a report from the Carnegie
For data from the following systems, multiple Council on Adolescent Development about the nature
years are combined to increase the reliability of and scope of adolescent problems (9). The National
estimates: the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Adolescent Health Information Center at the University
Care Survey (1995–97), the National Hospital of California, San Francisco, with funding from Health
Discharge Survey (1995–97), the National Crime Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Victimization Survey (1992–97), the National Vital compiled data from a wide range of sources in their
22 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 34
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Introduction
report America’s Adolescents: Are They Healthy? (10). directly from adolescents who are not knowledgeable
In 1997 the Commonwealth Fund conducted surveys about their family’s income or other measures of
of the health of adolescent girls and boys (11, 12). The socioeconomic status.
Kaiser Family Foundation/YM Magazine National There are also important preventive measures for
Survey of Teens: Teens Talk about Dating, Intimacy, which data are not available, such as the percent of
and Their Sexual Experiences reports on a national adolescents who are routinely up to date on all their
survey of teens concerning the kinds of sexual vaccinations.
situations they face (13). The U.S. Department of Several areas exist in which the special needs or
Health and Human Services (DHHS) has developed a problems of adolescents have been recognized. But
website to provide information about America’s national data are not available to more fully explore
adolescents (http://youth.hhs.gov/). these areas. Some of those issues are briefly discussed
here.
Data Gaps Adolescents have unique needs in health care
Available data sources present several limitations services and to meet these health care needs, routine
for studying adolescent health. In some sources of data health services must be available in a wide range of
adolescents may not be considered as a separate group. settings. While these needs have been recognized by
They may be included in tabulations for children under researchers and health policy planners, information
age 15 or under age 18, or they may be included with about the health services sought by and provided for
young adults, ages 15–24. In such cases, trends adolescents is limited (10).
pertaining specifically to adolescents cannot be
separated from those pertaining to children or young Female adolescents have an increased sensitivity
adults. In data sources that do categorize adolescents about their bodies and the changes in shape and weight
separately, there are inconsistencies in the age ranges that accompany maturation. Some adolescents may
employed, making comparisons of data sources develop eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia.
difficult. Furthermore, data for adolescents are often Eating disorders may have potentially serious medical
not available by single year of age. A major focus of complications, yet they often go undetected and
this chartbook has been to address this limitation by untreated. The prevalence of eating disorders is
presenting data by single year of age when possible. particularly difficult to measure because of the
Another obstacle in assessing the health status of underlying denial and secretive nature of the behavior.
the adolescent population is the lack of information on Although adolescent sexual activity has been
detailed racial and ethnic minority groups. The well-documented, the extent to which sex is consensual
socioeconomic status and cultures of ethnic and racial has not been fully evaluated. Because many myths
groups may vary widely with important health concerning rape persist among adolescents,
consequences. Adolescents who are not white or black acquaintance rape and date rape are often unreported
may be categorized as ‘‘other’’, masking notable health and untreated (14, 15).
differences. In the chartbook, we presented the most
detailed race and ethnic categories available given the
constraints of numbers of observations. Conclusion
For many data sources on adolescent health The health and risk behaviors of adolescents have
information on the socioeconomic status of the consequences for their current and long term
adolescents is not available. Educational attainment is well-being as well as consequences for society.
often used as a measure of socioeconomic status for Today’s adolescents are the future adults, parents,
adults, but this is not a useful measure for an age leaders, and work force of the Nation.
group that has not yet completed their education. This chartbook examines a variety of current
School-based surveys may collect health information measures of health status, risk behavior, and health
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 23
Extracted source page 35
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Introduction
care from national data sources. The differences in
health status between younger and older adolescents
are documented. The health of the adolescent
population also varies by sex, race and ethnicity, and
socioeconomic status. Understanding patterns of health
among adolescents requires attention to differences in
the population and recognition of the economic and
racial disparities that exist.
Overall, the majority of adolescents are healthy
when assessed by traditional measures of morbidity
and mortality. Many of the health threats for
adolescents are primarily social and behavioral.
Health-risk behaviors often are established during
youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated (16).
Adolescent risk behaviors have been linked to
subsequent morbidity or mortality. Motor vehicle and
firearm-related injuries are the leading causes of death
for adolescents. Intervention and prevention strategies
targeting risk behaviors during adolescence may
prevent or reduce adolescent and adult morbidity and
mortality and promote a healthier transition from
childhood to adulthood.
24 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 36
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Introduction
References
1. Pamuk E, Makuc D, Heck K, Reuben C, Lochner K. Socioeconomic Status and
Health Chartbook. Health, United States, 1998. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center
for Health Statistics. 1998.
2. E. Goodman. The role of socioeconomic status gradients in explaining differences
in US Adolescents’ Health. AJPH 89:1522–28. 1999.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
4. Boyers DB, Kegeles SM. AIDS risk and prevention among adolescents. Soc sci
Med 33(1):11–23. 1991.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health risk behaviors among
adolescents who do and do not attend school: United States, 1992. Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep;43:129–132.1994.
6. Resnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm.
Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA
278(10):823–32. 1997.
7. Wallace JM Jr, Forman TA, Guthrie BJ, Bachman JG, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD.
The epidemiology of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among black youth. J Stud
Alcohol. 60(6):800–9. 1999.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance—National Alternative High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United
States, 1998. Mor Mortal Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ 48(7):1-–44.1999.
9. Cohen MI. Great transitions, preparing adolescents for a new century: A
commentary on the health component of the concluding report of the Carnegie
Council on Adolescent Development. J Adolesc Health 19(1):2–5. 1996.
10. Ozer EM, Brindis CD, Millstein SG, Knopf DK, Irwin CE. America’s adolescents:
Are they healthy? San Francisco, California: University of California, San Francisco,
National Adolescent Health Information Center. 1998.
11. Schoen C, Davis K, Collins KS, et al. The Commonwealth Fund Survey of the
Health of Adolescent Girls. NewYork: The Commonwealth Fund. 1998.
12. Schoen C, Davis K, DesRoches C, Shekhdar A. The Health of Adolescent Boys:
Commonwealth Fund Survey Findings. NewYork: The Commonwealth Fund. 1998.
13. Kaiser Family Foundation/YM Magazine. National Survey of Teens: Teens Talk
about Dating, Intimacy, and their Sexual Experiences. Menlo Park, California: Kaiser
Family Foundation. 1998.
14. Ellis GM. Acquaintance rape. Perspect Psychiatr Care 30(1):11–16. 1994.
15. Kershner R. Adolescent attitudes about rape. Adolescence 31(121):29–33. 1996.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance—United States, 1997. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47(SS-3);1–89.1998.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 25
Extracted source page 37
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Population
Race and Ethnicity
In 1999 almost 40 million residents of the United
States were adolescents 10–19 years of age,
comprising approximately 14 percent of the U.S.
population. Two-thirds of the adolescent population
were non-Hispanic white and one-third were of other
racial and ethnic groups.
The race and Hispanic-origin distribution of the
adolescent population, like the general population,
changed significantly in the past 20 years, and is
projected to continue to change. Projections of the
population indicate that Hispanic, black, American
Indian, and Asian adolescents will constitute 56 percent
of the adolescent population by the year 2050.
Increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the
general population is reflected in changes in the
adolescent population. Although black adolescents are
currently the largest minority group of adolescents,
Hispanic adolescents will soon become the largest
group. The proportion of adolescents who are of Asian
or Pacific Islander origin nearly tripled between 1980
and 1999, from 1.6 percent to 4.2 percent. In contrast,
there has been little change in the proportion of the
adolescent population who are American Indians or
Alaska Natives.
A large influx of immigrants contributed to
changes in the population distribution. In 1990,
19 percent of adolescents lived in immigrant
families—that is, the adolescent was an immigrant or
had immigrant parents (1). Most future growth in the
U.S. population is expected to occur primarily through
immigration and higher fertility rates among minority
populations (1, 2).
References
1. Hernandez DJ, Charney C, eds. From generation to generation: The health and
well-being of children in immigrant families. National Academy Press. Washington:
1998.
2. Council of Economic Advisers for the President’s Initiative on Race. Changing
America: Indicators of social and economic well-being by race and Hispanic origin.
Washington: 1998.
26 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 38
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Population
Figure 1. Race and Hispanic origin of adolescents 10–19 years of age: United States, 1980–2050
Percent
100
80
60
White, non-Hispanic
40
Hispanic
20
Black, non-Hispanic
Asian or Pacific Islander
American Indian or Alaska Native
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Projected
NOTES: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates and Projections. See Technical Notes for population estimate methods. See related Health,
United States, 2000, table 1.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 27
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Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Population
Poverty and Family Structure
Poverty during adolescence has immediate and lasting References
negative consequences. Adolescents who are poor are
1. National Center for Education Statistics. The condition of education. 1998.
more likely than adolescents in other families to drop
out of school (1), to become teen parents (2), and to 2. An C, Haveman R, Wolfe B. Teen out-of-wedlock births and welfare receipt: The
role of childhood events and economic circumstances. Review of Economics and
earn less and be unemployed more frequently as adults Statistics 75(2):195–208. 1993.
(3). Furthermore, poverty is strongly associated with
3. Duncan G, Brooks-Gunn J, eds. Consequences of growing up poor. New York:
poorer access to health care and poorer health status of Russell Sage Press. 1997.
adolescents. The structure of an adolescent’s family is
generally linked to the economic resources and support
available to that adolescent.
In 1998, 17 percent of all adolescents lived in
families with incomes below the poverty threshold
($16,660 a year for a family of four), while an
additional 20 percent of adolescents lived in families
near poverty (one to two times the poverty threshold).
Adolescents who live in a household with one
parent are substantially more likely to have family
incomes near or below the poverty line than
adolescents living in a household with two parents.
One-parent households headed by women
experience the highest rates of poverty for a variety of
reasons, including pay inequities for women and lack
of paternal financial support. In 1998, 40 percent of all
adolescents in female head-of-household families were
living in poverty, compared with 8 percent of
adolescents in two-parent families. Non-Hispanic black
and Hispanic adolescents in female head-of-household
families were twice as likely to have family incomes
below the poverty line as their non-Hispanic white
counterparts.
In 1998, 24 percent of non-Hispanic white
adolescents lived with a single parent (mother or
father), compared with 59 percent of non-Hispanic
black adolescents and 37 percent of adolescents of
Hispanic origin.
In contrast to many measures of adolescent health,
no age differences were observed in family structure
and poverty for adolescents.
28 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 40
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Population
Figure 2. Poverty by family structure, race, and Hispanic origin among adolescents 10–17 years of age:
United States, 1998
All adolescents
All races
Poor Near poor
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Adolescents in married couple families
All races
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Adolescents in female householder families
All races
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
NOTES: Poverty status is derived from the ratio of the family’s income to the Federal poverty threshold, given family size. Poor is less than 100 percent
of the poverty threshold; near poor is between 100 and 199 percent of the poverty threshold. See Technical Notes for further discussion of poverty
threshold. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, March Supplement 1999.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 29
Extracted source page 41
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Population
Employment
Employment during the adolescent years may have 1992–97 there were over 400 fatalities in the work
beneficial or negative effects on the health and place to adolescents 17 years of age or younger (5).
well-being of youth. Early work experience among Causes of death included highway and nonhighway
adolescents may aid in the development of personal vehicle-related incidents, homicides, falls,
responsibility, smooth the transition from youth to electrocutions, and fires.
adulthood, and improve occupational attainment and
In 1998 almost 260,000 adolescents 15–19 years
income (1). In some instances, adolescent employment
of age were treated in emergency departments for
may contribute to the basic economic resources of the
occupational injuries (6). Common nonfatal injuries
adolescent’s family. However, there are health and
include sprains and strains, burns, cuts, and bruises.
safety concerns for working adolescents. Working
Most persons less than 18 years of age enter the
teens are more likely to have problems in school and
workplace with minimal prior experience for a job (3).
are less able to participate in after school activities
More than one-half of adolescents 14–16 years of age
than their peers. They also are at risk of occupational
treated in emergency departments for work injuries
injury and of illness due to toxic exposure (2–4).
reported that they had received no training in the
In the United States, adolescents are often prevention of the injury they sustained. Healthy People
employed in jobs after school, on weekends, and 2010 objectives call for a reduction in the incidence of
during vacations. Employment refers to jobs in which adolescent work injuries (7).
the adolescent has an ongoing relationship with a
Teens who work more than 20 hours a week are
particular employer. Freelance jobs such as babysitting
considered to be at a higher risk of negative health
or lawn mowing are not included in the adolescent
outcomes (3). In 1999, 43 percent of employed
employment statistics.
adolescents worked for more than 20 hours per week
The most common jobs for adolescents are in during the school year. That number increased to
fast-food and service industries, restaurants, retail and 68 percent during the summer.
grocery stores, farms, nursing homes, and factories.
Low-income teens are more likely than their higher References
income peers to be employed in high-risk jobs such as
1. Ruhm C. High school employment: Consumption or investment. Bureau of Labor
agriculture, manufacturing, and construction (2). Statistics. Report NLS94–19. 1994.
In 1999 approximately two-fifths of all adolescents 2. Landrigan PJ, McCammon JB. Child labor—still with us. Public Health Rep
16–19 years of age worked during the school year 112:467–73. 1997.
(April). During the summer months (July) when most 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Work-related injuries and illnesses
adolescents are not in school, employment and hours associated with child labor—United States, 1993. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 45:464–68.
1996.
worked increase substantially. In 1999 over one-half of
all adolescents 16–19 were employed during the 4. Resnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm.
Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA
summer months. 278:823–32. 1997.
The proportion of teens who worked increased 5. Windau J, Sygnatur E, Toscano G. Profile of work injuries incurred by young
workers. Monthly Labor Review June 1999.
with age. For example, in 1999 the proportion of teens
working during the school year increased from 6. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. National Electronic Injury Surveillance
System. 1998.
26 percent of 16-year olds to 56 percent of 19-year
olds. Overall, adolescent males and females were 7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
equally likely to be employed.
Hazardous work environments put adolescents at
risk of serious injury or death. During the period
30 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 42
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Population
Figure 3. Employment during April and July among adolescents 16–19 years of age, by age, race, and Hispanic
origin: United States, 1999
Percent
100
80
July
60
July
July July
40
April
April
20
April April
0
16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic
NOTES: Employment is defined as a job in which the adolescent has an ongoing relationship with a particular employer for any number of hours per
week. The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses April as representative of school year employment and July as representative of summer employment. See
Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Basic Monthly Survey, April and July 1999.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 31
Extracted source page 43
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Population
Dropout Rates
Although the majority of adolescents complete high In 1998 non-Hispanic black and Hispanic students
school, those students who drop out of school have were more likely to leave school before graduating
fewer opportunities to succeed in the work force or to than non-Hispanic white students.
assume a fully functional place in society at large than
In 1998, 85 percent of young adults 18–24 years
those students who complete high school. High school
of age completed high school (3). Reducing the
dropouts have lower earnings, experience more
dropout rate increases the percent of young adults who
unemployment, and are more likely to receive welfare
complete a high school education.
or be in prison than their peers who complete high
school or college (1). The event dropout rate is a Out of school adolescents are more likely than
measure of the proportion of students who drop out in those in school to smoke, to use alcohol, marijuana, or
a single year without successfully completing a high cocaine, to have been involved in a physical fight, and
school program. to have been sexually active (4).
In October of 1998, 4.2 percent of students 15–19
References
years of age, who were in grades 10–12 the previous
October, were not enrolled again and had not 1. McMillen M, Kaufman P. Dropout rates in the United States: 1996. U.S. Department
of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington: NCES 98–250.
completed high school. In total these dropouts account 1997.
for approximately 400 thousand of the 9.8 million
2. Hayes DN, Hemenway D. Age-within-school-class and adolescent gun-carrying.
adolescents 15–19 years of age enrolled in school. The Pediatrics 103(5):e64. 1999.
cumulative effect of several hundred thousand
3. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey. October 1998.
adolescents leaving school each year translates into
several million young adults who are out of school, but 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health risk behaviors among
adolescents who do and do not attend school: United States, 1992. Morb Mortal Wkly
lacking a high school credential. Rep 43:129–32. 1994.
The event dropout rates increased with age.
Adolescents 18 years of age were twice as likely to
drop out as those 15–17 years old. Although the
highest dropout rates were among adolescents 19 years
of age, this group comprised the smallest portion
(8 percent) of all students enrolled the previous
October. Increasing relative age of a student within
school grade has been associated with behavioral
problems, absenteeism, negative self-image, and high
dropout rates (2).
Socioeconomic status is strongly associated with
the decision to stay in school. Students from low
income families (lowest 20 percent of family incomes)
dropped out of high school at a rate over 3 times that
of adolescents from middle income families, and over
4 times the rate of adolescents from high income
families (highest 20 percent of family incomes).
32 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 44
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Population
Figure 4. Event dropout rates among adolescents 15–19 years of age, by age, race, Hispanic origin, and family
income: United States, 1998
Age
15-16 years
17 years
18 years
19 years
Race and Hispanic origin
All races
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Family income
Low
Middle
High
0 5 10 15 20
Percent
NOTES: The event dropout rate is the percent of those in grades 10–12, ages 15–19, who were enrolled the previous October, but who were not
enrolled and had not graduated the following October. Low income is the bottom 20 percent of all family incomes; high income is the top 20 percent of
all family incomes; middle income is the 60 percent in between. Age when a person dropped out may be one year younger because the dropout event
can occur at any time over a 12-month period. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1998.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 33
Extracted source page 45
Adolescent Health ..............................................................................................
Health Status
Activity Limitation
Activity limitation due to a physical, mental, or Adolescents in families with incomes below or near
emotional health problem is a broad measure of health the poverty threshold were more likely to report
and functioning for adolescents. Limitations in activity receipt of special education services than adolescents
are due to one or more chronic health conditions that in nonpoor families in 1997. Adolescents in families
include, but are not limited to, learning disabilities; with incomes below the poverty threshold were more
hearing, visual, and speech problems; mental likely to report other activity limitations than
retardation or other developmental problems (such as adolescents in near poor or nonpoor families.
cerebral palsy); mental and emotional problems;
musculoskeletal problems; the long-term effects of
injury; asthma; and diabetes. Adolescents with one or
more of these conditions often need special education
services, and many receive special health services
through special education programs.
In 1997 approximately 8 percent of all adolescents
10–17 years of age were reported to have some
activity limitation; 3 percent had one or more activity
limitations, which may have also required receipt of
special education services. Limitations included
needing another person’s assistance with personal care
needs, such as eating, bathing, dressing, and getting
around the home; difficulty walking or difficulty
remembering or experiencing periods of confusion.
Performing in school is a normal activity for
adolescents; among 5 percent of adolescents, activity
limitation was limited to receipt of special education
services because of difficulty understanding or
accomplishing routine school work.
Differences in receipt of special education services
were apparent by gender, but not age. In every age
group, male adolescents were twice as likely as female
adolescents to receive special education services. All
other activity limitations were reported for a smaller
proportion of adolescents and did not differ
significantly between males and females.
Non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black
adolescents were more likely to report enrollment in
special education services or other activity limitations
than their Hispanic peers.
The proportion of adolescents with health-related
activity limitations varied by poverty status.
34 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 46
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 5. Activity limitation among adolescents 10–17 years of age, by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, and
poverty status: United States, 1997
Female
10-12 years
13-15 years 1
All other activity limitations Special education only
16-17 years
Male
10-12 years
13-15 years
16-17 years
Race and Hispanic origin
All races
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Poverty status
Poor
Near Poor
Nonpoor
0 5 10 15 20
Percent
1This category may include adolescents receiving special education.
NOTES: Poverty status is derived from the ratio of the family’s income to the Federal poverty threshold, given family size. Poor is less than 100 percent
of the poverty threshold; near poor is between 100 and 199 percent of the poverty threshold; nonpoor is 200 percent of the poverty threshold or more.
See Technical Notes for discussion of activity limitation. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey. See related Health,
United States, 2000, table 57.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 35
Extracted source page 47
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Untreated Dental Caries
The overall quality of life for adolescents can be References
negatively affected by untreated dental caries or tooth
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
decay. Dental caries are bacterial infections. If left Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: 2000.
untreated, dental caries advance and may cause severe
2. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2000 With Adolescent
pain and possible tooth loss. Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, Maryland: Table 72. 2000.
During 1988–94 one-fifth (19 percent) of 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey.
National Center for Health Statistics. 1997.
adolescents 10–19 years of age had at least one
untreated caries lesion or active tooth infection. No 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey.
National Center for Health Statistics. 1995.
difference in the proportion of untreated dental caries
by age was observed. Healthy People 2010 objectives
call for no more than 15 percent of 15-year olds to
have one or more teeth with untreated decay (1).
Although the percent of adolescents affected by
dental caries has been decreasing since the 1970s (2),
substantial racial and socioeconomic disparities persist.
During 1988–94 non-Hispanic black and
Mexican-American adolescents were twice as likely as
non-Hispanic white adolescents to have at least one
untreated caries lesion. The percent of adolescents with
untreated caries was three times as high for
adolescents with family incomes near or below the
Federal poverty level as for adolescents in families
with incomes twice the poverty level or higher.
Dental visits are necessary to treat decayed teeth.
In 1997, 77 percent of adolescents had a dental visit in
the past year (3). However, poor adolescents
(64 percent) were less likely to have had a dental visit
in the past year than near-poor and nonpoor
adolescents (80 percent).
Dental insurance reduces economic barriers to
dental care; low-income adolescents, particularly those
living near poverty are less likely to have dental
insurance (51 percent) than adolescents with higher
family incomes (65 percent) or those living below the
poverty level (60 percent) (4).
36 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 48
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 6. Untreated dental caries among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by family income, race, and Hispanic
origin: United States, 1988–94
Percent
60
50
Poor Near poor Nonpoor
40
30
20
10
0
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Mexican American
NOTES: Data are based on dental examinations of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. The income groups are derived from the ratio
of the family’s income to the Federal poverty threshold, given family size. Poor is less than 100 percent of the poverty threshold; near poor is between
100 and 199 percent of the poverty threshold; nonpoor is 200 percent of the poverty threshold or more. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES III). See related Health, United States, 2000, table 81.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 37
Extracted source page 49
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Suicide Ideation and Attempts
In 1997 suicide was the third leading cause of injury Healthy People 2010 identifies a reduction in the
death among adolescents 13–19 years of age. However, rate of suicide attempts by adolescents as a critical
many teens seriously consider suicide without adolescent objective (4).
attempting, or attempt without completing suicide.
Among those adolescents seriously considering suicide, References
factors influencing suicidal thoughts may include
1. Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Arvin AM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 15th ed.
depression, feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996.
and a preoccupation with death, but may not be related
2. Goodwin FK, Brown GL. Risk factors for youth suicide. In: Alcohol, Drug Abuse,
to risk factors associated with actually attempting and Mental Health Administration. Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Youth
suicide (1). Factors which may contribute to attempting Suicide. Vol 2. Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; DHHS
suicide among adolescents include impulsive, publication no. (ADM)89–1622. 1989.
aggressive, and antisocial behavior; family influences,
3. Gould MS, King R, Greenwald S, et al. Psychopathology associated with suicidal
including a history of violence and family disruption; ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry 37(9):915–23. 1998.
severe stress in school or social life; and rapid
sociocultural change (2). Substance abuse or 4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
dependence can be an important contributor in the
escalation from suicidal thoughts to suicide attempts
(3).
In 1999 one-fifth of all high school students
reported having seriously considered or attempted
suicide during the previous 12 months. Less than
one-half of students who seriously considered suicide
actually attempted suicide (8 percent of all students).
Less than 3 percent of all students reported having an
injurious attempt, that is, a suicide attempt that
resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose that had
been treated by a doctor.
Female students were substantially more likely to
consider suicide than male students. This difference
was identified for all racial/ethnic and grade level
subgroups.
Although a substantial decrease in suicide attempts
was apparent between 9th and 12th grade among
female students, a decrease by grade level among male
students was not significant. Suicide attempts among
non-Hispanic white and Hispanic female students were
significantly higher than among their male
counterparts; among non-Hispanic black students there
was no difference by gender. In contrast, the rate of
completed suicides is higher among male adolescents
than female adolescents (figure 16).
38 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 50
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 7. Suicide ideation and attempts among students in grades 9–12, by grade level, sex, race, and Hispanic
origin: United States, 1999
Female
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade Injurious Suicide Seriously considered
suicide attempt attempt suicide only
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent
NOTES: Response is for the 12 months preceding the survey. Among students attempting suicide, 6 percent did not report seriously considering suicide.
See Technical Notes for survey methods. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 39
Extracted source page 51
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Discharges, and Death Rates
Though there is frequently focus on the causes of Mortality among female and male adolescents did
mortality among adolescents, examination of morbidity not follow the same pattern observed for emergency
and mortality provides a more complete picture of the department and hospital utilization. Death rates for
health status of that population. Emergency department male adolescents exceeded those for female
and inpatient hospital utilization data provide adolescents at each age and the difference increased
information on morbidity that was sufficiently serious substantially with age. These differences were
to result in either emergency department or inpatient primarily due to the age-related increases in injury
hospital use. mortality among males (see figures 16 and 17).
In 1995–97 adolescents 10–19 years of age made The death rate for males 19 years of age was 8
an average of 11.6 million visits to emergency times the rate of those 10 years of age. For females the
departments annually and had an average of 1.6 death rate at age 19 was 3 times the rate at age 10.
million hospitalizations per year. In 1996–97 about 19 (Note: death rates are generally shown as per 100,000
thousand adolescents died each year. In general, population, but for comparability to morbidity
emergency department use, hospitalizations, and measures, they are shown only in figure 8 as per
mortality increased with age, but patterns varied by 10,000.) Reduction of adolescent mortality is a Healthy
sex. People 2010 critical adolescent objective (1).
Emergency department visit rates for male
adolescents 18–19 years of age were 1.6 times the rate
Reference
for those 10 years of age. For female adolescents, the 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: 2000.
rates at age 18–19 years were 2.5 times that at age 10
years. From age 10 through about age 16 years,
emergency department visit rates for males and
females were similar. At age 16 years, visit rates began
to increase more rapidly among females primarily
because of conditions related to pregnancy and sexual
activity (see figure 12).
Hospital discharge rates increased with age. The
hospital discharge rate for male adolescents 19 years
of age was 1.5 times the rate for those 10 years of age.
In contrast, among female adolescents 19 years of age
the discharge rate was nearly 9 times the rate for those
10 years of age. For male and female adolescents
11–13 years of age, discharge rates were similar, but
from ages 14 –19 years, the rate for females was
higher than that for males with differences increasing
with age. Hospitalization for pregnancy and delivery
was the cause of those differences (see figure 13).
40 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 52
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 8. Emergency department visit rates, hospital discharge rates, and death rates among adolescents
10–19 years of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Deaths, discharges, and visits per 10,000 adolescents
10,000
Female
Emergency department visits Male
1,000 Female
Hospital discharges Male
100
Male
10
Female
Deaths
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Years of age
NOTES: Death rates are for 1996–97 only. See Appendix I, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Discharge Survey;
Appendix II, Cause of Death, and Rate: Death. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
(NHAMCS); National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS); National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 41
Extracted source page 53
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Emergency Department Visits
Use of the emergency department may be influenced 19 years (see figures 19 and 20). Pregnancy-related
by underlying health status, the severity of the current causes accounted for about 11 percent of all visits for
illness or injury, access to other sources of health care, female adolescents 18–19 years of age.
and health insurance status.
Emergency department visit rates increased with
In general, adolescents 10–19 years of age visit age for white and black adolescents. In 1995–97
the emergency department less often than younger age-specific emergency department visit rates for
children, young adults 20–24 years, and the elderly 65 noninjury and nonpregnancy-related conditions for
years and older. Adolescents visit the emergency black adolescents were 1.6–2.0 times those for white
department about as often as adults 25–64 years. adolescents. Similarly, pregnancy-related visit rates for
Adolescents and young adults 20–24 are more likely black female adolescents 16–19 years were nearly 3
than others to use the emergency department for times the rates for white females. Visit rates for
reasons related to an injury. injuries were not significantly different for white and
black adolescents.
In 1995–97 visits to emergency departments for
injuries comprised about one-half of all visits for
adolescents 10–19 years, with higher proportions for
males than for females (63 percent compared with
41 percent). This is related to the higher visit rates
among males for injuries associated with being struck
or cut (see figure 10).
Injury-related emergency department visit rates
among male adolescents were consistently higher than
noninjury visit rates. In contrast, noninjury visit rates
among female adolescents exceeded injury-related visit
rates by ages 14–15 and the gap widened with age.
Emergency department visit rates for injury
increased with age. The injury-related visit rates for
adolescent females and males 18–19 years of age were
1.5 and 1.6 times the rates for their respective
counterparts 10–11 years of age.
Emergency department visits for noninjury causes
increased with age for both sexes. In 1995–97 the
noninjury visit rate among males 18–19 years of age
was 1.6 times that of those 10–11 years. In contrast,
among female adolescents 18–19 years of age, the
noninjury (and nonpregnancy-related) visit rate was
triple that of adolescents 10–13 years of age.
Pregnancy-related emergency department visit
rates increased almost sevenfold between ages 14 and
42 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 54
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 9. Emergency department visit rates for injury, noninjury, and pregnancy-related diagnoses among
adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Visits per 10,000 adolescents Visits per 10,000 adolescents
3,000 3,000
Female Male
Noninjury
2,500 2,500
Injury
2,000 2,000
Injury
1,500 1,500
Noninjury
1,000 1,000
500 500
Pregnancy related
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: See Technical Notes for discussion of emergency department visits. See also Appendix I, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
(NHAMCS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 43
Extracted source page 55
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Injury-Related Visits to Emergency Departments
Injuries are a major cause of emergency department References
visits. The morbidity associated with injuries is costly
1. Rice DP, Mackenzie EJ, Associates. Cost of injury in the United States: A report to
on an individual and a societal level (1, 2). A greater Congress. San Francisco, California: Institute for Health and Aging, University of
understanding of the epidemiology of injuries should California and Injury Prevention Center. The Johns Hopkins University. 1989.
lead to improved injury prevention strategies and 2. Burt CW, Fingerhut LA. Injury visits to hospital emergency departments: United
decreases in the incidence of injuries. States, 1992–95. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(131). 1998.
Four external causes of injury—being struck by or
against an object or person, falls, motor vehicle
traffic-related injuries, and being cut by a sharp
object—accounted for nearly 60 percent of all
injury-related visits to emergency departments among
adolescents in 1995–97. Of these four causes, only
motor vehicle traffic-related injuries are a significant
source of mortality among adolescents.
One in five injury-related emergency department
visits among adolescents resulted from ‘‘being struck
by or against an object or a person’’. Sports-related
injuries made up 41 percent of the injuries in this
category. At each age, the ‘‘struck by...’’ rate for males
was about twice the rate for females. Rates for male
adolescents 14–19 years of age were higher than for
younger males.
Visit rates for falls (16 percent of all injury-related
visits) generally decreased with age. Rates in this
category were similar for males and females across
ages 10–19 years.
Injury visit rates associated with motor vehicle
traffic injuries (14 percent of all injury-related visits)
were similar for males and females at each age, with
large relative increases at 14–15 years and at 16–17
years for both sexes. In contrast to nonfatal motor
vehicle injuries, motor vehicle traffic-related death
rates for males were higher than for females at each
age from 10–19 years (see figure 17).
Visits for injuries from being cut (9 percent of all
injury-related visits) also increased with age, especially
from ages 12–13 years to 16–19 years.
44 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 56
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 10. Emergency department visit rates for selected external causes of injury among adolescents
10–19 years of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Visits per 10,000 adolescents Visits per 10,000 adolescents
700 700
Struck by/against Cut/pierce
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 Male 300
Male
200 200
Female
100 100
Female
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
700 700
Fall Motor vehicle traffic
600 600
500 500
400 400
Female
300 300
Male
Male
200 200
Female
100 100
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: See Technical Notes for discussion of emergency department visits. See also Appendix I, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
(NHAMCS). See related Health, United States, 2000, table 84.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 45
Extracted source page 57
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Injury-Related Visits to Emergency
Departments
In 1995–97 open wounds, fractures, sprains and
strains, and contusions were the four most common
injury diagnoses for emergency department visits
among adolescents 10–19 years of age. These four
injury diagnoses accounted for 80 percent of all first-
listed injury diagnoses for adolescents. Open wound
injuries were the most often reported diagnoses for
male adolescents and sprains, strains and contusions
were the most often reported for female adolescents.
The emergency department visit rate for open
wounds for male adolescents 18–19 years of age was
nearly twice that for adolescents 12–15 years of age.
Open wound injury visit rates for female adolescents
10–19 years of age were about one-half the rates for
males at each age. These injuries are caused primarily
by knives and other instruments for cutting or piercing.
Emergency department visit rates for fractures
among male adolescents did not vary by age. The rates
for female adolescents declined with age; the visit rate
for fractures at 18–19 years was less than one-half the
rate at 10–11 years. Among males 14–19 years of age,
age-specific visit rates for fractures were about 3 times
those for females. Upper extremity fracture was the
most common fracture site reported for males and
females. Injuries resulting from falls and being struck
were the primary causes of these fractures.
Sprains, strains and contusions were the most
commonly reported diagnoses in emergency
department visits for female adolescents 10–19 years,
accounting for one-half of all first-listed injury
diagnoses. There were no significant gender differences
by age for visits for sprains and strains or contusions.
Among the leading external causes of these injuries
were motor vehicle traffic crashes, falls, being struck
and overexertion.
46 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
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............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 11. Emergency department visit rates for selected injury diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age,
by age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Visits per 10,000 adolescents Visits per 10,000 adolescents
700 700
Fractures Sprains/strains
600 600
500 500
400 400
Male
300 300
Male Female
200 200
Female
100 100
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
700 700
Open wounds Contusions
600 600
500 500
Male
400 400
Male
300 300
Female
Female
200 200
100 100
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: See Technical Notes for discussion of emergency department visits. See also Appendix I, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
(NHAMCS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 47
Extracted source page 59
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Noninjury Visits to Emergency Departments
Asthma, upper respiratory conditions and abdominal or Among female adolescents, the rate of emergency
gastro-intestinal (GI) conditions are among the leading department visits for treatment of sexually transmitted
principal diagnoses made in emergency departments diseases, urinary tract infections, and pregnancy-related
for adolescents 10–19 years of age. In 1995–97 these conditions increased markedly with age. (See also
three groups of conditions accounted for 40 percent of figures 19 and 23.)
all first-listed noninjury diagnoses for emergency
department visits among adolescent males 10–19 years.
In addition, female adolescents also had visits for
sexually transmitted diseases and urinary tract
infections, which together with the other three groups
of conditions accounted for 50 percent of all noninjury
(nonpregnancy-related) visits. Pregnancy-related
conditions accounted for 5 percent of all female
adolescent visits.
Upper respiratory conditions, predominantly colds,
and ear infections, were the most common cause of
noninjury-related emergency department visits among
adolescents. The rate of emergency department visits
for upper respiratory conditions was similar throughout
the adolescent age range.
Emergency department visits for the treatment of
asthma were approximately one-third as frequent as
were visits for upper respiratory infections. The need
for urgent treatment of asthma symptoms may be
related to acute exposure to specific precipitating
factors (for example, poor air quality and pets) or may
be due to chronically suboptimal treatment of existing
asthma. Visit rates for asthma did not vary by age or
sex.
Nearly one-half of all emergency department visits
for abdominal or GI conditions were due to stomach
pains; another one-fourth were due to gastroenteritis
and colitis. Among female adolescents, the visit rate
for GI conditions increased with age and was almost 5
times as high for those 18–19 years of age as those
10–11 years. Visit rates among female adolescents
were approximately twice the rate of their male
counterparts, with the difference increasing with age.
48 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
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............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 12. Emergency department visit rates for selected noninjury diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of
age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Visits per 10,000 adolescents Visits per 10,000 adolescents
700 700
Upper respiratory infections Asthma
600 600
500 500
400 400
Female
300 300
200 200
Male
100 100 Female
Male
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
700 700
Abdominal symptoms/diagnoses
600 600
Female Pregnancy related
500 500
400 400
Females only
300 300
200 Male 200
Sexually
100 100 transmitted
Urinary diseases
tract infections
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: Data points are not shown in figure when rates are unreliable. See Technical Notes for discussion of emergency department visits. See also
Appendix I, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
(NHAMCS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 49
Extracted source page 61
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Hospital Discharge Rates
Hospitalization is dependent not only on an discharges at 19 years. For adolescents 17 years of age
individual’s medical condition, but also on ambulatory and older, the pregnancy-related discharge rate for
care access and utilization (1). Delaying or not females exceeded the injury and other noninjury rates
receiving timely and appropriate care for chronic for males and females.
conditions and other health problems may lead to the
The injury hospital discharge rate for adolescent
development of more serious health conditions that
males 18–19 years of age was 3 times the rate for
require hospitalization.
males 10–11 years of age. Similarly, the rate for
Adolescents are among the least likely of all female adolescents 16–19 years of age was 3 times
persons to be hospitalized (2). Only younger children that of those 10–13 years.
have lower inpatient hospitalization rates. For
Among adolescents 14–19 years of age, the
noninjury and nonpregnancy causes, adolescents have
noninjury/not pregnancy-related discharge rate for
the lowest rates of hospitalization, followed by those
female adolescents exceeded that for male adolescents
for younger children and young adults. Adolescents
by more than 25 percent. At each age, the injury
have higher hospital discharge rates for injuries than
discharge rate for males exceeded the rate for females.
younger children but lower than older persons.
Hospital discharges vary by sex, in large part References
because of hospitalizations for pregnancy-related
1. Weisman JS, Epstein AM. Falling through the safety net. Johns Hopkins University
causes (including deliveries and diagnoses associated Press. 1994.
with pregnancy) among female adolescents. In
2. Kozak LJ, Lawrence L. National Hospital Discharge Survey: Annual summary, 1997.
1995–97 noninjury-related causes, excluding National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(144). 1999.
pregnancy, accounted for about 72 percent of all
hospital discharges among male adolescents and
39 percent among female adolescents. Injuries
accounted for 26 percent of all hospital discharges
among males and 8 percent among females. Among
female teens, pregnancy-related causes accounted for
53 percent of all discharges.
Hospitalizations for injury and noninjury causes
increased with age for both sexes. The noninjury
discharge rate among males increased marginally. In
contrast, among female adolescents, the noninjury
(nonpregnancy related) discharge rate doubled between
ages 10–11 years and 18–19 years. Hospital discharge
rates for pregnancy increased dramatically between
ages 12–13 years and 18–19 years (see also figures 19
and 20).
As a proportion of all discharges for females,
pregnancy-related causes ranged from about 3 percent
at 12–13 years to about 73 percent of all hospital
50 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 62
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 13. Short-stay hospital discharge rates for injury, noninjury, and pregnancy-related diagnoses among
adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Discharges per 10,000 adolescents Discharges per 10,000 adolescents
1,000 1,000
Female Male
800 800
Pregnancy related
600 600
400 400
200 200 Noninjury
Noninjury
Injury
Injury
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: See Technical Notes for discussion of hospital diagnoses. See also Appendix I, National Hospital Discharge Survey. See Data Table for data
points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 51
Extracted source page 63
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Hospital Discharge Rates
Asthma, psychoses, fractures, poisoning, and
appendicitis were among the leading first-listed
diagnoses for hospitalized adolescents in 1995–97,
accounting for 20 percent of all hospital discharges
(and for 27 percent of all nonpregnancy-related
hospital discharges). Patterns by age and sex differ for
each of these causes.
Asthma hospital discharge rates for males declined
sharply with age, while rates for females were
relatively unchanged across the age span 10–19 years.
For both male and female adolescents 10–11 years of
age, asthma accounted for 13 percent of all
noninjury/nonpregnancy-related hospitalizations; by
ages 18–19 years fewer than 5 percent of these
discharges were for asthma.
Psychoses1 hospitalizations among adolescents
10–19 years of age increased sharply up to ages 14–15
years and then plateaued. Rates for males and females
were similar, with rates at ages 14–19 years about
twice the rates at ages 12–13 years. The leading
diagnosis for this group is ‘‘major depressive disorder,
single episode’’ accounting for 33 percent of all male
and 47 percent of all female psychoses diagnoses.
Fractures were the leading cause of injury-related
hospitalizations. Hospital discharge rates for fractures
increased with age among male and female
adolescents. Among male adolescents 16–19 years of
age rates were 2.5 times those of younger adolescents
(10–11 years); among females 16–19 years of age rates
were twice those of younger adolescents (10–11 years).
Female adolescents were significantly more likely
than male adolescents to be hospitalized for poisoning.
The rates among female adolescents 14–17 years of
age were 3 times those of female adolescents 12–13
years, with a slight decline among female adolescents
18–19 years. The rates among male adolescents 14–19
years of age remained fairly constant.
1ICD-9 CM codes include those for all psychoses, ICD 290–299.
52 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 64
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 14. Short-stay hospital discharge rates for selected diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by
age and sex: United States, average annual 1995–97
Discharges per 10,000 adolescents Discharges per 10,000 adolescents
50 50
Asthma Psychoses
40 40
Female
30 30
Male
20 20
Female
10 10
Male
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
50 50
Fractures Poisoning
40 40
Male
30 30
20 20
Female
Female
10 10
Male
0 0
10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: Data points are not shown in figure when rates are unreliable. See Technical Notes for discussion of hospital diagnoses. See also Appendix I,
National Hospital Discharge Survey. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS). See related
Health, United States, 2000, tables 92 and 93.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 53
Extracted source page 65
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Violent Crime Victimization
Adolescents are the victims of violent acts in the
home, at school, and in the community. Violent crime
includes rape or sexual assault, aggravated and simple
assaults, and robbery.
During the period 1992–97 an average of
approximately 3.4 million adolescents 12–19 years of
age were reported to be victims of violent crime each
year. Sixty-five percent of the victimizations were
classified as simple assaults, 21 percent as aggravated
assaults, 10 percent as robbery, and 4 percent as rape
and sexual assault. The proportions for aggravated
assault and for robbery were somewhat higher for male
adolescents than for female adolescents; there were
more female than male victims (10 percent) of rape
and sexual assault.
The 1992–97 overall rate of violent victimizations
for male adolescents was 50 percent higher than for
female adolescents. Among the youngest adolescents,
male victimization rates were nearly twice those for
females; however, the disparity narrowed with
increasing age. Among males there was no variation in
the rates by age; among females adolescents 18–19
years of age were more likely to be victims of
violence than those 12–13 years.
Among female adolescents 12–19 years of age the
rates for rape and sexual assault increased with age
(data not shown). The reported rates for older
adolescents were about twice those for younger
adolescents. Overall, female adolescents and young
adult women are four times as likely to be victims of
sexual assault as women in all other age groups (1).
From 1992 to 1997 the rate of violent crime
victimization for adolescents 12–15 years and 16–19
years decreased. Declines were noted for each of the
major categories of victimization.
Reference
1. Rickert VI, et al. Date rape among adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr
Adolesc Gynecol 11(4):167–75. 1998.
54 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 66
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 15. Violent crime victimization rates among adolescents 12–19 years of age, by age and sex:
United States, 1992–97
NOTES: See Technical Notes for survey methods. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice. National Crime Victimization Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 55
Extracted source page 67
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Death Rates
Injuries cause more deaths among adolescents than 73 percent for males and 79 percent for females,
do natural causes1. For the period 1996–97, nearly between ages 15 and 16 years. Suicide and homicide
14,000 adolescents died annually from injuries rates for males also increased with age, more sharply
compared with about 5,000 adolescents who died from for ages 10–15 years than for ages 16–19 years. Unlike
natural causes; that is, 73 percent of all deaths among the pattern for males, suicide rates for females 15–19
adolescents 10–19 years of age were caused by an years did not increase.
injury. The proportion of all deaths that were injuries
Race and ethnicity specific death rates also
increases with age from 47 percent at age 10 years to
increased with age. In 1996–97 injury death rates were
81 percent at age 18 years.
higher for black and American Indian adolescents than
Among male adolescents injury death rates for non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and Asian and
exceeded natural cause death rates at each age 11–19 Pacific Islander adolescents. The higher rates for black
years (the rates were similar at 10 years of age), and adolescents were due to higher homicide rates at each
the difference increased with age. Among male age; striking disparities exist in homicide rates for
adolescents 19 years of age, the injury death rate was black adolescents compared with other race and ethnic
12 times the rate of those 10 years of age. Compared groups. Higher rates for American Indian adolescents
with death rates for injuries, death rates for natural were due to higher unintentional injury mortality as
causes increased more slowly with age. Among male well as higher suicide rates especially among those 15
adolescents 19 years of age, the natural cause death years of age and over. Death rates for natural causes
rate was twice that of males 10 years of age. were consistently higher for black adolescents and
lower for Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents than
Among female adolescents 10–12 years, death
for non-Hispanic and Hispanic adolescents.
rates for natural causes exceeded those for injuries; the
rates were similar at age 13 years, and for those 14–19 Healthy People 2010 has identified reduction of
years of age injury death rates were higher than natural adolescent mortality as a critical adolescent objective.
cause death rates. Injury death rates for female The objectives call for a reduction of death rates to
adolescents did not increase as consistently with age as 16.8 per 100,000 for adolescents 10–14 years of age
did the rates for male adolescents. and 43.2 per 100,000 for adolescents 15–19 years of
age (1). Healthy People 2010 has specifically targeted
The injury death rate for males 10–19 years of age
the reduction of suicide and homicide rates as critical
was 2.7 times that for females, while for natural causes
adolescent objectives.
the death rate for males was 1.3 times the rate for
females. 1 ‘‘Natural’’ is a term similar to ‘‘noninjury’’ that is used to categorize causes of death.
Among adolescents unintentional injuries
comprised the majority of injury deaths, 57 percent Reference
among males and 74 percent among females. For both 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
sexes, the proportion of unintended injury deaths Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: 2000.
declined with age, as homicide and suicide deaths
increased with age.
The unintentional injury death rates increased with
age, with a particularly large relative increase,
56 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 68
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 16. Death rates for injury, by intent of injury, and natural causes among adolescents 10–19 years of age,
by age and sex: United States, average annual 1996–97
Deaths per 100,000 adolescents Deaths per 100,000 adolescents
1,000 1,000
Female Male
100 100
Injury
Injury
10 10 Natural causes
Natural causes
1 1
.1 .1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1,000 1,000
Female Male
100 100
Unintentional
Unintentional injury injury
10 10
Homicide
Suicide Homicide
1 1
Suicide
.1 .1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: Suicide rates for females 10–12 years of age are unreliable and are not shown. Death rates are graphed on a log scale to clearly illustrate
how rates change across the entire age span 10–19 years. See Technical Notes for discussion of cause of death coding. See also Appendix II, Cause
of Death. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. See related Health, United
States, 2000, tables 33, 45, 46, 47, and 48.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 57
Extracted source page 69
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Motor Vehicle and Firearm-Related Deaths
Motor vehicle traffic-related injuries and riding in a car or truck driven by someone else.
firearm-related injuries are the two leading causes of Overall, male students (21 percent) were significantly
death among adolescents 10–19 years of age. more likely than female students (12 percent) to have
rarely or never worn seat belts (1).
For the period 1996–97, motor vehicle traffic
injuries were the leading cause of injury death for Healthy People 2010 has identified reduction of
adolescents 10–19 years of age (averaging 6,260 deaths caused by motor vehicle crashes and the
deaths per year), followed by injuries from firearms reduction of deaths and injuries caused by alcohol- and
(averaging 4,250 per year). Together these two causes drug- related motor vehicle crashes as critical
accounted for 55 percent of all deaths and for adolescent objectives (2). The objectives also call for
75 percent of all injury deaths for adolescents. By increased use of safety belts and a reduction in the
comparison, malignant neoplasms, the leading natural proportion of adolescents who report that they rode,
cause of death for this age group, accounted for during the previous 30 days, with a driver who had
6 percent of all deaths. been drinking alcohol.
For motor vehicle traffic injury deaths, rates Firearm death rates also increase substantially with
increased markedly with age for male and female age; the rate for males 19 years of age was 28 times
adolescents. Notably, between ages 15 and 16 years the rate for those 11 years of age. In contrast, the
the rates for males and females doubled. A similar firearm death rates for 19 year old females was 10
increase at these ages was noted in the emergency times the rate for 11 year old females. The disparity
department visit rates for motor vehicle traffic-related between male and female firearm-related death rates
injuries. (Figure 10). Motor vehicle death rates for increased from threefold for the youngest adolescents
males 10–17 years were 1.3–1.7 times those for (10–11) to ninefold for older adolescents (18–19
females; by ages 18 and 19 years, the death rates for years).
males were 2.1–2.5 times those for females.
Differences exist in firearm-related death rates by
Disparities by race and ethnicity were apparent in race and ethnicity for male and female adolescents.
the rates of death from motor vehicle injuries for male Rates were strikingly higher among black adolescents
and female adolescents, although the differences for than among other race and ethnic groups. Firearm
males were more pronounced. Among males and death rates were lowest among non-Hispanic white and
females motor vehicle injury rates were highest among Asian or Pacific Islander adolescents.
American Indian or Alaska Native adolescents and
Firearm deaths include deaths that were classified
lowest among Asian or Pacific Islander adolescents.
as unintentional, suicide, homicide, legal intervention,
Rates among non-Hispanic white teens were higher
or undetermined intent. Among adolescents 10–19
than those of non-Hispanic black and Hispanic teens.
years of age, 60 percent of all firearm deaths were
The high rates of death from motor vehicle homicides, 31 percent were suicides, 6 percent were
injuries are partially attributable to risk behavior unintentional and 2 percent were of undetermined
among adolescents. In 1999, 33 percent of high school intent.
students reported that in the previous 30 days they
rode in a car with a driver who had been drinking References
alcohol, and 13 percent reported that they drove after 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
drinking alcohol (1). Sixteen percent of students 2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
surveyed had rarely or never worn seat belts when Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
58 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 70
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 17. Death rates for motor vehicle traffic-related and firearm-related injuries among adolescents 10–19 years
of age, by age and sex: United States, average annual 1996–97
Deaths per 100,000 adolescents Deaths per 100,000 adolescents
100 100
Motor vehicle traffic Firearm
Male
Male
Female
10 10
Female
1 1
.1 .1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: The firearm death rate for females 10 years of age is unreliable and is not shown. Death rates are graphed on a log scale to clearly illustrate
how rates change across the entire age span 10–19 years. See Technical Notes for discussion of cause of death coding. See also Appendix II, Cause
of Death. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. See related Health, United
States, 2000, tables 45 and 48.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 59
Extracted source page 71
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Status
Motor Vehicle and Firearm-Related Deaths
Where adolescents reside, whether in urban, suburban, The manner or intent of firearm deaths, that is,
or more rural settings, has been shown to influence whether deaths were ruled unintentional, a suicide, or a
mortality risks (1–3). Teenagers living in the most homicide, differs significantly by urbanization category.
densely populated metropolitan counties have higher For example, the higher firearm death rates among
death rates associated with interpersonal violence, younger adolescents in the nonmetropolitan areas
while those in more rural counties have higher rates of resulted from higher unintentional and suicide rates.
motor vehicle fatalities. In general, motor vehicle death Among older adolescents, the majority of firearm
rates are higher in less densely populated settings and deaths in the core counties were homicides while
firearm homicide is higher in more densely populated among adolescent who resided in the nonmetropolitan
settings (1). counties, suicide was the mostly likely manner of
firearm death.
In 1996–97 motor vehicle traffic death rates in
nonmetropolitan counties were 2–3 times the rates in
the core metropolitan (counties with large central
References
cities) counties, while rates in the noncore but still 1. Fingerhut LA, Ingram DD, Feldman JJ. Firearm and nonfirearm homicide among
persons 15–19 years of age: Differences by level of urbanization, United States,
metropolitan counties were in between. 1979–1989. JAMA, 267;3048–3053. 1992.
In all urbanization categories, the motor vehicle 2. Fingerhut LA, Ingram DD and Feldman JJ. Homicide rates among U.S. teenagers
traffic death rates increased with age, with most of the and young adults-differences by mechanism, level of urbanization, race and sex,
1987–1995. JAMA 280(5):423–7. 1998.
increase occurring by age 17 years. Motor vehicle
traffic death rates for adolescents 16 years of age 3. Cubbin C, Pickle LW, Fingerhut, LA. Social context and the geographic patterns of
homicide in black and white males in the United States. AJPH 90:579–87. 2000.
(when many adolescents can begin to drive) were
approximately twice those for adolescents 15 years of
age in all three county groups. Between ages 18 and
19 years the rate declined by 5–7 percent in each of
the three county groups.
Age and urbanization patterns for firearm mortality
differ from those for motor vehicle mortality. Most
notably, the increases in firearm death rates by age
were steeper. Between ages 11 and 13 years, firearm
death rates more than doubled and were higher in
nonmetropolitan counties than in either of the two
metropolitan groups. With increasing age, the pattern
changed and rates in the core counties were higher
than those in noncore metropolitan and
nonmetropolitan counties. With each single year of age
between 13 and 16 years, firearm death rates in the
core counties doubled or nearly doubled. Between 16
and 19 years, the rate came close to doubling again.
Core county firearm death rates for 15–19 year olds
were more than twice the rates in the other two county
groups.
60 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
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............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Status
Figure 18. Death rates for motor vehicle traffic-related and firearm-related injuries among adolescents 10–19 years
of age, by age and urbanization: United States, average annual 1996–97
Deaths per 100,000 adolescents Deaths per 100,000 adolescents
100 100
Motor vehicle traffic Firearm
Nonmetropolitan Core metropolitan
Other
metropolitan
Core metropolitan
10 10
Non-
metropolitan
1 1
Other metropolitan
.1 .1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Years of age Years of age
NOTES: Death rates are graphed on a log scale to clearly illustrate how rates change across the entire age span 10–19 years. See Technical Notes for
discussion of cause of death coding. See also Appendix II, Cause of Death and Appendix II, Urbanization. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. See related Health, United
States, 2000, tables 45 and 48.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 61
Extracted source page 73
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Reproductive Health
Pregnancy Rates
Annually, more than 900,000 adolescents become Between 1990 and 1995 the proportion of
pregnant. The majority (78 percent) of teen teenagers who ever had intercourse decreased from 55
pregnancies are unplanned, accounting for one-fourth to 50 percent (6). Moreover, contraceptive use among
of all accidental pregnancies each year (1). The sexually active teens increased over those years, and
consequences of unintended pregnancy for adolescents contracepting teens chose more effective contraceptive
include unintended births, reduced educational methods. These factors contributed to the decrease in
attainment, fewer employment opportunities, increased pregnancy rates among teenagers.
likelihood of welfare, and poorer health and
developmental outcomes among their infants (2). References
About one-fourth of unintended pregnancies end in
1. Henshaw, SK. Unintended pregnancy in the United States: 1982–1995. Fam Plann
abortion (1). Perspect 30(1):24-–9 and 46. 1998.
Teen pregnancy rates are much higher in the 2. Sex and America’s Teenagers. New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1994.
United States than in many other developed countries. 3. Singh S, Darroch JE. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing: levels and trends in
In the mid-1990s rates were twice as high as in developed countries. Fam Plann Perspec 32(1):14–23. 2000.
England and Wales or Canada, and 8 times as high as 4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
in Japan (3). Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: 2000.
The number of pregnancies is estimated as the 5. Ventura ST, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw SK. Trends in
pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome: Estimates for the United States,
sum of live births, induced abortions, and fetal losses 1976–96. Vital Health Stat 21(56). National Center for Health Statistics. 2000.
(miscarriages and stillbirths). In 1996 the pregnancy
6. Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, et al. Fertility, family planning and women’s
rate was 98.7 pregnancies per 1,000 young women health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat
15–19 years of age. Pregnancy rates increased with 23(19). National Center for Health Statistics. 1997.
age, from 2.8 for the youngest adolescents, 10–14
years of age (see Data Table), to 67.8 for adolescents
15–17 years and 146.4 for adolescents 18–19 years. A
Healthy People 2010 critical adolescent objective calls
for a reduction in pregnancies among female
adolescents to no more than 46 pregnancies per 1,000
adolescents (4).
Teen pregnancy rates vary by race and Hispanic
origin. In 1996 pregnancy rates were more than twice
as high among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic teens
as among non-Hispanic white teens. Abortion rates
were higher among non-Hispanic black teens than
either Hispanic or non-Hispanic white teens.
The teenage pregnancy rate for young women
15–19 years of age decreased 15 percent since reaching
a peak of 116.5 per 1,000 in 1991 (5). Birth rates and
abortion rates for adolescents declined in recent years.
Fetal losses also declined as the number of young
women becoming pregnant declined.
62 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 74
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Reproductive Health
Figure 19. Pregnancy rates according to outcome of pregnancy among adolescents 15–19 years of age, by age,
race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1996
Pregnancies per 1,000 female adolescents
300
Fetal losses
250
Induced abortions
Births
200
150
100
50
0
15-17 years 18-19 years 15-17 years 18-19 years 15-17 years 18-19 years
White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic
NOTES: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. See Technical Notes for discussion of pregnancy rate estimation. See Data Table for data
points graphed.
SOURCE: Ventura SJ, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw SK. Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome: Estimates for the
United States, 1976–96. Vital Health Stat 21(56). Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000. See related Health, United States,
2000, tables 3, 8, 16, and 17.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 63
Extracted source page 75
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Reproductive Health
Birth Rates
Adolescents who become mothers are less likely to second and higher order declined from 25 percent in
complete high school or to have steady employment, 1991 to 22 percent in 1998 (4, 5).
and more likely to receive public assistance and to
experience marital instability, compared with peers References
who delay childbearing (1). Economic and social
1. Sex and America’s Teenagers. New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1994.
disadvantage are among the causes, as well as the
consequences, of teenage child bearing (2). Infants 2. Kirby D. No easy answers: Research findings on programs to reduce teen
pregnancy. Washington: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. 1997.
born to teenage mothers are at a greater risk of low
birthweight and infant mortality. (See figures 21 and 3. Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Curtin SC. Declines in teenage birth rates 1991–97:
National vital statistics reports; vol 47 no 12. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for
22.) Teen mothers are also less likely to receive Health Statistics. 1998.
adequate and timely prenatal care and more likely to
4. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. Births: Final data for 1998. National
smoke (3). Second and higher order births further vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health
increase the risk of poor outcomes for young women Statistics. 2000.
and their children. 5. Ventura, SJ, Curtin, SC. Recent trends in teen births in the United States. Stat Bull.
Jan–Mar 1999.
In 1997–98 there were approximately 493,600
births annually to adolescents 13–19 years of age,
accounting for nearly 13 percent of all births in each
year. The birth rate for adolescent women 15–19 years
of age was 51.5 births per 1,000 adolescent women,
and the birth rate for very young adolescents (13–14
years of age) was 2.6.
There is a consistent pattern of increasing birth
rate by maternal age. Overall 19-year old teens were
nearly seven times as likely to have a birth as their
15-year old counterparts.
Birth rates vary considerably by race and Hispanic
origin. In 1997–98 Hispanic and non-Hispanic black
teens had the highest birth rates followed by American
Indian teens; Asian or Pacific Islander teens had the
lowest birth rates. Among young women 19 years of
age, the birth rate among Hispanics and non-Hispanic
blacks was about 3.5 times that of Asian or Pacific
Islanders (149.3 and 141.0 compared with 42.6 per
1,000).
Teenage birth rates have steadily declined in the
1990’s and have fallen almost 18 percent among
adolescents 15–19 years of age since 1991 (4). There
has also been a 21-percent decrease in the rates of
second and higher order births to teens in the 1990’s,
while the proportion of births to teenagers that were
64 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 76
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Reproductive Health
Figure 20. Birth rates among adolescents 13–19 years of age, by birth order, age, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, average annual 1997–98
Years of age White, non-Hispanic
13-14
15
16
17 Second and higher births
18
19
Black, non-Hispanic
13-14
15
16
17
18
19
Hispanic
13-14
15
16
17
18
19
American Indian or Alaska Native
13-14
*
15
16
17
18
19
Asian or Pacific Islander
13-14 *
15
16
17
18
19
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Live births per 1,000 female adolescents
* Second and higher live births were too few to be considered reliable and are not shown separately.
NOTES: Excludes live births with unknown birth order. See Appendix II, Rates, birth. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. See related Health,
United States, 2000, table 3.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 65
Extracted source page 77
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Reproductive Health
Low Birthweight
Birthweight, along with period of gestation, is one of no more than 5 percent of live births and very
the most important predictors of an infant’s subsequent low-birthweight births to no more than 1 percent of
health and survival. Low birthweight (less than 2,500 live births (5).
grams or about 5.5 pounds) may result from premature
birth, being small for gestational age, or both of these References
factors. Low-birthweight infants face an increased risk
1. Ventura SJ, Peters KD, Martin JA, Maurer JD. Births and Deaths: United States,
of physical and developmental complications and death 1996. National Center for Health Statistics. 1997.
(1). Nearly two-thirds of infant deaths in 1997
2. MacDorman MF, Atkinson JO. Infant mortality statistics from the 1997 period linked
occurred among low-birthweight babies (2). birth/infant death data set. National vital statistics reports; vol 47 no 23. Hyattsville,
Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999.
In 1997–98, 9.5 percent of infants born to
3. Mathews TJ. Smoking during pregnancy, 1990–96. National vital statistics reports;
adolescents ages 15–19 were low birthweight. For vol 47 no 10. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1998.
mothers under 15 years of age, 13.2 percent of infants
4. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Matthews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for
were low birthweight. In contrast, 7.2 percent of 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National
infants born to women in their twenties and thirties Center for Health Statistics. 2000.
were low birthweight. 5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
Low-birthweight rates vary by race and Hispanic
origin. The percent of infants with low birthweight is
higher among non-Hispanic black teens than among all
other groups and is almost double that of American
Indian or Alaska Native teens.
Very low-birthweight infants, those weighing less
than 1,500 grams, are at the highest risk of dying in
their first year. In 1997–98 the percent of very
low-birthweight infants of adolescent mothers
decreased with increasing maternal age among all race
and ethnic groups except American Indian or Alaska
Native infants.
A number of factors may influence low
birthweight including smoking during pregnancy. The
rate of smoking during pregnancy for young women
ages 15–19 increased between 1994 and 1998. Young
women ages 15–19 have the highest rate of smoking
during pregnancy of all age groups. Among teen
mothers, non-Hispanic whites have the highest
smoking rates followed by Native Americans (3, 4).
Very low birthweight is primarily associate with
preterm birth.
Healthy People 2010 objectives call for a
reduction in low-birthweight births for all women to
66 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 78
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Reproductive Health
Figure 21. Low-birthweight live births among adolescent mothers 13–19 years of age, by maternal age, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, average annual 1997–98
* Very low-birthweight live births were too few to be considered reliable, and are not shown separately. See Data Table for data points graphed.
NOTES: Low birthweight is less than 2,500 grams; very low birthweight is less than 1,500 grams. Excludes live births with unknown birthweight.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. See related Health,
United States, 2000, table 12.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 67
Extracted source page 79
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Reproductive Health
Infant Mortality
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant increases the risk of infant mortality (3). In 1998,
before his or her first birthday. The infant mortality 18 percent of mothers 15–19 years of age reported
rate is an important indicator of the well-being of smoking during pregnancy, the highest percent of any
infants and their adolescent mothers because it is age group (4).
associated with a variety of factors, such as maternal
Among infants of adolescent mothers, as for
health, quality of and access to medical care,
infants of all mothers, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
socioeconomic conditions, and public health practices
(SIDS) is the leading cause of infant mortality after the
(1).
first month of life (5). The American Academy of
During 1995–97 among infants born to adolescent Pediatrics recommends putting infants to sleep on their
mothers there were 10.6 infant deaths per 1,000 live backs because of the lower risk for SIDS associated
births. The Healthy People 2010 objective for infant with this position.
mortality among all mothers is no more than 4.5 infant
deaths per 1,000 live births (2). References
Overall, infants of the youngest adolescent 1. Kleinman JC, Kiely JL. Infant mortality. Healthy People 2000 statistical notes; vol 1
no 2. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1991.
mothers (13–14 years) had higher infant mortality rates
than infants of mothers 15–19 years of age (17.1 2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: 2000.
versus 10.4).
3. Wilcox AJ. Birthweight and perinatal mortality: the effect of maternal smoking. Am J
Infant mortality rates vary significantly among Epidemiol 137:1098–1104. 1993.
racial and ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic black
4. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final Data for
adolescent mothers had higher infant mortality rates 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no. 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National
than other adolescent mothers (14.4), nearly twice Center for Health Statistics. 2000.
those of Hispanic mothers (7.6). 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessment of infant sleeping
position—selected States, 1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47(41):873–7. October 1998.
Among infants of non-Hispanic white and
Hispanic adolescent mothers, mortality rates decreased
with increasing maternal age; infant mortality rates
plateaued among infants of non-Hispanic black
mothers 16 years and older. Non-Hispanic white and
Hispanic mothers 13 and 14 years of age were
approximately twice as likely to have an infant death
as mothers 19 years of age; for black mothers this
relative difference was 1.4.
Infant mortality is associated with a variety of
factors affecting the mother’s health during pregnancy
and the infant’s environment and health care during
the first year of life. It is important that adolescent
mothers receive timely prenatal care and avoid risky
behaviors such as the use of alcohol and tobacco
during pregnancy. Maternal smoking during pregnancy
68 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 80
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Reproductive Health
Figure 22. Infant mortality rates among infants of adolescent mothers 13–19 years of age, by maternal age, race,
and Hispanic origin: United States, average annual 1995–97
Years of age White, non-Hispanic
13-14
15
16
17
18
19
Black, non-Hispanic
13-14
15
16
17
18
19
Hispanic
13-14
15
16
17
18
19
American Indian or Alaska Native
13-14
*
15 *
16
17
18
19
Asian or Pacific Islander
13-14
*
15
16
17
18
19
0 5 10 15 20 25
Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
* Infant deaths in this age and race group were too few to be considered reliable and are not shown.
NOTES: See Data Table for data points graphed. For further discussion, see Appendix I, National Linked File of Live Births and Infant Deaths.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Linked Files of Live Births and Infant Deaths. See
related Health, United States, 2000, tables 20–25.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 69
Extracted source page 81
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Reproductive Health
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are the most of males and females, 15–24 years of age, who attend
commonly reported infectious diseases among sexually family planning or STD clinics (3).
active adolescents. Compared with adults, adolescents
In 1998 rates of gonorrhea in the U.S. population
are at a higher risk for acquiring STD’s: they are more
were also higher among female adolescents 15–19
likely to have multiple sexual partners and short-term
years of age than adolescent males and older persons.
relationships, to engage in unprotected intercourse, and
Between 1990 and 1998 the gonorrhea rate among
to have partners who are themselves at high risk for
adolescents decreased by 50 percent (from 1,114.4
STD’s (1, 2). Adolescent women may also have
cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 560.6 in 1998). Healthy
physiologically increased susceptibility to infection due
People 2010 objectives call for a reduction of the
to increased cervical ectopy and lack of immunity (1).
incidence of gonorrhea to no more than 19 cases per
Sexually active adolescents often face barriers to 100,000 people in the total population (3).
receiving STD prevention services, such as concern
Large race and ethnic disparities in STD rates
about confidentiality, lack of insurance or ability to
exist among adolescents. Non-Hispanic black
pay, and lack of transportation.
adolescents had higher rates of chlamydia and
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are the most gonorrhea than adolescents in other race and ethnic
common bacterial causes of STD’s, and are curable groups. Differences in socioeconomic status,
with antimicrobials. Syphilis is relatively rare among contraceptive use, and sexual risk behaviors, may
adolescents. When left untreated, chlamydia and influence the disparity in rates (4, 5).
gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease,
abscesses in the fallopian tubes and ovaries, and References
chronic pelvic pain, and may result in ectopic
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease
pregnancy or infertility. In young men untreated Surveillance 1998. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
HIV, STD, and TB Prevention. September 1999.
infections can cause urethritis and epididymitis. STD’s
may also increase susceptibility to HIV infection two- 2. Gittes EB, Irwin CE. Sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents. Pediatr Rev
14(5):180–9. 1993.
to fivefold.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
In 1998 in the U.S. population, female adolescents Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
15–19 years of age had higher reported rates of
4. Ellen JM, Kohn RP, Bolan GA, Shiboski S, Krieger N. Socioeconomic differences in
chlamydial infections than adolescent males and older sexually transmitted disease rates among black and white adolescents, San Francisco,
persons of either gender. The higher reported rates of 1990 to 1992. Am J Public Health. 85:1546–8. 1995.
chlamydia among female adolescents than among male 5. Sieving R, Resnick MD, Bearinger L, et al. Cognitive and behavioral predictors of
adolescents is primarily attributable to detection of sexually transmitted disease risk behavior among sexually active adolescents. Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med. 151:243–51. 1997.
asymptomatic infection in young women through
screening, while their sex partners may not be
diagnosed or reported. Symptomatic male adolescents
may be treated without testing, and therefore may not
be captured by disease surveillance (1).
The reduction of the proportion of adolescents
with chlamydia infections is a Healthy People 2010
critical adolescent objective, with a target of 3 percent
70 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 82
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Reproductive Health
Figure 23. Sexually transmitted disease rates reported for adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age, sex, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1998
Years of age
Chlamydia
10-14 years
15-19 years Female
Race and Hispanic origin Male
White,
non-Hispanic
Black,
non-Hispanic
Hispanic
American Indian
or Alaska native
Asian or
Pacific Islander
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Cases per 100,000 adolescents
Years of age
Gonorrhea
10-14 years
15-19 years Female
Race and Hispanic origin Male
White,
non-Hispanic
Black,
non-Hispanic
Hispanic
American Indian
or Alaska native
Asian or
Pacific Islander
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Cases per 100,000 adolescents
NOTES: Data for States not reporting race/ethnicity and age for the majority of cases were excluded. See Technical Notes for further discussion. See
Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for STD, HIV, and TB Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance,
1998. See related Health, United States, 2000, table 52.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 71
Extracted source page 83
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Reproductive Health
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with its References
associated morbidity and mortality, results from
1. Boyers DB, Kegeles SM. AIDS risk and prevention among adolescents. Soc Sci
infection with the human immunodeficiency virus Med 33(1):11–23. 1991.
(HIV). Before the introduction of highly active
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. 9(1).
antiretroviral therapy, the average incubation period 1997.
from acquisition of HIV to the development of AIDS
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
was estimated to be 8–10 years (1). Overall declines in Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
AIDS incidence and deaths in 1996 and 1997 provide
evidence of the widespread beneficial effects of new
treatment regimens. Rather than an inevitable
progression of HIV infection, a diagnosis of AIDS now
increasingly represents late diagnosis, poor access to
care, or treatment failure (2).
In 1996–98 AIDS rates increased with age among
all racial and ethnic groups. Adolescents in some
minority racial and ethnic groups are
disproportionately affected by HIV and AIDS. In
1996–98 non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adolescents
in every age group had higher rates of AIDS than
non-Hispanic white adolescents. AIDS rates among
American Indian or Alaska Native and Asian or Pacific
Islander adolescents remain very low.
Although the overall prevalence of AIDS in
adolescents is relatively low, the rate of HIV infection
is higher. It is likely that most young adults who
develop AIDS acquired HIV infection during their
adolescent years. Sexual activity and drug use
activities among adolescents place them at high risk
for HIV transmission. Sexually transmitted diseases
common among adolescents, chlamydia and gonorrhea,
are believed to facilitate HIV transmission (1).
HIV prevention strategies include promoting
knowledge of risk behaviors that increase the risk of
HIV infection, increasing awareness of methods to
reduce risk, and improving access to effective care and
treatment programs to improve health and survival
among persons who are already infected. Healthy
People 2010 identified a reduction in the number of
cases of HIV infection among adolescents as a critical
adolescent objective (3).
72 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 84
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Reproductive Health
Figure 24. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) rates reported for adolescents 11–19 years of age, by
age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, average annual 1996–98
White, non-Hispanic
11-14 years
15-17 years Female
Male
18-19 years
Black, non-Hispanic
11-14 years
15-17 years
18-19 years
Hispanic
11-14 years
15-17 years
18-19 years
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cases per 100,000 adolescents
NOTES: States not reporting race/ethnicity and age for the majority of cases were excluded from the analysis. See Technical Notes for further
discussion. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for STD, HIV, and TB Prevention. See related Health, United States, 2000,
tables 53 and 54.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 73
Extracted source page 85
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Risk Behaviors
Sexual Activity
Sexually active adolescents have an increased risk of A Healthy People 2010 critical adolescent
HIV infection, other sexually transmitted diseases objective calls for an increase in the proportion of
(STD’s), and unintended pregnancy. Teenagers who adolescents who abstain from sexual intercourse or use
begin having sex at younger ages are exposed to these condoms if currently sexually active (2). This measure
risks over a longer period of time. Those who have is also a Leading Health Indicator.
had multiple sex partners (four or more sex partners in
Between 1991 and 1999 the prevalence of sexual
their lifetime) are at an increased risk of pregnancy,
experience among adolescents decreased 8 percent. The
acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, and HIV
prevalence of multiple sex partners decreased
infection.
13 percent (3). These behavioral changes are consistent
In 1999 one-half of all high school students had with decreases in related reproductive health outcomes
been sexually active. among adolescents (see figures 19 and 23).
The proportion of students who report ever having
sexual intercourse and those who report having
References
multiple sex partners increases significantly with age. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
In 1999, 66 percent of female students and 64 percent U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
of male students in the 12th grade ever had intercourse Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
compared with 33 percent of female students and 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in sexual risk behaviors among
45 percent of male students in the 9th grade. high school students—United States, 1991–1997. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:749–51.
1998.
Overall, non-Hispanic black students, both male
and female, were significantly more likely to have had
sexual intercourse than non-Hispanic white and
Hispanic students. Among females, non-Hispanic black
students were nearly twice as likely as non-Hispanic
white and Hispanic students to have had multiple (four
or more) sex partners. Among males, non-Hispanic
black students were twice as likely as Hispanic
students and four times as likely as non-Hispanic white
students to have had multiple sex partners.
In 1999 the percent of students who reported they
had sexual intercourse during the previous 3 months
increased from 27 percent of 9th grade students to
51 percent of 12th grade students (1). Among currently
sexually active students, 58 percent used a condom
during their last sexual intercourse. The proportion of
students using condoms decreased with grade level,
from 67 percent of 9th grade students to 48 percent of
those in 12th grade (1). Condoms are very effective at
preventing the transmission of STDs and HIV, but are
less effective than some other contraceptive methods at
preventing pregnancy.
74 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 86
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Risk Behaviors
Figure 25. Lifetime sexual activity among students in grades 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, 1999
Multiple sex
Female partners
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80
Percent
NOTES: Multiple sex partners is defined as four or more sex partners in the student’s lifetime. See Technical Notes for survey methods. See Data Table
for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 75
Extracted source page 87
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Risk Behaviors
Cigarette Smoking
Smoking has serious long-term effects on health, used smokeless tobacco in the past month (14 percent
including the risk of nicotine addiction, smoking- of male students and 1 percent of female students) and
related diseases, and premature death. Over 80 percent 18 percent smoked cigars (25 percent of male students
of adults who are addicted to tobacco began smoking and 10 percent of female students) (3).
as adolescents (1). It has been estimated that
Tobacco use is the single leading preventable
tobacco-related illnesses will cause the premature death
cause of death in the United States (1). A Healthy
of approximately 5 million persons who were 17 years
People 2010 critical adolescent objectives calls for a
or younger in 1995 (2).
reduction in the proportion of young people in grades
In 1999 more than one-third of all high school 9–12 who have used tobacco products; this measure is
students reported smoking on one or more days in the also a Leading Health Indicator (5).
previous 30 days (current smoking), and nearly
17 percent reported smoking frequently (that is, on 20 References
or more days).
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing tobacco use among
young people: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: Department of
The percent of students who reported current Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and
smoking increased with grade level, as did the percent Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Office on Smoking and Health. 1994.
who reported frequent smoking.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Projected smoking-related deaths
Many adolescents begin smoking before reaching among youth—United States. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. MMWR 45:971–4. 1996.
9th grade. One-fourth (25 percent) of students had
smoked a whole cigarette before 13 years of age. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
Rates of smoking differ substantially between 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco use among high school
students—United States. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and
racial and ethnic groups. In 1999 non-Hispanic white Prevention. MMWR 47: 229–33. 1998.
and Hispanic students were more likely to smoke than
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
non-Hispanic black students. Non-Hispanic white Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
students were more likely to be frequent smokers than
Hispanic and non-Hispanic black students.
Among non-Hispanic black students, females were
less likely to smoke than males. In contrast, among
Hispanic and non-Hispanic white students smoking
rates did not differ significantly for males and females.
Smoking among adolescents has increased in
recent years. In 1999 the prevalence of current
cigarette smoking was 27 percent higher than in 1991;
current cigarette smoking increased 56 percent among
black students, 29 percent among Hispanic students,
and 25 percent among white students (3, 4).
Adolescents are at risk from other forms of
tobacco use as well. In 1999, 8 percent of students
76 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 88
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Risk Behaviors
Figure 26. Current cigarette smoking among students in grades 9–12 by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic
origin: United States, 1999
Frequent
Female smoker
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80
Percent
NOTES: Current cigarette smoking is defined as having smoked cigarettes on one or more days of the 30 days preceding the survey; frequent cigarette
smoking is defined as having smoked cigarettes on 20 or more days of the 30 days preceding the survey. See Technical Notes for survey methods.
See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 77
Extracted source page 89
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Risk Behaviors
Alcohol Use
Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive previous 30 days they drove after drinking alcohol (2).
substance during adolescence. Its use is associated with Thirty-three percent of high school students reported
motor vehicle crashes, injuries, and deaths; with that in the previous 30 days they rode in a car with a
problems in school and in the workplace; and with driver who had been drinking alcohol (2); reducing
fighting, crime, and other serious consequences (1). this proportion is a Healthy People 2010 objective (4).
Heavy, episodic drinking or binge drinking, in which
five or more drinks are consumed on one occasion, References
increases the likelihood of negative outcomes.
1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Ninth special report to the U.S.
Congress on alcohol and health. Secretary of Health and Human Services. Bethesda,
In 1999 one-half of high school students Maryland: National Institutes of Health. (NIH Publication No. 97–4017). June 1997.
(48 percent of female students and 52 percent of male
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
students) reported drinking in the previous 30 days.
Twenty-eight percent of female students and 35 percent 3. Grant BR, Dawson DA. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with
DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal
of male students reported binge drinking. Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Subst Abuse 9:103–10. 1998.
Current drinking and binge drinking increased 4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
significantly between grades 9 and 12 for both male Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
and female students; the increase was sharper among
male students.
For many students, initiation of drinking began
before high school. Almost one-third (32 percent) of
students reported that they first drank alcohol (more
than a few sips) before age 13 (2). Male students were
more likely than female students to begin drinking
before age 13 (37 percent compared with 27 percent).
Researchers have found that the younger the age of
drinking onset, the greater the likelihood that an
individual will, at some point in life, develop a
clinically defined alcohol disorder (3).
Current drinking among non-Hispanic black male
and female students was substantially lower than
among non-Hispanic white and Hispanic students.
Non-Hispanic black students were significantly less
likely to engage in binge drinking than their
non-Hispanic white and Hispanic counterparts.
Reduction in the proportion of adolescents
engaging in binge drinking of alcoholic beverages is a
Healthy People 2010 critical adolescent objective. This
measure is also a Leading Health Indicator (4).
Adolescents who combine drinking and driving are
at an increased risk of injury or death. In 1999, 13
percent of high school students reported that in the
78 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 90
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Risk Behaviors
Figure 27. Current alcohol use among students in grades 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, 1999
Binge drinking
Female
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80
Percent
NOTES: Current alcohol use is defined as having 1 or more drinks on 1 or more days of the 30 days preceding the survey; binge alcohol use is
defined as having 5 or more drinks on at least one occasion in the 30 days preceding the survey. See Technical Notes for survey methods. See Data
Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 79
Extracted source page 91
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Risk Behaviors
Marijuana Use
Drug use by adolescents can have immediate as well Adolescents face health consequences from other
as long-term health and social consequences. drug use, as well. Cocaine use is linked with health
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug problems that range from eating disorders to disability
among high school students. Marijuana use has both to death from heart attacks and strokes (6). In 1999,
health and cognitive risks, particularly damage to 10 percent of high school students reported using some
pulmonary functions as a result of chronic use (1, 2). form of cocaine (powder, ‘‘crack,’’ or ‘‘freebase’’)
Possession and/or use of marijuana is illegal and can during their lifetime and 4 percent reported using
lead to a variety of penalties. cocaine in the past 30 days (3).
In 1999 almost one-half (47 percent) of high
school students had used marijuana during their
References
lifetime and one-fourth (27 percent) of high school 1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana: Facts parents need to know.
Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (NCADI Publication No.
students had used marijuana one or more times in the PHD712). 1995.
past 30 days (that is, current use). Male students were
2. Pope HG Jr., Yurgelun-Todd D. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana
more likely than female students to report ever using use in college students. J Am Med Assoc 275(7). 1996.
marijuana and using it in the past 30 days.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
Both female and male students in the higher
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol and other drug use among
grades (10th–12th) were more likely to have ever used high school students—United States, 1990. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
marijuana than students in 9th grade. Current use of 40(45);776–7,783–4. 1991.
marijuana among male and female students also 5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
increased significantly between 9th and 12th grade. Of Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
students who had ever used marijuana, 11 percent first 6. Blanken AJ. Measuring use of alcohol and other drugs among adolescents. Public
tried it before age 13 (8 percent of female students and Health Rep 108(Supplement 1). 1993.
15 percent of male students) (3).
Among female students, current and lifetime use
of marijuana varied little by race and ethnicity. Among
males there were no significant differences by race and
ethnicity in marijuana use.
Marijuana use among high school students
increased substantially between 1990 and 1999 (4).
Fifty percent more students had used marijuana at least
once in 1999 than in 1990 (47 percent versus
31 percent), and almost twice as many students had
used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the
survey (27 percent versus 14 percent).
A Healthy People 2010 critical adolescent
objective calls for a reduction in the proportion of
adolescents reporting use of marijuana and other illicit
substances in the past 30 days (5).
80 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 92
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Risk Behaviors
Figure 28. Lifetime marijuana use among students in grades 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, 1999
Current marijuana use
Female
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80
Percent
NOTES: Lifetime marijuana use is defined as having ever used marijuana. Current marijuana use is defined as having used marijuana 1 or more times
in the 30 days preceding the survey. See Technical Notes for survey methods. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 81
Extracted source page 93
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Risk Behaviors
Weapon Carrying
Weapon carrying is associated with the most serious Between 1991 and 1999 the percent of students
injuries resulting from violence. Carrying a weapon who carried a weapon decreased by 35 percent
significantly increases the risk that a violent argument (26 percent in 1991, 17 percent in 1999). In 1999 high
will result in death, disability, or other serious injury school students were also less likely to engage in
(1). Although weapon carrying does not always lead to physical fights or to be injured in physical fights than
injury, it is strongly associated with exposure to students in 1991 (5).
intimidation and threats and perceptions of fear and
In 1996, 5 percent of adolescents 14–17 years of
vulnerability (2).
age were not enrolled in school. These adolescents
In 1999, 17 percent of high school students were more likely than their in-school peers to engage
reported carrying a gun or other weapon in the past 30 in violence-related behavior (6).
days. Healthy People 2010 objectives call for a
reduction to less than 15 percent in the prevalence of References
weapon carrying by adolescents in grades 9–12 (3).
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measuring the health behavior of
adolescents: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System and recent public health
Male students were significantly more likely than reports on high-risk adolescents. Public Health Rep 108(1). 1993.
female students to carry a gun or other weapon.
2. Lowry R, Powell KE, Kann L, Collins JL, Kolbe LJ. Weapon-carrying, physical
Among both male and female students, the percent of fighting and fight related injury among U.S. adolescents. Am J Prev Med 14:122–9.
students who reported carrying a weapon did not differ 1998.
significantly between 9th and 12th grade. 3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
Among male students, non-Hispanic black students
were more likely to carry a gun than non-Hispanic 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
white and Hispanic students. Among female students, 5. Brener ND, Simon TR, Krug EG, Lowry R. Recent trends in violence-related
non-Hispanic black and Hispanic students were more behaviors among high school students in the United States. JAMA 282:440–46. 1999.
likely to carry guns and other weapons than 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health risk behaviors among
non-Hispanic white students. adolescents who do and do not attend school: United States, 1992. Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep 43:129–32. 1994.
The proportion of students who reported carrying
a weapon on school property was smaller. In 1999, 7
percent of all students brought a weapon to school; 11
percent of male students carried a weapon on school
property compared with 3 percent of female students
(4). A Healthy People 2010 critical adolescent
objective calls for a reduction of weapon carrying by
adolescents on school property to 6 percent (3).
Not all violence-related behavior involves
weapons. In 1999, 27 percent of female students and
44 percent of male students were involved in one or
more physical fights (4). Reduction in physical fighting
among adolescents is a Healthy People 2010 critical
adolescent objective (3).
82 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 94
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Risk Behaviors
Figure 29. Weapon carrying in the past 30 days among students in grades 9–12, by sex, grade level, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1999
Carried
a gun
Female
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60
Percent
NOTES: Weapons include a gun, knife, or club. See Technical Notes for survey methods. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 83
Extracted source page 95
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Risk Behaviors
Physical Activity
Physical activity provides important health and students in grades 11 and 12 (4). However, only 29
emotional benefits for adolescents. It lowers blood percent of students participated in PE classes every
pressure, aids in weight management, and improves day.
cardiorespiratory function (1). A physically active
Regular physical activity and a healthy diet are
lifestyle may continue into adulthood, while less active
both important for maintaining a healthy weight.
adolescents are more likely to remain less active as
Overweight and obesity are major contributors to many
adults. Among adolescents, low physical activity has
preventable causes of death. Adolescents who are
been associated with other negative health
overweight are at a greater risk of being overweight as
behaviors (2).
adults (5). In 1988–94, approximately 11 percent of
In 1999 over two-thirds (70 percent) of all high adolescents 12–17 years of age were overweight
school students participated in moderate to vigorous (Health, United States, 2000, table 69). The proportion
physical activity in the previous 7 days. Healthy of adolescents from poor households who were
People 2010 objectives highlight the importance of overweight was almost twice that of adolescents from
both vigorous and moderate physical activity among middle-and high-income households.
adolescents (3). Specifically, increasing the proportion
The prevelance of overweight and obesity has
of adolescents who engage in vigorous physical
been identified as a Leading Health Indicator in
activity that promotes cardiorespiratory fitness is a
Healthy People 2010; a critical adolescent objective
critcal adolescent objective and a Leading Health
calls for a reduction in the proportion of adolescents
Indicator.
who are overweight or obese (3).
Physical activity generally declines during
adolescence. Female and male students in grade 9 were References
more likely to have participated in moderate or
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortality patterns—United States,
vigorous physical activity than students in grades 1997. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48(30):664–8. August 1999.
10–12.
2. Pate RR, Heath GW, Dowda M, Trost SG. Associations between physical activity
and other health behaviors in a representative sample of U.S. adolescents. Am J
Adolescents’ participation in physical activity Public Health 86(11):1577–81. 1996.
differs by sex. Male students were substantially more
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
likely than female students to have participated in Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
moderate or vigorous physical activity.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 1999.
Non-Hispanic white students were more likely
5. Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Overweight
than Hispanic or non-Hispanic black students to have prevalence and trends for children and adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition
participated in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Examination Surveys, 1963–1991. Archives of Pediatr Adolesc Med. 149. 1995.
Participation in physical education (PE) classes
assures a minimum level of physical activity and
provides a forum to teach physical activity strategies
and activities that can be continued into adulthood. In
1999 over one-half (56 percent) of all high school
students were enrolled in PE class. Students in grade 9
were twice as likely to be enrolled in PE class as
84 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 96
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Risk Behaviors
Figure 30. Participation in moderate to vigorous physical activity among students in grades 9–12, by sex, grade
level, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1999
Female
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Male
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Female
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Male
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
NOTES: Moderate to vigorous physical activity is defined as activity which caused the person to sweat or breathe hard for at least 20 minutes on 3 or
more of the previous 7 days or walking or biking for at least 30 minutes on 5 or more of the previous 7 days. See Technical Notes for survey methods.
See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS).
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 85
Extracted source page 97
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Care Access
Health Care Coverage
Access to and use of health care services for References
adolescents is dependent, to a great degree, on the
1. Newacheck PW, Brindis CD, Cart CU, et al. Adolescent health insurance coverage:
ability to pay for services. Compared with their insured recent changes and access to care. Pediatrics 104(2 Pt 1):195–202. August 1999.
counterparts, uninsured adolescents are five times as
2. Selden TM, Banthin JS, Cohen JW. Medicaid’s problem children: Eligible but not
likely to lack a usual source of care, four times as enrolled. Health Aff 17:192–200. May/June 1998.
likely to have unmet health needs, and twice as likely
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference
to go without a physician contact during the course of Edition, in Two Volumes). Washington: January 2000.
a year (1).
Adolescents are more likely to be uninsured than
younger children. In 1997, 17 percent of adolescents
10–19 years of age were uninsured compared with
12.5 percent of children under 6 years of age
(tables 128, Health, United States, 2000).
Family income is a key factor in the likelihood
that an adolescent will be uninsured. One-third of
adolescents in families with incomes below the poverty
level have no health insurance, compared with
8 percent of adolescents in families with incomes
greater than two times the poverty level.
Medicaid (Title XIX of the Social Security Act) is
a joint Federal and State program to provide medical
care for qualified poor or medically needy persons.
Expansions in Medicaid will extend eligibility until 19
years of age to all poor children by the year 2002.
However, in 1996 one-third of uninsured adolescents
13–18 years were eligible for Medicaid but were not
enrolled (2).
Since 1984 the percent of adolescents with some
form of health insurance coverage has remained
essentially unchanged. However, the prevalence of
private health insurance decreased, while the
prevalence of public health insurance increased (1).
Healthy People 2010 objectives call for a reduction to
0 percent in the proportion of children (including
adolescents) and adults under 65 years of age without
health care coverage (3).
86 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 98
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Care Access
Figure 31. Health care coverage of adolescents 10–19 years of age, by type of health care coverage, age, and
poverty status: United States, 1997
Poor Uninsured Medicaid Private Other
10-12 years
13-15 years
16-17 years
18-19 years
Near poor
10-12 years
13-15 years
16-17 years
18-19 years
Nonpoor
10-12 years
13-15 years
16-17 years
18-19 years
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
NOTES: Poverty status is derived from the ratio of the family’s income to the Federal poverty threshold, given family size. Poor is less than 100 percent
of the poverty threshold; near poor is between 100 and 199 percent of the poverty threshold; nonpoor is 200 percent of the poverty threshold or more.
See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. See related Health,
United States, 2000, table 128.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 87
Extracted source page 99
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Health Care Access
Health Care Visits
Adolescents have lower rates of health care utilization clinics, school-based and school-linked health clinics,
than younger and older persons, despite the health physicians’ offices, family planning clinics, and health
problems that affect the adolescent population, such as maintenance organizations (1).
sexually transmitted diseases, emotional and behavioral
health problems, unintended pregnancy, drug and References
alcohol abuse, injuries, and violence (1). Routine
1. Irwin CE, Brindis C, Holt KA, Langlykke K, eds. Health care reform: Opportunities
health care for adolescents includes physical for improving adolescent health. Arlington, Virginia: National Center for Education in
examinations, preventive interventions and education, Maternal and Child Health. 1994.
observations, and screening, as well as sick care (2). 2. Green M ed. Bright futures: Guidelines for health supervision of infants, children,
and adolescents. Arlington, Virginia: National Center for Education in Maternal and
Lack of health insurance coverage has a significant Child Health. 1994.
impact on adolescents’ access to routine health care. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey.
Other barriers to health care for adolescents include 1997.
lack of experience negotiating complex medical
systems and concerns about confidentiality.
Among female adolescents, the percent without a
recent health care visit decreased with age. In contrast,
older male adolescents (18 and 19 years of age) were
more likely to lack a recent health care visit than their
younger counterparts.
Health care use among adolescents varied by
insurance status and race. In 1997 the proportion of
adolescents who had not visited a physician or other
health professional in the past year was more than
twice as high for adolescents without health insurance
as for those with health insurance. Non-Hispanic black
and Hispanic adolescents without health insurance
were less likely to have at least one health care visit
than non-Hispanic white adolescents without health
insurance.
Adolescents 10–19 years of age have fewer health
care visits than children less than 10 years of age. In
1997, 82 percent of adolescents had one or more
contacts with a physician or other health care
professional compared with 91 percent of children less
than 10 years of age (3).
To meet the health care needs of adolescents,
routine health care services need to be available in a
wide range of settings, including community-based
88 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 100
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Health Care Access
Figure 32. Lack of a health care visit in the past 12 months among adolescents 10–19 years of age, by age, sex,
health care coverage, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1997
Female
10-12 years
13-15 years
16-17 years
18-19 years
Male
10-12 years
13-15 years
16-17 years
18-19 years
0 20 40 60 80
Percent
Insured
All races
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Uninsured
All races
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
0 20 40 60 80
Percent
NOTE: Health care visit is defined as being seen by a physician or other health professional in a doctor’s office, clinic, or some other place. Excluded
are visits to emergency rooms, hospitalizations, home visits, and telephone calls. See Data Table for data points graphed.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 89
Extracted source page 101
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Technical Notes
Data Sources 9–12 at each chosen school. All students in the
selected classes were eligible to participate in the
Appendix I describes the data sources used in the survey. A weighting factor was applied to each student
chartbook except for the Youth Risk Behavior Survey record to adjust for nonresponse and for the varying
and the National Crime Victimization Survey described probabilities of selection, including those resulting
below. from the oversampling of black and Hispanic students.
SUDAAN was used to compute standard errors (2).
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (figures 7 and 25–30) The YRBS data are subject to at least three
limitations. First, these data apply only to adolescents
Seven of the figures in the chartbook are based on
who attend high school. In 1996, 5 percent of persons
data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).
14–17 years of age were not enrolled in school.
YRBS, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control
Second, the extent of underreporting or overreporting
and Prevention’s National Center for Chronic Disease
cannot be determined, although the survey questions
Prevention and Health Promotion, monitors health-risk
demonstrate good test-retest reliability. Finally, the
behaviors among youth and young adults including
survey provides no information on socioeconomic
behaviors that contribute to unintentional and
status and other variables that might explain subgroup
intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other
differences.
drug use, sexual behavior contributing to unintended
pregnancy and STD’s, physical inactivity and
unhealthy dietary behaviors (1). Other national surveys National Crime Victimization Survey (figure 15)
that monitor various measures of adolescent behavior The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
include Monitoring the Future and the National is the Nation’s primary source of information on
Household Survey on Drug Abuse. YRBS was selected criminal victimization, including crimes not reported to
as the data source for the chartbook because it the police. Each year, data are obtained from a
provides data for a broader spectrum of youth risk nationally representative sample of approximately
behaviors than the other two sources. 43,000 households comprising more than 80,000
The Youth Risk Behavior Survey of high school persons 12 years of age and over on the frequency,
students was conducted in 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, characteristics, and consequences of criminal
1997, and 1999. The 1999 YRBS school-based survey victimization in the United States. The survey collects
employed a three-stage cluster sample design to information on victimization by rape, sexual assault,
produce a nationally representative sample of students robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor
in grades 9–12. The first-stage sampling frame vehicle theft.
contained 1,270 primary sampling units (PSU’s), As defined in NCVS, violent crime can be
consisting of large counties or groups of smaller, classified into three categories: simple and aggravated
adjacent counties. From the sampling frame, 52 PSU’s assault; rape/sexual assault; and robbery. Violent crime
were selected from 16 strata formed on the basis of the does not include personal theft, such as purse
degree of urbanization and the relative percent of black snatching, or property crimes, such as household theft.
and Hispanic students in the PSU. The PSU’s were Crime victimization rates are calculated as the number
selected with probability proportional to school of events per 1,000 population.
enrollment size. At the second sampling stage, 187 An assault is an unlawful physical attack, whether
schools were selected with probability proportional to aggravated or simple, on a person. Aggravated assault
school enrollment size. Schools with substantial is defined as an attack or attempted attack with a
numbers of black and Hispanic students were sampled weapon regardless of whether an injury occurred as
at higher rates than all other schools. The third stage well as an attack without a weapon when serious
of sampling consisted of randomly selecting one or injury results. Serious injury includes broken bones,
two intact classes of required subjects from grades loss of teeth, internal injuries, loss of consciousness,
90 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 102
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Technical Notes
and any injury requiring 2 or more days of American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific
hospitalization. Simple assault is an attack without a Islander, and Hispanic adolescents. For those charts,
weapon, resulting in either minor injury or in data for white and black adolescents are also included
undetermined injury and requiring less than 2 days of in the data table. Depending on the variable of interest,
hospitalization. It also includes attempted assault some data sources did not have sufficient numbers of
without a weapon and verbal threats of assault. observations to allow calculation of reliable estimates
Robbery is a theft, completed or attempted, directly of the adolescent population by race and ethnicity
from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of within age categories.
force, with or without a weapon. Rape or sexual
assault is a completed or attempted attack generally Population (figure 1)
involving unwanted sexual contact between the victim Population figures for 1980 and 1990 are based on
and offender. decennial censuses, figures for 1985 are based on
NCVS uses a generalized variance function (GVF) intercensal estimates of resident population, and figures
to calculate standard errors for their estimates. GVF for 1991–99 are based on postcensal estimates of
represents the curve fitted to the individual crime resident population. Estimates for 2000–50 are middle
measures. Standard errors were calculated using the series population projections of the U.S. Bureau of the
jackknife repeated replication technique. For more Census. (U.S. population estimates by age, sex, race,
information about NCVS, see /www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/. and Hispanic origin: 1980 to 1991. Current Population
Reports. Series P-25, No. 1095. Washington: U.S.
Measures and Methods Government Printing Office, Feb 1993; unpublished
estimates tables for 1995–99 that are available on the
Demographic Measures Census Bureau Web site, for data years 1995–99; U.S.
The chartbook focuses on the changes that occur Bureau of the Census, Day JC. Population projections
in the health status of adolescents, by single year of of the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic
age. For this chartbook adolescents are defined as origin: 1995 to 2050. Current population reports;
individuals 10–19 years of age. Some data sources did Series P-25, No. 1130. Washington: U.S. Department
not have sufficient numbers of observations to allow of Commerce. 1996, for data years 2000–50.)
calculation of reliable estimates by single year of age,
and so age was grouped in 2- or 3-year categories. For Poverty (figures 2, 5, 6, and 31) and Family Income
some measures there were no differences by age; in (figure 4)
those charts, data were presented for variables that did The Federal poverty threshold is used as the
show variation within the adolescent population, such measure of poverty status in figures 2, 5, 6, and 31.
as gender, race and ethnicity, and poverty status. Data The income classes are derived from the ratio of the
from YRBS were presented for grades 9, 10, 11, and family’s income to the family’s Federal poverty
12, rather than by age because of the sample design of threshold, given family size. In 1997 a family of four
that survey. with an annual income below $16,400 was below the
When race and ethnicity differences are presented, Federal poverty line. Poor is defined as less than
data are shown for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic 100 percent of the poverty threshold. Near poor is
black, and Hispanic adolescents except for the figure between 100 and 199 percent of the poverty threshold
on untreated dental caries (figure 6), which includes (that is, between $16,400 and $32,799 for a family of
data for Mexican Americans. Hispanic persons may be four in 1997), and nonpoor is 200 percent of the
of any race. The race and ethnicity distribution poverty threshold or more. In 1998 the poverty
(figure 1), birth rates (figure 20), and low- and very threshold for a family of four increased to $16,660 a
low-birthweight percents (figure 21) are shown for five year. (www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/threshld.html).
groups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black,
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 91
Extracted source page 103
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Technical Notes
Estimates of poverty by family structure (figure 2) Emergency Department Visits (figures 9–12)
are for adolescents who are related to the householder An injury-related visit in the National Hospital
and who are under age 18. The data do not include Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, Emergency
adolescents who are in foster care or institutional care. Department Component, is defined as follows: ‘‘yes’’
Family income level is used as the measure of was checked on the patient record form in response to
socioeconomic status in figure 4. Low income is the the question, ‘‘Is visit related to injury or poisoning?’’
bottom 20 percent of all family incomes; high income or a cause of injury or a nature of injury diagnosis was
is the top 20 percent of all family incomes; and middle provided, or an injury-related reason for visit was
incomes is the 60 percent in between. reported (3). All other diagnoses are for noninjury
visits except those that are pregnancy related. See
Activity Limitation (figure 5) table I for a listing of the code numbers used to define
The prevalence of activity limitation among the diagnostic categories.
adolescents, 10–17 years of age, is based on parent Table I. Codes for diagnostic categories from the International
responses in the 1997 National Health Interview Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
(ICD–9–CM)
Survey family core questionnaire. The adolescent was
considered to have an activity limitation if the parent Diagnostic category ICD–9–CM code numbers
gave a positive response to any of the following Noninjury:
Psychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . 290–299
questions about the adolescent: Upper respiratory infection. . . 460–465, 381, 382, 34.0
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Because of a physical, mental, or emotional STD’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1, 77.98, 78.10, 78.11, 78.19,
78.88, 79.4, 90–92, 94, 98.10,
problem, does ____ need the help of other persons 98.16–.17, 98.30, 98.36–.39,
with personal care needs, such as eating, bathing, 98.86, 99.0–.2, 99.40–.41,
99.5, 112.1, 131.0, 131.8–.9,
dressing, or getting around inside the home? 614.0–.5, 614.7–.9, 615.0–.9,
616.10, 623.5, 628.2, 647.0–.2,
Because of a health problem does ____ have 980–988.
Urinary tract infection . . . . . . 595.0, 595.9, 599.0, 590.1, 590.8,
difficulty walking without any special equipment? 590.9
Abdominal/gastrointestinal . . . 789.0, 558.9, 535.0, 535.5–9,
Is ____ limited in any way because of difficulty 540, 541, 531–534
Pregnancy related . . . . . . . . . 630–677 or V22, V23, V27
remembering or because of periods of confusion? . . . Injury:
Fractures1. . . . . . . . . . . . . 800.0, 800.5, 801.0, 800.5, 803.0,
in any activities because of physical, mental, or 803.5, 804.0,804.5, 807–829
emotional problems? Sprains and Strains . . . . . . . 840–848
Open Wounds2 . . . . . . . . . 870–873, 874.8,874.9, 875–884,
888–894
Does ____ receive Special Education? Contusions . . . . . . . . . . . . 920–924
Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960–989
External cause of injury:
Suicide Ideation and Attempts (figure 7) Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . E810–E819, E958.5, E988.5
Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E880–E886, E888, E957, E968.1,
In 1999 estimates of suicide ideation and attempts E987
Struck by, against . . . . . . . . E916–E917, E960.0, E968.2,
among high school students are based on positive E973, E975
responses to questions on YRBS that asked if the Cut/pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . E920, E956, E966, E974, E986
student ‘‘seriously considered suicide’’ or ‘‘actually 1This set of ICD codes differs from the traditional categorization of
attempted suicide’’ in the past 12 months. Some fractures that has generally included ICD codes 800–829. ICD codes for
skull fracture with intracranial injuries and spinal fractures with spinal
students (6 percent) who reported attempting suicide cord injuries are excluded. Those codes are categorized with internal
did not report seriously considering suicide, suggesting organ injuries.
2This set of codes differs from the traditional grouping of ICD codes
that these attempts might have been unplanned. 870–897. Omitted are injuries to the larynx, trachea, pharynx, and
thyroid, which would be categorized with internal organ injuries. In
addition, codes for traumatic amputations are grouped separately.
92 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 104
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Technical Notes
The external cause of injury is defined using only Table II. Codes for cause of death categories from the International
the first-listed cause. The category ‘‘being struck by or Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)
against an object or a person’’ is a broad one that Cause of death ICD-9 Code numbers
includes a specific code for sports-related injuries.
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . 001–799
It should be noted that principal diagnoses based Injury1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E800–E869, E880–E929,
E950–E999
on emergency department (ED) data are not as detailed Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . E810–E819, E958.5, E988.5
as discharge diagnoses from in-patient settings. Thus, Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E880–E886, E888, E957, E968.1,
E987
when one compares ED data for adolescents 10–19 Struck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E916–E917, E968.2, E960.0, E973,
years using the traditional fracture category E975
Cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E920, E956, E966, E974, E986
(ICD–9–CM codes 800–829) with the new Firearm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E922, E955.0–E955.4,
E965.0–E965.4, E970,
categorization for fractures, the correspondence is over E985.0–E985.4
99 percent. On the other hand, comparing fractures Unintentional injury . . . . . . . . E800–E869, E880–E929
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E950–E959
groupings using data from the National Hospital Homicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E960–E969
Discharge Survey, about 6 percent of discharges had a
1Injury codes exclude adverse effects and complications of
principal diagnosis of skull fracture with intracranial
medical care.facilitates presentation and comparison of
injury and about 2 percent had a spinal fracture with
spinal cord injury.
facilitates presentation and comparison of mortality
from causes or ages with disparate rates. The log scale
Hospital Discharge Rates (figures 13 and 14)
also emphasizes relative rather than absolute change.
Cause-specific hospital discharge data from the
National Hospital Discharge Survey are defined based
Pregnancy Rates (figure 19)
on the first-listed diagnosis. See table I for a listing of
Pregnancies are estimated as the sum of the three
the code numbers used to define the diagnostic
outcomes: live births, induced abortions, and fetal
categories.
losses (miscarriages and stillbirths). The birth data are
complete counts of all live births. See Appendix I,
Mortality (figures 16–18)
National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital
See Appendix I, National Center for Health Statistics System for a description of the data sources
Statistics, National Vital Statistics System for a for live births.
description of the data source. External cause of injury Abortion estimates in this report are based on
codes (E-codes) are assigned for all deaths for which national estimates compiled by the Alan Guttmacher
the underlying cause of death as listed on the death Institute (AGI) from their surveys of all known
certificate was an injury. See table II for code numbers abortion providers. The AGI estimates are distributed
used to define cause of death categories. The E-codes by age, race, and Hispanic origin, according to
are designed to classify environmental events, estimates prepared by the CDC’s National Center for
circumstances, and conditions that contributed to the Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
injury. E-codes have two dimensions: cause or based on reports from State health departments. See
mechanism of injury (for example, firearm, motor Appendix I, Alan Guttmacher Institute and National
vehicle, and poisoning) and intent or manner of death Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
(including unintentional, suicide, homicide, intent Promotion, Abortion Surveillance for a description of
undetermined, and other.) For a discussion of the data sources for abortion estimates.
urbanization strata, see Appendix II, Urbanization. Information on fetal losses is based on the 1995
Mortality data are graphed on a log scale because National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). See
of the large variation in death rates from different Appendix I, National Center for Health Statistics,
causes and for different ages. Use of a log scale National Survey of Family Growth for a description of
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 93
Extracted source page 105
Adolescent Health .............................................................................................
Technical Notes
this data source. The proportion of pregnancies ending activity rates, and therefore underestimate the actual
in fetal loss (excluding induced abortions) in the 5 prevalence in the sexually active adolescent population.
years preceding the 1995 survey are used. The rate of The percent of cases for which race/ethnicity and
pregnancy loss depends on the degree to which losses age were unknown or unspecified differed considerably
at very early gestations are detected. by area. States were excluded from analysis if
Information on abortion and fetal losses, needed to race/ethnicity and age were not reported for the
calculate pregnancy rates, was not available for majority of cases. For 1998 Colorado, District of
American Indian or Alaska Native and Asian or Pacific Columbia, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio,
Islander adolescents. and South Carolina were excluded. Otherwise, if
race/ethnicity or age was unknown or unspecified,
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (figure 23) cases were distributed according to the distribution of
cases for which these data were available.
Sexually transmitted disease surveillance is
conducted by the Division of STD Prevention,
National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, AIDS (figure 24)
CDC, based on cases reported to State health AIDS rates are calculated as AIDS cases per
departments. 100,000 adolescents, for the year reported and the age
In 1998, 49 States and the District of Columbia at diagnosis. Population denominators for the 50 States
reported cases of chlamydial infection; for the State of and District of Columbia are based on official
New York, only cases from New York City were postcensus estimates from the U.S. Bureau of Census.
reported. While case reporting of chlamydial infections Age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific rates are based
is improving, it remains incomplete in many areas. A on year-specific additional detail files on ‘‘Monthly
combination of factors limit the documentation of the Population Estimates, 1990 to 1999’’ found on the U.S.
incidence of chlamydia: variable compliance with Bureau of Census Web page
public health laws and regulations that require health (www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/uspop.html).
care providers and laboratories to report cases to local The pooled 3-year rate from 1996–1998 is the number
health authorities, large numbers of asymptomatic of cases reported during that 36-month period for each
persons who can be identified only through screening, age, sex, and race/ethnicity category divided by the
limited resources to support screening activities, and sum of the 1996, 1997, and 1998 age, sex, and
incomplete management systems for collecting, race/ethnicity category population, multiplied by
maintaining, and analyzing case reporting (4). 100,000. See Appendix I, National Center for HIV,
In 1998 cases of gonorrhea were reported by all STD, and TB Prevention, AIDS Surveillance for a
50 States, the District of Columbia, and selected cities. description of the AIDS surveillance system.
Reporting of gonococcal infections has likely been
biased toward reporting of infections in persons of Health Care Visit (figure 32)
minority race or ethnicity who attend public STD The estimates of the proportion of adolescents
clinics (5). without a health care visit in the past 12 months were
In 1998 incidence rates for chlamydia and based on the 1997 National Health Interview Survey.
gonorrhea were calculated as the number of cases per Information was reported by the adolescent’s parent
100,000 adolescents based on the 1997 postcensal for adolescents 10–17 years of age and self-response
population estimates from the Bureau of the Census for those 18–19 years of age. A health care visit was
data (U.S. Bureau of the Census: 1991–97 Estimates of defined as being seen by a physician or other health
the Population of Counties by Age, Sex and professional, in a doctor’s office, clinic, or other
Race/Hispanic origin 1991 to 1997; machine-readable setting. Emergency department visits were excluded.
data files). The cited rates are not adjusted for sexual
94 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 106
............................................................................................. Adolescent Health
Technical Notes
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth risk behavior surveillance,
United States 1999. CDC Surveillance Summaries, MMWR (in press).
2. Shah BV, Barnwell BG, Bieler GS. SUDAAN user’s manual, release 7, first edition.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Research Triangle Institute. 1996.
3. Nourjah P. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1997 emergency
department summary. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 304.
Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999.
4. Division of STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 1998.
Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). September 1999.
5. Fox KK, Whittington W, Levine WC, et al. Gonorrhea in the United States,
1981–1996: demographic and geographic trends. Sex Transm Dis 25(7):386–93. 1998.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 95
Extracted source page 107
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 1. Percent of adolescents 10–19 years of age
White, Black, American Indian/ Asian/Pacific
Year non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic White Black Alaska Native Islander
1980 . . . . . . . . . . 75.6 14.2 7.9 83.1 14.5 0.8 1.6
1985 . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 14.5 9.7 81.5 15.0 1.0 2.6
1990 . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 14.7 11.7 80.1 15.3 1.1 3.4
1995 . . . . . . . . . . 67.7 14.7 13.0 79.5 15.4 1.2 3.9
1999 . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 14.8 14.0 79.0 15.6 1.2 4.2
Projected
2000 . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 14.7 14.1 78.7 15.6 1.2 4.5
2010 . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 15.1 17.9 76.7 16.3 1.2 5.9
2020 . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 15.7 20.8 74.5 17.1 1.3 7.1
2030 . . . . . . . . . . 52.0 15.7 23.8 73.4 17.4 1.3 7.9
2040 . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 15.9 26.6 71.9 17.8 1.3 8.9
2050 . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 16.1 29.5 70.7 18.3 1.4 9.6
Figure 2. Poverty by family structure among adolescents 10–17 years of age
Family structure, race, and Hispanic origin Poor Near poor
Percent
All adolescents:
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 20.0
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 15.6
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 27.5
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 31.9
Adolescents in married couple families:
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 17.1
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 12.3
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 27.2
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 35.3
Adolescents in female householder families:
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.2 27.2
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 28.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 28.2
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 25.3
Figure 3. Employment in April and July among adolescents 16–19 years of age
Age in years
Race and Hispanic origin 16 17 18 19 16–19
Percent
All races:
April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 38.2 48.9 56.0 42.1
July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.1 51.9 58.0 69.8 54.5
White, non-Hispanic:
April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 45.2 55.5 59.5 48.1
July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.8 61.0 66.4 77.7 62.9
Black, non-Hispanic:
April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 18.3 31.2 40.4 25.5
July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 27.7 40.3 51.1 35.9
Hispanic:
April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 27.9 41.2 59.1 36.0
July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 39.1 47.6 57.3 41.5
96 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 108
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 4. Event dropout rates among adolescents 15–19 years of age
Age Race and Hispanic origin Family income
15–16 White, Black,
years 17 years 18 years 19 years All races non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic Low Middle High
Percent . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.8 5.9 10.6 4.2 3.6 4.7 7.7 11.5 3.2 2.6
SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.7 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.5
SE Standard error.
Figure 5. Activity limitations among adolescents 10–17 years of age
Special education only All other limitations1 Total limitations
Age, sex, race, and income Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
Female
10–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 0.3 2.4 0.2 5.9 0.3
10–12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 0.4 2.0 0.3 5.7 0.5
13–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 0.5 2.5 0.3 6.4 0.6
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 0.5 2.8 0.4 5.7 0.6
Male
10–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 0.4 3.2 0.3 10.7 0.5
10–12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 0.6 3.4 0.4 11.2 0.7
13–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 0.6 2.7 0.4 10.3 0.7
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 0.7 3.7 0.5 10.6 0.8
Race and Hispanic origin
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 0.2 2.8 0.2 8.4 0.3
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 0.3 3.0 0.2 9.0 0.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 0.6 3.0 0.4 8.9 0.7
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 0.4 1.9 0.3 6.1 0.5
Poverty status
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 0.8 4.0 0.5 12.3 0.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 0.7 2.6 0.4 10.2 0.8
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 0.3 2.6 0.2 7.4 0.4
1May include special education.
SE Standard error.
Figure 6. Untreated dental caries among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Poverty status
Poor Near poor Nonpoor
Race and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 2.3 24.3 2.9 10.9 1.0
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 4.3 22.1 3.7 9.4 1.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 2.9 32.7 3.5 24.9 3.2
Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.4 3.2 24.3 2.6 16.9 3.9
SE Standard error.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 97
Extracted source page 109
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 7. Suicide ideation and attempts among students in grades 9–12
Female Male
Seriously All suicide Injurious Seriously All suicide Injurious
considered suicide1 attempts2 suicide attempts considered suicide1 attempts2 suicide attempts
Grade level, race,
and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 2.0 14.0 1.3 3.8 0.7 11.9 1.4 6.1 1.2 2.6 0.8
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 1.6 14.8 1.7 4.0 0.9 13.7 1.9 6.3 1.2 1.8 0.6
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 1.9 7.5 1.2 2.8 0.8 13.7 1.8 4.8 0.9 2.1 0.7
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 1.9 5.8 1.2 1.3 0.4 15.6 1.8 5.4 1.3 1.7 0.6
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.9 1.1 10.9 0.8 3.1 0.4 13.7 0.8 5.7 0.6 2.1 0.3
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . 23.2 1.2 9.0 1.2 2.3 0.6 12.5 0.7 4.5 0.6 1.6 0.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . 18.8 1.2 7.5 1.3 2.4 0.7 11.7 1.4 7.1 2.7 3.4 2.0
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1 1.5 18.9 2.0 4.6 1.0 13.6 1.5 6.6 1.3 1.4 0.4
SE Standard error.
1Includes students who attempted suicide.
2Six percent of students attempting suicide did not report seriously considering suicide.
Injurious suicide attempt - an injury, poisoning or overdose that was treated by a doctor or nurse.
98 ........................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 110
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 8. Emergency department visit, hospital discharge, and death rates among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Female Male
Age Rate SE Rate SE
Emergency department visits Events per 10,000 adolescents
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,071.0 160.6 2,302.3 172.7
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,110.1 180.0 2,393.7 203.8
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,219.3 172.7 2,358.3 180.7
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,028.7 190.3 2,345.6 181.4
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,781.3 218.5 2,828.0 182.7
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,786.6 187.1 2,825.2 194.5
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,515.3 252.6 3,326.6 221.4
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,431.4 225.4 3,164.1 232.2
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,082.7 305.5 3,657.2 253.5
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,076.3 362.1 3,686.0 290.8
Hospital discharges
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.8 13.1 205.1 16.4
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.9 13.4 199.3 19.1
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.2 15.8 211.4 15.6
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.8 17.3 227.3 16.6
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.5 21.5 259.3 18.2
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.9 25.9 280.3 18.0
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.6 31.0 336.1 21.4
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000.6 43.6 328.0 19.1
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,222.5 48.7 334.7 20.7
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,357.5 54.9 312.2 19.8
Deaths
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 0.1 1.9 0.1
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 0.1 2.1 0.1
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 0.1 2.5 0.1
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 0.1 3.3 0.1
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 0.1 4.3 0.1
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 0.1 5.8 0.1
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 0.1 9.0 0.2
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 0.1 10.9 0.2
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 0.1 14.0 0.2
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 0.1 14.4 0.2
SE Standard error.
Health, United States, 2000 .......................................................................................................... 99
Extracted source page 111
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 9. Injury, noninjury, and pregnancy-related emergency department visit rates among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Injury Noninjury Pregnancy related
Sex and age Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE
Female Visits per 10,000 adolescents
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,038.0 77.4 981.4 88.8 * *
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173.2 99.3 854.4 76.0 * *
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,277.9 94.0 1,340.6 102.0 78.9 21.6
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,496.9 110.8 2,082.9 122.5 274.3 39.2
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,584.2 111.1 2,831.8 200.6 536.2 79.9
Male
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,432.8 108.7 839.0 76.2 ... ...
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,491.3 94.6 782.7 69.4 ... ...
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,799.0 108.8 948.0 88.8 ... ...
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,209.9 151.6 959.2 88.5 ... ...
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,225.0 150.9 1,342.6 122.7 ... ...
SE Standard error.
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
. . . Category not applicable.
Figure 10. Emergency department visit rates for selected external causes of injury among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Female Male
Age and external cause Rate SE Rate SE
Struck by or against Visits per 10,000 adolescents
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.9 30.2 282.4 45.2
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.8 31.9 294.1 37.7
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.1 38.2 452.3 51.9
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.4 39.7 588.4 68.9
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.5 38.9 483.1 59.7
Cut or pierce
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1 21.3 168.5 28.3
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 17.2 103.7 20.5
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 18.0 124.2 24.2
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5 25.0 238.2 33.9
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.0 34.4 226.9 36.1
Fall
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.1 39.7 310.4 47.0
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.6 51.5 275.1 41.5
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220.1 39.0 268.7 46.5
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4 30.6 246.3 45.3
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.4 32.2 202.1 33.4
Motor vehicle traffic
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.7 28.7 90.1 25.4
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.1 25.2 94.3 23.7
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.1 38.2 161.6 33.4
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.3 50.4 311.9 49.1
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.6 48.4 349.2 50.3
SE Standard error.
100 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 112
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 11. Emergency department visit rates for selected injury diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Female Male
Age and injury diagnosis Rate SE Rate SE
Fractures Visits per 10,000 adolescents
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.1 32.8 250.7 38.7
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.2 34.0 253.2 30.9
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.7 22.4 330.9 44.1
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.8 27.3 257.7 41.9
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.0 21.2 225.7 40.8
Sprains and strains
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.0 39.1 175.9 31.9
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319.1 46.7 277.9 39.9
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.3 46.9 325.2 42.3
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.3 50.3 334.1 44.1
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.9 43.1 348.8 43.2
Open wounds
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.4 31.0 396.7 51.9
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198.0 41.3 318.0 40.6
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.5 33.6 319.5 33.7
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.7 30.6 488.0 52.4
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338.2 57.4 616.2 76.4
Contusions
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.9 37.4 235.9 37.6
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.8 34.9 244.0 36.2
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.6 40.4 318.5 41.6
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.3 48.3 382.7 54.0
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2 34.6 313.6 40.4
SE Standard error.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 101
Extracted source page 113
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 12. Emergency department visit rates for selected noninjury diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Female Male
Age and noninjury diagnosis Rate SE Rate SE
Upper respiratory infections Visits per 10,000 adolescents
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.8 46.5 211.4 36.2
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.1 36.0 179.1 32.6
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.3 52.4 168.4 31.4
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268.0 31.6 216.7 36.9
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.0 44.9 186.3 34.7
Asthma
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 96.7 17.8
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 14.7 91.6 26.6
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.9 19.5 64.2 17.3
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.6 24.4 98.6 25.8
Abdominal symptoms
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.7 24.6 45.0 13.2
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.8 26.3 138.5 27.0
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.5 30.0 93.9 23.0
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.9 47.6 122.9 27.4
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.9 59.7 159.6 29.7
Sexually transmitted diseases
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.8 31.2 * *
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.4 39.1 * *
Urinary tract infections
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.1 23.5 * *
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.7 39.0 * *
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.3 49.4 * *
Pregnancy-related diagnoses
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * ... ...
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * ... ...
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.9 21.6 ... ...
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.3 39.2 ... ...
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536.2 79.9 ... ...
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
. . . Category not applicable.
102 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 114
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 13. Injury, noninjury, and pregnancy-related hospital discharge rates among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Injury Noninjury Pregnancy related
Sex and age Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE
Female Discharges per 10,000 adolescents
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 2.5 128.4 10.1 * *
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 2.7 170.9 12.9 5.9 1.2
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 5.0 250.6 15.6 114.7 7.8
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 5.2 286.8 15.6 501.0 21.8
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 5.3 280.1 14.7 942.3 36.9
Male
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 3.8 161.9 13.6 ... ...
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 4.2 165.9 11.2 ... ...
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 5.1 199.4 13.1 ... ...
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.3 7.1 225.9 14.6 ... ...
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.1 7.4 216.7 13.3 ... ...
SE Standard error.
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
. . . Category not applicable.
Figure 14. Hospital discharge rates for selected diagnoses among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Female Male
Age and diagnoses Rate SE Rate SE
Asthma Discharges per 10,000 adolescents
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 2.4 21.8 2.8
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 1.7 18.9 2.4
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 2.8 11.3 1.5
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 2.4 6.8 1.2
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 1.7 5.2 2.1
Psychoses
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 6.6 1.4
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 3.7 17.0 2.9
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 6.9 30.2 4.5
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.2 5.9 29.5 4.0
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 3.3 32.3 4.6
Poisoning
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 1.8 * *
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 3.6 6.0 1.3
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 2.9 7.6 1.3
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 2.5 8.8 1.8
Fractures
10–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 1.2 12.5 1.8
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 1.0 18.9 2.0
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 2.2 23.9 2.8
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 2.5 35.0 3.9
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 2.4 32.7 4.1
SE Standard error.
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 103
Extracted source page 115
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 15. Violent crime victimization rates among adolescents 12–19 years of age
Female Male
Age Rate SE Rate SE
Victimizations per 1,000 adolescents
12–13 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.0 4.8 137.0 6.0
14–15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4 5.1 137.5 6.1
16–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.6 5.1 129.8 5.9
18–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.6 5.4 129.9 6.1
12–15 years of age 16–19 years of age
Year Rate SE Rate SE
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.3 7.9 112.6 7.8
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1 6.3 122.1 6.2
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.9 5.4 127.6 5.6
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.3 5.1 113.7 4.8
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.8 4.9 98.9 5.1
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.9 5.2 102.2 5.4
SE Standard error.
Figure 16. Injury and natural cause death rates among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Injury Natural cause
All injury Unintentional Suicide Homicide
Sex and age Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE
Female Deaths per 100,000 adolescents
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 0.4 5.6 0.4 * * 0.5 0.1 8.4 0.5
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 0.4 5.1 0.4 * * 0.7 0.1 9.1 0.5
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 0.5 6.4 0.4 * * 1.0 0.2 10.6 0.5
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 0.5 6.9 0.4 1.4 0.2 1.3 0.2 9.5 0.5
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 0.6 10.4 0.5 2.1 0.2 1.9 0.2 11.0 0.5
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 0.7 13.5 0.6 3.3 0.3 2.6 0.3 10.6 0.5
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 0.9 24.1 0.8 3.8 0.3 3.8 0.3 12.5 0.6
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 1.0 25.7 0.8 3.5 0.3 4.3 0.3 14.1 0.6
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 1.0 24.9 0.8 3.5 0.3 5.5 0.4 14.8 0.6
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 0.9 21.5 0.8 3.3 0.3 5.6 0.4 16.0 0.7
Male
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 0.5 8.3 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.1 9.6 0.5
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 0.5 9.0 0.5 0.8 0.1 1.2 0.2 9.6 0.5
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 0.6 11.6 0.6 1.6 0.2 1.5 0.2 10.3 0.5
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 0.7 14.3 0.6 3.1 0.3 2.0 0.2 13.2 0.6
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 0.9 17.7 0.7 5.4 0.4 5.1 0.4 14.0 0.6
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 1.1 25.1 0.8 8.4 0.5 9.6 0.5 14.3 0.6
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 1.4 43.4 1.0 12.4 0.6 16.3 0.6 16.8 0.7
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.5 1.5 49.0 1.1 14.7 0.6 25.6 0.8 18.0 0.7
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.6 1.8 61.5 1.3 19.7 0.7 34.0 1.0 22.0 0.8
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.6 1.8 61.3 1.3 21.9 0.8 36.1 1.0 22.3 0.8
SE Standard error.
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; fewer than 20 deaths.
104 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 116
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 17. Death rates for motor vehicle traffic-related and firearm-related injuries among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Motor vehicle deaths Firearm-related deaths
Female Male Female Male
Age Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE
Deaths per 100,000 adolescents
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 0.3 4.8 0.3 * * 1.0 0.2
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 0.3 4.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.8 0.2
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 0.3 5.9 0.4 0.6 0.1 2.8 0.3
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 0.3 7.3 0.4 1.2 0.2 4.6 0.3
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 0.4 10.0 0.5 2.5 0.3 9.4 0.5
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 0.6 15.5 0.6 3.6 0.3 15.9 0.6
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 0.8 33.0 0.9 4.9 0.4 25.6 0.8
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 0.8 37.3 1.0 4.7 0.4 34.5 0.9
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 0.8 46.7 1.1 5.5 0.4 46.7 1.1
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 0.7 45.5 1.1 5.2 0.4 49.8 1.1
SE Standard error.
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; fewer than 20 deaths.
Figure 18. Death rates for motor vehicle traffic-related and firearm-related injuries among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Core Other metropolitan Nonmetropolitan
Age Rate SE Rate SE Rate SE
Motor vehicle Deaths per 100,000 adolescents
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 0.4 3.5 0.3 6.0 0.6
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 0.4 3.6 0.3 5.9 0.6
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 0.4 4.4 0.3 8.5 0.7
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 0.5 5.4 0.4 9.2 0.8
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 0.6 7.7 0.5 14.0 0.9
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 0.6 12.3 0.6 22.2 1.2
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 0.8 27.4 0.9 44.7 1.6
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 0.9 28.1 0.9 51.1 1.7
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 1.1 32.0 0.9 56.6 1.9
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 1.0 29.7 0.9 53.8 1.9
Firearm
10 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 0.3 0.8 0.1 1.8 0.3
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 0.3 1.3 0.2 3.0 0.4
13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 0.4 2.5 0.3 4.3 0.5
14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 0.6 5.8 0.4 5.7 0.6
15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 0.8 7.4 0.4 9.3 0.7
16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 1.1 12.4 0.6 11.1 0.8
17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 1.2 15.4 0.6 13.8 0.9
18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 1.5 19.1 0.7 21.5 1.2
19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 1.5 21.1 0.7 20.5 1.1
SE Standard error.
* Number in this category is too small to calculate reliable rates; fewer than 20 deaths.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 105
Extracted source page 117
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 19. Pregnancy rates for adolescents 10–19 years of age
Age, race, and Hispanic origin Birth Abortion Fetal loss Pregnancy
Age 10–14 years Outcomes per 1,000 female adolescents
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.1 0.5 2.8
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.5 0.2 1.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.9 1.0 8.7
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 1.3 0.4 4.3
American Indian/Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 --- --- ---
Asian/Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 --- --- ---
Age 15–17 years
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 19.0 15.0 67.8
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 12.5 10.8 43.9
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 43.7 17.7 128.1
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 24.7 11.3 105.0
American Indian/Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 --- --- ---
Asian/Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 --- --- ---
Age 18–19 years
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.0 44.9 15.5 146.4
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.7 29.4 12.4 105.6
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.6 100.1 17.7 254.4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.1 59.5 24.8 235.4
American Indian/Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3 --- --- ---
Asian/Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 --- --- ---
Age 15–19 years
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 29.2 15.2 98.7
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 19.1 11.4 68.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 65.9 17.7 177.8
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.8 38.6 16.7 157.1
American Indian/Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 --- --- ---
Asian/Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 --- --- ---
- - - Data not available.
106 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 118
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 20. Birth rates for adolescents 13–19 years of age
Age
Race and Hispanic origin 13–14 15 16 17 18 19
Births per 1,000 female adolescents
All Races
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 13.5 29.8 50.0 73.9 91.0
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 12.8 27.0 42.1 56.3 61.8
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.6 2.6 7.6 17.0 28.5
White, non-Hispanic
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 6.3 16.7 32.5 52.1 68.0
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 6.2 15.7 29.0 42.7 50.1
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.0 0.1 0.9 3.3 9.1 17.5
Black, non-Hispanic
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 31.3 60.2 89.4 121.7 141.0
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 29.3 52.6 70.2 84.2 83.8
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 1.7 7.2 18.6 36.8 56.4
Hispanic
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 30.3 63.1 95.8 130.0 149.3
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 28.6 56.1 77.7 94.3 95.8
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 1.5 6.3 17.1 34.4 52.2
White
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 10.5 24.8 43.9 66.3 83.5
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 10.0 22.8 37.8 52.3 59.0
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.4 1.8 5.7 13.6 23.9
Black
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 30.4 58.7 87.1 118.7 137.5
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 28.6 51.3 68.6 82.2 81.9
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 1.7 7.0 18.0 35.8 54.7
American Indian or Alaska Native
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 19.8 44.4 71.3 107.1 127.9
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 18.7 40.1 59.7 79.1 80.7
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *0.9 3.5 10.7 26.5 45.7
Asian or Pacific Islander
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 6.0 14.0 21.8 33.7 42.6
First birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 5.6 12.6 18.4 26.1 31.0
Second and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 0.4 1.4 3.3 7.4 11.3
* Rates based on fewer than 50 events are considered unreliable. Rates based on fewer than 20 events are considered highly unreliable and are not
shown.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 107
Extracted source page 119
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 21. Low-birthweight live births among adolescent mothers 13–19 years of age
Maternal age in years
Race and Hispanic origin 13–14 15 16 17 18 19
Percent of live births
All races
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 11.6 10.7 9.8 9.4 8.8
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 9.1 8.5 8.0 7.6 7.2
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.6
White, non-Hispanic
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 10.0 9.5 8.6 8.3 7.7
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.8 6.4
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.3
Black, non-Hispanic
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 15.0 14.4 13.8 13.3 12.9
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 11.6 11.4 10.9 10.4 10.3
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6
Hispanic
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.2 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.0
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 7.5 7.0 6.8 6.4 5.9
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1
White
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 9.7 9.0 8.4 8.1 7.5
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.7 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.2
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.2
Black
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 14.9 14.3 13.7 13.2 12.9
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 11.5 11.4 10.8 10.4 10.2
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6
American Indian or Alaska Native
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 7.5 7.1 6.6 6.9 6.5
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8.0 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.3
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *1.0 *0.9 *1.0 1.2
Asian or Pacific Islander
All low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 14.4 12.5 11.3 9.9 9.0
Moderately low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9.9 12.0 10.3 9.3 8.3 7.7
Very low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *2.5 *2.2 2.0 1.6 1.3
* Rates based on fewer than 50 events are considered unreliable. Rates based on fewer than 20 events are considered highly unreliable and are not
shown.
Low birthweight - less than 2,500 grams.
Moderately low birthweight - 1,500–2,499 grams.
Very low birthweight - less than 1,500 grams.
108 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 120
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 22. Infant mortality rates among infants of adolescent mothers 13–19 years of age
Maternal age in years
Race and Hispanic origin 13–14 15 16 17 18 19 13–19
Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 13.7 11.4 10.6 10.3 9.5 10.6
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 14.2 12 9.9 9.5 8.8 9.9
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 16.4 13.4 14.4 14.3 13.9 14.4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 9.3 8.4 7.8 7.3 6.7 7.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 12.1 10.6 9.1 8.8 8.2 9.1
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 16.3 13.3 14.3 14.3 13.8 14.4
American Indian or Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . * * *10.5 11.8 12.2 10.3 11.2
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *14.1 *8.9 *7.5 8.4 8.4 8.7
* Rates based on fewer than 50 events are considered unreliable. Rates based on fewer than 20 events are considered highly unreliable and are not
shown.
Figure 23. Sexually transmitted disease rates reported for adolescents 10–19 years of age
Chlamydia Gonorrhea
Age, race, and Hispanic origin Female Male Female Male
Reported cases per 100,000 adolescents
10–14 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.5 7.9 58.0 8.5
15–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,359.4 308.4 779.7 354.6
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190.8 100.6 218.2 41.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,786.3 1,256.2 3,851.7 2,075.9
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,564.2 371.2 320.8 155.5
American Indian or Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,056.7 547.1 654.4 156.7
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949.8 126.6 119.4 24.8
Figure 24. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome reported rates for adolescents 11–19 years of age
Age, race, and Hispanic origin Female Male
Reported cases per 100,000 adolescents
White, non-Hispanic
11–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 0.21
15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14 0.36
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.52 0.89
Black, non-Hispanic
11–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.02 2.04
15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.31 2.76
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.16 8.28
Hispanic
11–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.26 1.01
15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.63 1.03
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.03 3.95
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 109
Extracted source page 121
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 25. Lifetime sexual activity among students in grades 9–12
Female Male
Ever had Multiple sex Ever had Multiple sex
sexual intercourse partners sexual intercourse partners
Grade level and race and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 3.9 7.9 1.2 44.5 3.1 15.6 1.7
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.6 2.6 10.1 1.4 51.1 3.9 21.4 4.2
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 2.3 15.1 2.4 51.4 2.9 19.4 2.8
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 3.9 20.6 2.7 63.9 3.2 20.6 2.0
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 2.2 13.1 1.2 52.2 2.3 19.3 2.0
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 2.3 12.7 1.2 45.4 2.4 12.1 1.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.9 5.8 21.3 4.5 75.7 3.3 48.1 6.5
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.5 3.2 10.5 1.9 62.9 2.8 23.0 3.2
SE Standard error.
Multiple sex partners - 4 or more partners in lifetime.
Figure 26. Cigarette smoking in the past 30 days among students in grades 9–12
Female Male
Current smoker Frequent smoker Current smoker Frequent smoker
Grade level, race, and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 2.5 11.0 1.4 26.1 3.1 11.4 1.6
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.7 2.1 15.3 2.0 33.6 1.5 15.0 2.0
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.6 2.7 17.1 1.6 36.4 3.0 20.4 2.9
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 3.0 20.3 3.1 45.2 3.4 26.1 5.2
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 1.3 15.6 1.3 34.7 1.5 17.9 1.6
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 1.8 19.4 1.9 38.2 1.9 20.9 1.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 1.8 5.0 1.6 21.8 3.6 9.1 2.2
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.5 2.4 8.5 1.6 34.0 2.3 12.5 2.3
SE Standard error.
Current smoker - smoked 1 or more days.
Frequent smoker- smoked 20 or more days.
110 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 122
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 27. Alcohol use in the past 30 days among students in grades 9–12
Female Male
Current drinking Binge drinking Current drinking Binge drinking
Grade level and race and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 3.0 20.2 1.6 40.2 2.3 21.7 2.0
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.8 1.7 31.1 1.9 52.7 3.0 33.4 2.8
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 2.6 29.0 2.4 53.5 3.0 38.8 3.0
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 3.0 33.9 2.9 66.6 2.3 49.5 2.8
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 1.4 28.1 1.1 52.3 1.5 34.9 1.4
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 2.4 32.2 1.6 54.9 2.1 39.1 1.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 3.9 14.7 2.8 39.1 4.7 17.4 2.7
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.3 2.8 26.8 2.3 56.3 2.9 37.5 2.5
SE Standard error.
Current drinking - alcohol use on 1 or more days.
Binge drinking - 5 or more drinks on 1 occasion.
Figure 28. Lifetime and current Marijuana use among students in grades 9–12
Female Male
Ever used Current use Ever used Current used
Grade level, race, and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 2.8 18.6 2.0 40.7 3.4 24.7 2.6
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 2.1 24.3 2.2 51.6 4.2 31.4 3.3
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 2.1 22.1 2.3 51.0 3.2 31.1 3.3
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 3.4 26.3 2.9 63.8 2.4 36.9 3.6
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 1.2 22.6 0.9 51.0 2.1 30.8 1.9
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 1.6 22.9 1.3 49.2 3.0 29.6 2.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 2.7 21.9 2.9 54.8 5.9 31.2 4.8
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 2.9 21.8 2.0 55.8 3.1 34.8 3.5
SE Standard error.
Current use - used marijuana 1 or more times in the past 30 days.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 111
Extracted source page 123
Data Tables for Figures 1–32 .....................................................................
Figure 29. Weapon carrying in the past 30 days among students in grades 9–12
Female Male
Carried a weapon Carried a gun Carried a weapon Carried a gun
Grade level, race, and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 1.1 0.4 0.1 28.7 2.9 9.7 2.0
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 1.1 0.8 0.2 30.7 2.2 9.6 1.4
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 0.8 0.7 0.2 26.9 2.5 7.4 1.2
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 1.1 1.2 0.5 27.3 2.7 8.3 1.6
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 0.6 0.8 0.1 28.6 1.8 9.0 1.2
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 28.6 2.5 8.0 1.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 2.1 1.8 0.6 23.1 3.7 14.5 3.5
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 1.4 1.6 0.5 29.5 1.6 8.2 1.0
SE Standard error.
Weapon - such as a knife, gun, or club.
Figure 30. Participation in moderate to vigorous physical activity among students in grades 9–12
Female Male All students
Grade level, race, and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
9th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.9 2.9 81.6 2.2 77.3 2.1
10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 3.7 76.3 2.1 68.9 2.4
11th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 2.2 70.5 2.3 62.6 1.4
12th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 2.7 75.6 1.9 67.6 2.0
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 1.2 76.4 1.4 69.5 1.0
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 1.4 78.1 2.0 71.9 1.2
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 1.7 68.1 4.2 60.0 2.4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 2.6 75.7 2.3 64.9 2.2
SE Standard error.
112 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 124
.................................................................... Data Tables for Figures 1–32
Figure 31. Health care coverage of adolescents 10–19 years of age
Uninsured Medicaid Private Other
Family income and age Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
Poor
10–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 1.4 42.9 1.6 23.9 1.6 1.9 0.4
10–12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 1.8 55.2 2.2 19.0 1.8 2.0 0.7
13–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 2.1 46.6 2.3 21.5 2.0 1.3 0.5
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.0 2.8 43.6 3.0 16.4 2.2 2.1 0.9
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0 2.9 22.8 2.4 37.9 3.9 2.2 0.8
Near poor
10–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 1.2 14.6 0.9 54.7 1.4 2.7 0.5
10–12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 1.7 17.0 1.5 56.1 2.0 2.1 0.5
13–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 1.8 16.6 1.5 55.9 2.1 3.1 0.7
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 2.2 10.1 1.4 58.1 2.4 3.0 0.9
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 2.5 11.6 1.6 47.2 2.7 3.1 0.8
Nonpoor
10–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 0.5 2.1 0.2 87.0 0.6 2.6 0.3
10–12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 0.6 2.5 0.3 88.7 0.8 2.5 0.4
13–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 0.6 2.1 0.3 89.0 0.8 2.1 0.3
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 0.7 1.5 0.4 89.1 0.9 2.4 0.4
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 1.3 2.4 0.5 77.5 1.5 3.1 0.6
SE Standard error.
Figure 32. No health care visits among adolescents 10–19 years of age
Female Male
Age Percent SE Percent SE
10–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 0.8 18.9 0.8
10–12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 1.5 18.0 1.4
13–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 1.3 15.3 1.2
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 1.7 17.5 1.4
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 1.8 27.5 2.5
Insured Uninsured
Race and Hispanic origin Percent SE Percent SE
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 0.6 37.8 1.8
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 0.7 26.6 2.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 1.5 48.2 4.2
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 1.5 47.3 2.7
SE Standard error.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 113
Extracted source page 125
[No extractable text was available for this source page.]
Extracted source page 126
......................................................................................... List of Trend Tables
Health Status and Determinants 14. Low-birthweight live births, according to race of
mother, Hispanic origin of mother, geographic division,
and State: United States, average annual 1990–92,
1993–95, and 1996–98 140
Population
15. Very low-birthweight live births, according to race
1. Resident population, according to age, sex, detailed of mother, Hispanic origin of mother, geographic
race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years division, and State: United States, average annual
1950–98 123 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98 142
2. Persons and families below poverty level, according 16. Legal abortion ratios, according to selected patient
to selected characteristics, race, and Hispanic origin: characteristics: United States, selected years 1973–97 144
United States, selected years 1973–98 125
17. Legal abortions, according to selected
characteristics: United States, selected years 1973–97 145
Fertility and Natality
18. Methods of contraception for women 15–44 years
3. Crude birth rates, fertility rates, and birth rates by
of age, according to race, Hispanic origin, and age:
age of mother, according to detailed race and Hispanic
United States, 1982, 1988, and 1995 146
origin: United States, selected years 1950–98 127
19. Breastfeeding by mothers 15–44 years of age by
4. Women 15–44 years of age who have not had at
year of baby’s birth, according to selected
least 1 live birth, by age: United States, selected years
characteristics of mother: United States, average annual
1960–98 129
1972–74 to 1993–94 148
5. Live births, according to detailed race of mother and
Hispanic origin of mother: United States, selected years Mortality
1970–98 130
20. Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality
6. Prenatal care for live births, according to detailed rates, according to detailed race of mother and Hispanic
race of mother and Hispanic origin of mother: origin of mother: United States selected birth cohorts
United States, selected years 1970–98 131 1983–97 149
7. Early prenatal care according to race of mother, 21. Infant mortality rates for mothers 20 years of age
Hispanic origin of mother, geographic division, and and over, according to educational attainment, detailed
State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, race of mother, and Hispanic origin of mother:
and 1996–98 132 United States, selected birth cohorts 1983–97 150
8. Teenage childbearing, according to detailed race of 22. Infant mortality rates according to birthweight:
mother and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, United States, selected birth cohorts 1983–97 151
selected years 1970–98 134
23. Infant mortality rates, fetal mortality rates, and
9. Nonmarital childbearing according to detailed race perinatal mortality rates, according to race:
of mother, Hispanic origin of mother, and maternal age United States, selected years 1950–98 152
and birth rates for unmarried women by race of mother
and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, selected 24. Infant mortality rates, according to race,
years 1970–98 135 geographic division, and State: United States, average
annual 1989–91 and 1995–97 153
10. Maternal education for live births, according to
detailed race of mother and Hispanic origin of mother: 25. Neonatal mortality rates, according to race,
United States, selected years 1970–98 136 geographic division, and State: United States, average
annual 1989–91 and 1995–97 155
11. Mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy,
according to mother’s detailed race, Hispanic origin, 26. Infant mortality rates and international rankings:
age, and educational attainment: Selected States, Selected countries, selected years, 1960–96 157
1989–98 137
27. Life expectancy at birth and at 65 years of age,
12. Low-birthweight live births, according to mother’s according to sex: Selected countries, 1990 and 1995 158
detailed race, Hispanic origin, and smoking status:
United States, selected years 1970–98 138 28. Life expectancy at birth, at 65 years of age, and at
75 years of age, according to race and sex:
13. Low-birthweight live births among mothers 20 United States, selected years 1900–98 160
years of age and over, by mother’s detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and educational attainment:
United States, 1989–98 139
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 117
Extracted source page 127
List of Trend Tables ..........................................................................................
29. Age-adjusted death rates, according to detailed 44. Maternal mortality for complications of pregnancy,
race, Hispanic origin, geographic division, and State: childbirth, and the puerperium, according to race,
United States, average annual 1984–86, 1990–92, and Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years
1996–98 161 1950–98 205
30. Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of 45. Death rates for motor vehicle-related injuries,
death, according to sex, detailed race, and Hispanic according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and
origin: United States, selected years 1950–98 163 age: United States, selected years 1950–98 206
31. Years of potential life lost before age 75 for 46. Death rates for homicide and legal intervention,
selected causes of death, according to sex, detailed race, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and
and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years age: United States, selected years 1950–98 210
1980–98 167
47. Death rates for suicide, according to sex, detailed
32. Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected
according to sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin: years 1950–98 213
United States, 1980 and 1998 172
48. Death rates for firearm-related injuries, according
33. Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age:
according to age: United States, 1980 and 1998 176 United States, selected years 1970–98 216
34. Age-adjusted death rates, according to race, sex, 49. Deaths from selected occupational diseases for
region, and urbanization: United States, average annual males, according to age: United States, selected years
1984–86, 1989–91, and 1995–97 178 1970–98 219
35. Age-adjusted death rates for persons 25–64 years of 50. Occupational injury deaths by industry:
age for selected causes of death, according to sex and United States, 1992–98 220
educational attainment: Selected States, 1994–98 180
36. Death rates for all causes, according to sex, Determinants and Measures of Health
detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States,
51. Occupational injuries with lost workdays in the
selected years 1950–98 181
private sector, according to industry: United States,
37. Death rates for diseases of heart, according to sex, selected years 1980–98 221
detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States,
52. Selected notifiable disease rates, according to
selected years 1950–98 185
disease: United States, selected years 1950–98 222
38. Death rates for cerebrovascular diseases, according
53. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age:
cases, according to age at diagnosis, sex, detailed race,
United States, selected years 1950–98 188
and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years
39. Death rates for malignant neoplasms, according to 1985–99 223
sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age:
54. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
United States, selected years 1950–98 191
cases, according to race, Hispanic origin, sex, and
40. Death rates for malignant neoplasms of trachea, transmission category for persons 13 years of age and
bronchus, and lung according to sex, detailed race, over at diagnosis: United States, selected years
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1985–99 224
1950–98 195
55. Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for selected
41. Death rates for malignant neoplasm of breast cancer sites, according to sex and race: Selected
females, according to detailed race, Hispanic origin, and geographic areas, selected years 1973–96 226
age: United States, selected years 1950–98 198
56. Five-year relative cancer survival rates for selected
42. Death rates for chronic obstructive pulmonary cancer sites, according to race and sex: Selected
diseases, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic geographic areas, 1974–79, 1980–82, 1983–85,
origin, and age: United States, selected years 1986–88, and 1989–95 228
1980–98 200
57. Limitation of activity caused by chronic conditions
43. Death rates for human immunodeficiency virus according to selected characteristics:
(HIV) infection, according to sex, detailed race, United States, 1997 229
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years
58. Respondent-assessed health status according to
1987–98 203
selected characteristics: United States, 1991, 1995, 1997,
and 1998 232
118 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 128
......................................................................................... List of Trend Tables
59. Current cigarette smoking by persons 18 years of 72. Interval since last health care contact among
age and over according to sex, race, and age: adults 18 years of age and over, according to selected
United States, selected years 1965–98 234 characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998 253
60. Age-adjusted prevalence of current cigarette 73. Vaccinations of children 19–35 months of age for
smoking by persons 25 years of age and over, selected diseases, according to race, Hispanic origin,
according to sex, race, and education: United States, poverty status, and residence in metropolitan statistical
selected years 1974–98 235 area (MSA): United States, 1994–98 255
61. Current cigarette smoking by adults according to 74. Vaccination coverage among children 19–35 months
sex, race, Hispanic origin, age, and education: of age according to geographic division, State, and
United States, average annual 1990–92 and 1995–98 236 selected urban areas: United States, 1994–98 256
62. Use of selected substances in the past month by 75. No health care visits to an office or clinic within
persons 12 years of age and over, according to age, sex, the past 12 months among children under 18 years of
race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years age according to selected characteristics: United States,
1979–98 238 1997 and 1998 258
63. Use of selected substances by high school seniors 76. No usual source of health care among children
and eighth-graders, according to sex and race: United under 18 years of age according to selected
States, selected years 1980–99 240 characteristics: United States, average annual 1993–94,
1995–96, and 1997–98 260
64. Cocaine-related emergency department episodes,
according to age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 77. Emergency department visits within the past 12
United States, selected years 1990–97 242 months among children under 18 years of age,
according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997
65. Alcohol consumption by persons 18 years of age and 1998 262
and over, according to sex, race, Hispanic origin, and
age: United States, 1997 and 1998 243 78. No usual source of health care among adults
18–64 years of age, according to selected
66. Hypertension among persons 20 years of age and characteristics: United States, average annual 1993–94,
over, according to sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin: 1995–96, and 1997–98 265
United States, 1960–62, 1971–74, 1976–80, and
1988–94 245 79. Emergency department visits within the past 12
months among adults 18 years of age and over,
67. Serum cholesterol levels among persons 20 years according to selected characteristics: United States,
of age and over, according to sex, age, race, and 1997 and 1998 267
Hispanic origin: United States, 1960–62, 1971–74,
1976–80, and 1988–94 246 80. Dental visits in the past year according to selected
characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998 269
68. Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity among
persons 20 years of age and over, according to sex, age, 81. Untreated dental caries according to age, sex, race
race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1960–62, and Hispanic origin, and poverty status: United States,
1971–74, 1976–80, and 1988–94 247 1971–74, 1982–84, and 1988–94 270
69. Overweight children and adolescents 6–17 years of 82. Use of mammography for women 40 years of age
age, according to sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin: and over according to selected characteristics:
United States, selected years 1963–65 through United States, selected years 1987–98 271
1988–94 248
83. Ambulatory care visits to physician offices and
70. Persons residing in counties that met national hospital outpatient and emergency departments by
ambient air quality standards throughout the year, by selected characteristics: United States,
race and Hispanic origin: United States, 1988–96 249 selected years 1995–98 273
84. Injury-related visits to hospital emergency
departments by sex, age, intent and mechanism of
Utilization of Health Resources injury: United States, average annual 1995–96 and
1997–98 275
Ambulatory Care 85. Ambulatory care visits to primary care and
71. Health care visits to doctor’s offices, emergency specialist physicians, according to selected
departments, and home visits within the past 12 months, characteristics and type of physician: United States,
according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 1980, 1990, and 1998 277
and 1998 251
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 119
Extracted source page 129
List of Trend Tables ..........................................................................................
86. Substance abuse clients in specialty treatment Health Care Resources
units, according to substance abused, geographic
division, and State: United States, 1996–98 279
87. Additions to mental health organizations Personnel
according to type of service and organization: United
States, selected years 1983–94 280 100. Persons employed in health service sites:
United States, selected years 1970–99 303
88. Home health care and hospice patients, according
to selected characteristics: United States, selected years 101. Active non-Federal physicians and doctors of
1992–96 281 medicine in patient care, according to geographic
division and State: United States, 1975, 1985, 1995, and
1998 304
Inpatient Care
102. Physicians, according to activity and place of
89. Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay medical education: United States and outlying U.S.
in short-stay hospitals, according to selected areas, selected years 1975–98 306
characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998 283
103. Primary care doctors of medicine, according to
90. Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay specialty: United States and outlying U.S. areas,
in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according to selected selected years 1949–98 307
characteristics: United States, selected years 1980–98 285
104. Active health personnel according to occupation:
91. Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay United States, 1980–97 308
in non-Federal short-stay hospitals for discharges with
the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 105. Full-time equivalent patient care staff in mental
and for all discharges: United States, selected years health organizations, according to type of organization
1986–98 287 and staff discipline: United States, selected years
1984–94 309
92. Rates of discharges and days of care in
non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according to sex, age, 106. First-year enrollment and graduates of health
and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, professions schools and number of schools, according
1990, 1996, and 1997 288 to profession: United States, selected years 1980–99 311
93. Discharges and average length of stay in 107. Total enrollment of minorities in schools for
non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according to sex, age, selected health occupations, according to detailed race
and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, and Hispanic origin: United States, academic years
1990, 1996, and 1997 291 1970–71, 1980–81,1990–91, and 1997–98 312
94. Ambulatory and inpatient procedures according 108. First-year and total enrollment of women in
to place, sex, age, and type of procedure: United States, schools for selected health occupations, according to
1994–97 294 detailed race and Hispanic origin: United States,
academic years 1971–72, 1980–81, 1990–91, and
95. Hospital admissions, average length of stay, and 1997–98 314
outpatient visits, according to type of ownership and
size of hospital, and percent outpatient surgery:
United States, selected years 1975–98 297 Facilities
96. Nursing home residents 65 years of age and over 109. Hospitals, beds, and occupancy rates, according to
according to age, sex, and race: United States, 1973–74, type of ownership and size of hospital: United States,
1985, 1995, and 1997 298 selected years 1975–98 315
97. Nursing home residents 65 years of age and over, 110. Inpatient and residential mental health
according to selected functional status and age, sex, and organizations and beds, according to type of
race: United States, 1985, 1995, and 1997 299 organization: United States, selected years 1984–94 316
98. Additions to selected inpatient psychiatric 111. Community hospital beds and average annual
organizations according to sex, age, and race: percent change, according to geographic division and
United States, 1975, 1980, and 1986 300 State: United States, selected years 1940–98 317
99. Additions to selected inpatient psychiatric 112. Occupancy rates in community hospitals and
organizations, according to selected primary diagnoses average annual percent change, according to geographic
and age: United States, 1975, 1980, and 1986 301 division and State: United States, selected years
1940–98 318
120 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 130
......................................................................................... List of Trend Tables
113. Nursing homes, beds, occupancy, and residents, 126. Funding for health research and development,
according to geographic division and State: according to source of funds: United States, selected
United States, 1995–98 319 fiscal years 1970–97 337
127. Federal spending for human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-related activities, according to agency and
Health Care Expenditures type of activity: United States, selected fiscal years
1985–99 338
National Health Expenditures
114. Total health expenditures as a percent of gross Health Care Coverage and Major Federal Programs
domestic product and per capita health expenditures in 128. Health care coverage for persons under 65 years
dollars: Selected countries and years 1960–97 321 of age, according to type of coverage and selected
115. Gross domestic product, national health characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97 339
expenditures, Federal and State and local government 129. Health care coverage for persons 65 years of age
expenditures, and average annual percent change: and over, according to type of coverage and selected
United States, selected years 1960–98 322 characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97 342
116. Consumer Price Index and average annual percent 130. Private health insurance by health maintenance
change for all items, selected items, and medical care organization (HMO) and other types of coverage
components: United States, selected years 1960–99 323 according to selected characteristics: United States,
117. Growth in personal health care expenditures and selected years 1989–97 344
percent distribution of factors affecting growth: 131. Health maintenance organizations (HMO’s) and
United States, 1960–98 324 enrollment, according to model type, geographic region,
118. National health expenditures, average annual and Federal program: United States, selected years
percent change, and percent distribution, according to 1976–99 345
type of expenditure: United States, selected years 132. Medical care benefits for employees of private
1960–98 325 establishments by size of establishment and occupation:
119. Personal health care expenditures, according to United States, selected years 1990–97 346
type of expenditure and source of funds: United States, 133. Medicare enrollees and expenditures and percent
selected years 1960–98 327 distribution, according to type of service: United States
120. Expenditures for health services and supplies and and other areas, selected years 1970–98 348
percent distribution, by type of payer: United States, 134. Medicare enrollees and program payments among
selected calendar years 1965–95 329 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, according to sex
121. Employers’ costs per employee hour worked for and age: United States and other areas, 1994–97 350
total compensation, wages and salaries, and health 135. Medicare beneficiaries by race and ethnicity,
insurance, according to selected characteristics: according to selected characteristics: United States,
United States, selected years 1991–99 331 selected years 1992–96 351
122. Hospital expenses, according to type of ownership 136. Medicaid recipients and medical vendor payments,
and size of hospital: United States, selected years according to basis of eligibility, and race and ethnicity:
1975–98 332 United States, selected fiscal years 1972–98 353
123. Nursing home average monthly charges per 137. Medicaid recipients and medical vendor payments,
resident and percent of residents, according to selected according to type of service: United States, selected
facility and resident characteristics: United States, fiscal years 1972–98 354
1973–74, 1977, 1985, 1995, and 1997 334
138. Department of Veterans Affairs health care
124. Nursing home average monthly charges per expenditures and use, and persons treated according to
resident and percent of residents, according to primary selected characteristics: United States, selected fiscal
source of payments and selected facility characteristics: years 1970–98 356
United States, 1985, 1995, and 1997 335
125. Mental health expenditures, percent distribution,
and per capita expenditures, according to type of mental
health organization: United States, selected years
1975–94 336
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 121
Extracted source page 131
List of Trend Tables ..........................................................................................
State Health Expenditures
139. Hospital care expenditures by geographic division
and State and average annual percent change:
United States, selected years 1980–93 357
140. Physician service expenditures by geographic
division and State and average annual percent change:
United States, selected years 1980–93 358
141. Expenditures for purchases of prescription
drugs by geographic division and State and average
annual percent change: United States, selected years
1980–93 359
142. State mental health agency per capita expenditures
for mental health services and average annual percent
change by geographic division and State: United States,
selected fiscal years 1981–97 360
143. Medicare enrollees, enrollees in managed care,
payments per enrollee, and short-stay hospital utilization
by geographic division and State: United States, 1994
and 1997 361
144. Medicaid recipients, recipients in managed care,
payments per recipient, and recipients per 100 persons
below the poverty level by geographic division and
State: United States, selected fiscal years 1989–98 362
145. Persons enrolled in health maintenance
organizations (HMO’s) by geographic division and
State: United States, selected years 1980–99 364
146. Persons without health care coverage by
geographic division and State: United States, selected
years 1987–98 365
122 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 132
Table 1 (page 1 of 2). Resident population, according to age, sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, selected years 1950–98
Health Status and Determinants
[Data are based on decennial census updated by data from multiple sources]
Total
Sex, race, Hispanic resident Under 1–4 5–14 15–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75–84 85 years
origin, and year population 1 year years years years years years years years years years and over
All persons Number in thousands
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,697 3,147 13,017 24,319 22,098 23,759 21,450 17,343 13,370 8,340 3,278 577
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,323 4,112 16,209 35,465 24,020 22,818 24,081 20,485 15,572 10,997 4,633 929
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,212 3,485 13,669 40,746 35,441 24,907 23,088 23,220 18,590 12,435 6,119 1,511
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,546 3,534 12,815 34,942 42,487 37,082 25,634 22,800 21,703 15,580 7,729 2,240
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,710 3,946 14,812 35,095 37,013 43,161 37,435 25,057 21,113 18,045 10,012 3,021
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267,636 3,797 15,353 38,778 36,580 39,610 43,998 33,633 21,813 18,499 11,706 3,871
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270,299 3,776 15,190 39,163 37,213 38,774 44,520 34,585 22,676 18,395 11,952 4,054
Male
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,833 1,602 6,634 12,375 10,918 11,597 10,588 8,655 6,697 4,024 1,507 237
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,331 2,090 8,240 18,029 11,906 11,179 11,755 10,093 7,537 5,116 2,025 362
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,912 1,778 6,968 20,759 17,551 12,217 11,231 11,199 8,793 5,437 2,436 542
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,053 1,806 6,556 17,855 21,418 18,382 12,570 11,009 10,152 6,757 2,867 682
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,239 2,018 7,581 17,971 18,915 21,564 18,510 12,232 9,955 7,907 3,745 841
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,018 1,943 7,858 19,861 18,806 19,810 21,883 16,457 10,390 8,269 4,629 1,112
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,046 1,929 7,767 20,050 19,042 19,254 22,101 16,900 10,806 8,250 4,761 1,187
Female
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,864 1,545 6,383 11,944 11,181 12,162 10,863 8,688 6,672 4,316 1,771 340
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,992 2,022 7,969 17,437 12,114 11,639 12,326 10,393 8,036 5,881 2,609 567
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,300 1,707 6,701 19,986 17,890 12,690 11,857 12,021 9,797 6,998 3,683 969
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,493 1,727 6,259 17,087 21,068 18,700 13,065 11,791 11,551 8,825 4,862 1,559
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,471 1,928 7,231 17,124 18,098 21,596 18,925 12,824 11,158 10,139 6,267 2,180
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,618 1,854 7,495 18,917 17,774 19,799 22,115 17,176 11,422 10,230 7,077 2,759
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,252 1,847 7,423 19,113 18,172 19,521 22,419 17,685 11,870 10,146 7,191 2,866
White male
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,129 1,400 5,845 10,860 9,689 10,430 9,529 7,836 6,180 3,736 1,406 218
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,367 1,784 7,065 15,659 10,483 9,940 10,564 9,114 6,850 4,702 1,875 331
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,721 1,501 5,873 17,667 15,232 10,775 9,979 10,090 7,958 4,916 2,243 487
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,924 1,485 5,397 14,764 18,110 15,928 11,005 9,771 9,149 6,095 2,600 621
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,143 1,604 6,071 14,467 15,389 18,071 15,819 10,624 8,813 7,127 3,397 760
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,893 1,549 6,240 15,727 15,057 16,209 18,355 14,158 9,047 7,349 4,204 998
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,489 1,533 6,179 15,837 15,216 15,675 18,463 14,483 9,413 7,309 4,316 1,066
White female
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,813 1,341 5,599 10,431 9,821 10,851 9,719 7,868 6,168 4,031 1,669 314
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,465 1,714 6,795 15,068 10,596 10,204 11,000 9,364 7,327 5,428 2,441 527
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,028 1,434 5,615 16,912 15,420 11,004 10,349 10,756 8,853 6,366 3,429 890
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,788 1,410 5,121 14,048 17,643 15,887 11,227 10,282 10,324 7,950 4,457 1,440
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,561 1,524 5,762 13,706 14,599 17,757 15,834 10,946 9,698 9,048 5,687 2,001
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,441 1,472 5,924 14,926 14,064 15,857 18,161 14,456 9,728 8,961 6,388 2,507
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,511 1,461 5,879 15,051 14,369 15,540 18,341 14,822 10,113 8,853 6,480 2,600
Black male
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,300 --- --- 1,442 1,162 1,105 1,003 772 460 299 --- ---
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,114 281 1,082 2,185 1,305 1,120 1,086 891 617 382 137 29
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,748 245 975 2,784 2,041 1,226 1,084 979 739 461 169 46
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,612 270 970 2,618 2,813 1,974 1,238 1,026 855 568 228 53
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,420 322 1,164 2,700 2,669 2,592 1,962 1,175 878 614 277 66
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,121 282 1,185 3,090 2,790 2,551 2,548 1,622 960 690 319 86
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,340 284 1,149 3,130 2,838 2,533 2,606 1,696 987 699 329 90
Black female
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,745 --- --- 1,446 1,300 1,260 1,112 796 443 322 --- ---
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,758 283 1,085 2,191 1,404 1,300 1,229 974 663 430 160 38
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,832 243 970 2,773 2,196 1,456 1,309 1,134 868 582 230 71
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,071 267 953 2,583 2,942 2,272 1,490 1,260 1,061 777 360 106
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,063 316 1,137 2,641 2,700 2,905 2,279 1,416 1,135 884 495 156
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,826 274 1,151 2,995 2,771 2,827 2,892 1,956 1,253 958 544 207
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,090 276 1,118 3,033 2,820 2,818 2,954 2,045 1,291 966 552 216
See notes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 123
Extracted source page 133
Table 1 (page 2 of 2). Resident population, according to age, sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin:
United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on decennial census updated by data from multiple sources]
Total
Sex, race, Hispanic resident Under 1–4 5–14 15–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75–84 85 years
origin, and year population 1 year years years years years years years years years years and over
American Indian or
Alaska Native male Number in thousands
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 17 60 153 164 114 75 53 37 22 9 2
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024 24 88 206 192 183 140 86 55 32 13 3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,153 21 81 237 206 193 172 115 65 39 19 6
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,168 21 80 237 210 191 175 119 67 40 20 6
American Indian or
Alaska Native female
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 16 57 149 158 118 79 57 41 26 12 4
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041 24 85 200 178 186 148 92 61 41 21 6
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,169 20 79 229 200 181 177 122 73 48 27 12
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,192 20 78 230 207 183 179 127 76 49 28 13
Asian or
Pacific Islander male
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,814 35 129 321 334 367 252 159 110 72 29 6
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,652 68 258 598 665 718 588 347 208 133 57 12
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,851 91 352 808 753 858 808 562 319 190 87 23
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,049 92 358 845 777 855 857 602 339 201 97 26
Asian or
Pacific Islander female
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,915 34 127 307 325 423 269 193 126 70 33 9
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,805 65 247 578 621 749 664 371 264 166 65 17
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,182 88 340 767 740 934 886 642 369 264 118 33
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,459 89 347 798 775 980 944 690 390 277 130 37
Hispanic male
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,280 187 661 1,530 1,646 1,255 761 570 364 201 86 19
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,388 279 980 2,128 2,376 2,310 1,471 818 551 312 131 32
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,074 354 1,363 2,786 2,764 2,824 2,281 1,292 711 454 192 54
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,233 357 1,376 2,926 2,751 2,682 2,320 1,339 741 470 211 59
Hispanic female
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,329 181 634 1,482 1,547 1,249 805 615 411 257 116 30
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,966 268 939 2,039 2,028 2,073 1,448 868 632 403 209 59
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,274 336 1,294 2,657 2,387 2,408 2,111 1,319 801 567 289 106
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,017 343 1,317 2,805 2,547 2,494 2,228 1,405 856 595 310 118
White, non-Hispanic male
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,035 1,308 4,773 13,318 16,555 14,739 10,285 9,229 8,802 5,906 2,519 603
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,743 1,351 5,181 12,525 13,219 15,967 14,481 9,875 8,303 6,837 3,275 729
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,127 1,225 4,995 13,202 12,522 13,628 16,280 12,979 8,394 6,930 4,025 947
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,601 1,206 4,922 13,183 12,699 13,230 16,358 13,265 8,733 6,876 4,118 1,010
White, non-Hispanic female
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,872 1,240 4,522 12,647 16,185 14,711 10,468 9,700 9,935 7,708 4,345 1,411
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,557 1,280 4,909 11,846 12,749 15,872 14,520 10,153 9,116 8,674 5,491 1,945
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,444 1,165 4,742 12,517 11,889 13,669 16,246 13,256 8,996 8,439 6,119 2,407
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,839 1,147 4,675 12,505 12,048 13,276 16,322 13,544 9,332 8,307 6,193 2,489
- - - Data not available.
NOTES: The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Population figures are census counts as of April 1 for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 and estimates as
of July 1 for other years. See Appendix I, Department of Commerce. Populations for age groups may not sum to the total due to rounding. Although population figures
are shown rounded to the nearest 1,000, calculations of birth rates and death rates shown in this volume are based on unrounded population figures for decennial
years and starting with data year 1992. See Appendix II, Rate. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: U.S. Bureau of the Census: 1950 Nonwhite Population by Race. Special Report P-E, No. 3B. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951; U.S.
Census of Population: 1960, Number of Inhabitants, PC(1)-A1, United States Summary, 1964; 1970, Number of Inhabitants, Final Report PC(1)-A1, United States
Summary, 1971; U.S. population estimates, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1980 to 1991. Current Population Reports. Series P–25, No. 1095. Washington. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Feb. 1993; U.S. resident population—estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (consistent with the 1990 Census, as enumerated):
1992. Census files RESP0792 in PPL–21, series 1294. 1993; July 1, 1993. RES0793. 1994; July 1, 1994. RESD0794. 1995; July 1, 1995. RESD0795. 1996; July 1,
1996. NESTV96 in PPL–57. 1997; July 1, 1997. NESTV97 in PPL–91R. 1998; July 1, 1998. NESTV98. 1999.
124 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 134
Table 2 (page 1 of 2). Persons and families below poverty level, according to selected characteristics, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1973–98
[Data are based on household interviews of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Selected characteristics,
race, and Hispanic origin 1973 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
All persons Percent below poverty
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 13.0 14.0 13.5 15.1 14.5 13.8 13.7 13.3 12.7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 10.2 11.4 10.7 12.2 11.7 11.2 11.2 11.0 10.5
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 32.5 31.3 31.9 33.1 30.6 29.3 28.4 26.5 26.1
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.2 15.3 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.0 12.5
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 25.7 29.0 28.1 30.6 30.7 30.3 29.4 27.1 25.6
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 28.8 28.1 31.6 32.3 31.2 31.0 27.9 27.1
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 43.3 40.6 38.4 36.0 38.1 35.7 34.2 30.9
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.8 9.9 9.4 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.2
Related children under 18 years
of age in families
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 17.9 20.1 19.9 22.0 21.2 20.2 19.8 19.2 18.3
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 13.4 15.6 15.1 17.0 16.3 15.5 15.5 15.4 14.4
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 42.1 43.1 44.2 45.9 43.3 41.5 39.5 36.8 36.4
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.0 17.6 17.9 18.6 19.1 19.9 17.5
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 33.0 39.6 37.7 39.9 41.1 39.3 39.9 36.4 33.6
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 37.4 35.5 39.5 41.8 39.3 40.7 35.8 34.6
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 58.6 56.7 53.8 50.5 53.2 49.4 49.1 43.2
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 11.6 12.8 11.8 10.6 10.4 10.7 10.0
Related children under 18 years
of age in families with
female householder and no
spouse present
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 50.8 53.6 53.4 53.7 52.9 50.3 49.3 49.0 46.1
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 41.6 45.2 45.9 45.6 45.7 42.5 43.1 44.3 40.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 64.8 66.9 64.7 65.9 63.2 61.6 58.2 55.3 54.7
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . --- --- --- 32.2 32.2 36.8 42.4 48.8 58.3 49.8
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 65.0 72.4 68.4 66.1 68.3 65.7 67.4 62.8 59.6
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 64.4 62.4 64.6 69.5 65.9 68.1 62.2 61.5
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 85.4 82.7 73.4 73.6 79.6 76.6 71.0 61.6
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 39.6 39.0 38.0 33.5 34.9 37.2 32.8
All persons Number below poverty in thousands
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,973 29,272 33,064 33,585 39,265 38,059 36,425 36,529 35,574 34,476
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,142 19,699 22,860 22,326 26,226 25,379 24,423 24,650 24,396 23,454
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,388 8,579 8,926 9,837 10,877 10,196 9,872 9,694 9,116 9,091
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . --- --- --- 858 1,134 974 1,411 1,454 1,468 1,360
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,366 3,491 5,236 6,006 8,126 8,416 8,574 8,697 8,308 8,070
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3,220 3,764 5,373 5,781 5,608 5,815 5,509 5,566
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1,011 966 1,061 981 1,183 1,116 1,059 929
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 16,622 18,882 18,110 16,267 16,462 16,491 15,799
Related children under 18 years
of age in families
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,453 11,114 12,483 12,715 14,961 14,610 13,999 13,764 13,422 12,845
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,462 6,817 7,838 7,696 9,123 8,826 8,474 8,488 8,441 7,935
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,822 3,906 4,057 4,412 5,030 4,787 4,644 4,411 4,116 4,073
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . --- --- --- 356 358 308 532 553 608 542
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,364 1,718 2,512 2,750 3,666 3,956 3,938 4,090 3,865 3,670
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1,589 1,733 2,520 2,805 2,655 2,853 2,666 2,654
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 535 490 537 485 610 545 519 433
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5,106 5,819 5,404 4,745 4,656 4,759 4,458
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 125
Extracted source page 135
Table 2 (page 2 of 2). Persons and families below poverty level, according to selected characteristics, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1973–98
[Data are based on household interviews of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Selected characteristics,
race, and Hispanic origin 1973 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Related children under 18 years
of age in families with
female householder and no
spouse present Number below poverty in thousands
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 5,866 6,716 7,363 8,503 8,427 8,364 7,990 7,928 7,627
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,813 3,372 3,597 4,102 4,099 4,051 4,029 4,186 3,875
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,944 3,181 3,543 4,104 3,935 3,954 3,619 3,402 3,366
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . --- --- --- 80 72 59 145 167 200 231
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 809 1,247 1,314 1,673 1,804 1,872 1,779 1,758 1,739
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 553 615 890 1,054 1,056 948 991 1,092
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 449 382 430 394 459 444 392 298
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,411 2,636 2,563 2,299 2,419 2,551 2,294
- - - Data not available.
NOTES: The race groups white, black, and Asian include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Poverty status is
based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. See Appendix II. In 1989, 31.2 percent of the American Indian population in the
United States, or 585,000 persons, were below the poverty threshold, based on 1989 income data from the 1990 decennial census (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990
Census of Population, Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language, 1990 CP–3–7). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 1998. Current population reports, series P–60, no 207. Washington: U.S. Government
Printing Office. 1999; unpublished data.
126 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 136
Table 3 (page 1 of 2). Crude birth rates, fertility rates, and birth rates by age of mother, according to
detailed race and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Age of mother
15–19 years
Race, Crude
Hispanic origin, birth Fertility 10–14 15–17 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–54
and year rate1 rate2 years Total years years years years years years years years3
All races Live births per 1,000 women
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 106.2 1.0 81.6 40.7 132.7 196.6 166.1 103.7 52.9 15.1 1.2
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 118.0 0.8 89.1 43.9 166.7 258.1 197.4 112.7 56.2 15.5 0.9
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 87.9 1.2 68.3 38.8 114.7 167.8 145.1 73.3 31.7 8.1 0.5
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 68.4 1.1 53.0 32.5 82.1 115.1 112.9 61.9 19.8 3.9 0.2
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 66.3 1.2 51.0 31.0 79.6 108.3 111.0 69.1 24.0 4.0 0.2
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 70.9 1.4 59.9 37.5 88.6 116.5 120.2 80.8 31.7 5.5 0.2
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 66.7 1.4 58.9 37.6 91.5 111.1 113.9 81.5 33.7 6.4 0.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 65.6 1.3 56.8 36.0 89.1 109.8 112.2 82.5 34.3 6.6 0.3
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 65.3 1.2 54.4 33.8 86.0 110.4 113.1 83.9 35.3 6.8 0.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 65.0 1.1 52.3 32.1 83.6 110.4 113.8 85.3 36.1 7.1 0.4
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 65.6 1.0 51.1 30.4 82.0 111.2 115.9 87.4 37.4 7.3 0.4
Race of child:4 White
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 102.3 0.4 70.0 31.3 120.5 190.4 165.1 102.6 51.4 14.5 1.0
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 113.2 0.4 79.4 35.5 154.6 252.8 194.9 109.6 54.0 14.7 0.8
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 84.1 0.5 57.4 29.2 101.5 163.4 145.9 71.9 30.0 7.5 0.4
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 64.7 0.6 44.7 25.2 72.1 109.5 112.4 60.4 18.5 3.4 0.2
Race of mother:5 White
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 65.6 0.6 45.4 25.5 73.2 111.1 113.8 61.2 18.8 3.5 0.2
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 64.1 0.6 43.3 24.4 70.4 104.1 112.3 69.9 23.3 3.7 0.2
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 68.3 0.7 50.8 29.5 78.0 109.8 120.7 81.7 31.5 5.2 0.2
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 64.9 0.8 51.1 30.7 82.1 106.2 115.5 83.2 33.7 6.2 0.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 64.4 0.8 50.1 30.0 81.2 106.3 114.8 84.6 34.5 6.4 0.3
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 64.3 0.8 48.1 28.4 78.4 107.2 116.1 86.3 35.6 6.7 0.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 63.9 0.7 46.3 27.1 75.9 106.7 116.6 87.8 36.4 6.9 0.4
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 64.6 0.6 45.4 25.9 74.6 107.2 119.1 90.5 37.8 7.2 0.4
Race of child:4 Black
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 153.5 4.3 156.1 --- --- 295.4 218.6 137.1 73.9 21.9 1.1
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 115.4 5.2 140.7 101.4 204.9 202.7 136.3 79.6 41.9 12.5 1.0
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 88.1 4.3 100.0 73.6 138.8 146.3 109.1 62.9 24.5 5.8 0.3
Race of mother:5 Black
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 84.9 4.3 97.8 72.5 135.1 140.0 103.9 59.9 23.5 5.6 0.3
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 78.8 4.5 95.4 69.3 132.4 135.0 100.2 57.9 23.9 4.6 0.3
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 86.8 4.9 112.8 82.3 152.9 160.2 115.5 68.7 28.1 5.5 0.3
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 76.9 4.6 104.5 76.3 148.3 146.0 104.0 65.8 28.9 5.9 0.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 72.3 4.2 96.1 69.7 137.1 137.1 98.6 64.0 28.7 6.0 0.3
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 70.7 3.6 91.4 64.7 132.5 136.8 98.2 63.3 29.1 6.1 0.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 70.7 3.3 88.2 60.8 130.1 139.0 99.5 64.3 29.7 6.5 0.3
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 71.0 2.9 85.4 56.8 126.9 141.9 101.8 64.7 30.5 6.7 0.3
American Indian or
Alaska Native mothers5
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 82.7 1.9 82.2 51.5 129.5 143.7 106.6 61.8 28.1 8.2 *
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 78.6 1.7 79.2 47.7 124.1 139.1 109.6 62.6 27.4 6.0 *
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 76.2 1.6 81.1 48.5 129.3 148.7 110.3 61.5 27.5 5.9 *
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 70.9 1.9 80.8 51.3 130.3 134.2 104.1 61.2 27.5 5.9 0.4
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 69.1 1.8 78.0 47.8 130.7 132.5 98.4 62.2 27.7 6.1 *
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 68.7 1.7 73.9 46.4 122.3 133.9 98.5 63.2 28.5 6.3 *
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 69.1 1.7 71.8 45.3 117.6 134.9 100.8 64.2 29.3 6.4 0.4
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 70.7 1.6 72.1 44.4 118.4 139.3 102.2 66.3 30.2 6.4 *
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 127
Extracted source page 137
Table 3 (page 2 of 2). Crude birth rates, fertility rates, and birth rates by age of mother, according to
detailed race and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Age of mother
15–19 years
Race, Crude
Hispanic origin, birth Fertility 10–14 15–17 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–54
and year rate1 rate2 years Total years years years years years years years years3
Asian or
Pacific Islander mothers5 Live births per 1,000 women
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 73.2 0.3 26.2 12.0 46.2 93.3 127.4 96.0 38.3 8.5 0.7
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 68.4 0.4 23.8 12.5 40.8 83.6 123.0 93.6 42.7 8.7 1.2
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 69.6 0.7 26.4 16.0 40.2 79.2 126.3 106.5 49.6 10.7 1.1
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 66.8 0.7 27.1 16.1 44.1 73.1 118.6 105.2 51.3 11.6 1.0
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 66.4 0.7 26.1 15.4 43.4 72.4 113.4 106.9 52.4 12.1 0.8
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 65.9 0.6 24.6 14.9 40.4 70.7 111.2 109.2 52.2 12.2 0.8
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 66.3 0.5 23.7 14.3 39.3 70.5 113.2 110.3 54.1 11.9 0.9
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 64.0 0.4 23.1 13.8 38.3 68.8 110.4 105.1 52.8 12.0 0.9
Hispanic mothers5,6,7
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 95.4 1.7 82.2 52.1 126.9 156.4 132.1 83.2 39.9 10.6 0.7
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.7 107.7 2.4 100.3 65.9 147.7 181.0 153.0 98.3 45.3 10.9 0.7
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 105.6 2.7 107.7 74.0 158.0 188.2 153.2 95.4 44.3 10.7 0.6
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 105.0 2.7 106.7 72.9 157.9 188.5 153.8 95.9 44.9 10.8 0.6
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 104.9 2.6 101.8 69.0 151.1 189.5 161.0 98.1 45.1 10.8 0.6
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 102.8 2.3 97.4 66.3 144.3 184.2 161.7 97.9 45.0 10.8 0.6
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 101.1 2.1 93.6 62.3 140.1 178.4 160.2 98.9 44.9 10.8 0.6
White, non-Hispanic
mothers5,6,7
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 62.4 0.4 41.2 22.4 67.7 105.5 110.6 59.9 17.7 3.0 0.1
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 62.8 0.5 42.5 23.2 66.6 97.5 115.3 79.4 30.0 4.7 0.2
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 58.3 0.5 40.4 22.8 67.4 90.9 107.9 80.7 32.1 5.7 0.2
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 57.6 0.4 39.3 22.0 66.1 90.0 106.5 82.0 32.9 5.9 0.3
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 57.3 0.4 37.6 20.6 63.7 90.1 107.0 83.5 34.0 6.2 0.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 57.0 0.4 36.0 19.4 61.9 89.8 107.2 85.2 34.9 6.4 0.3
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 57.7 0.3 35.2 18.4 60.6 90.7 109.7 88.0 36.4 6.7 0.4
Black, non-Hispanic
mothers5,6,7
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 90.7 4.6 105.1 77.2 146.5 152.2 111.7 65.2 25.8 5.8 0.3
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 89.0 5.0 116.2 84.9 157.5 165.1 118.4 70.2 28.7 5.6 0.3
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 79.0 4.7 107.7 78.6 152.9 150.3 107.0 67.5 29.5 6.0 0.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 74.5 4.3 99.3 72.1 141.9 141.7 102.0 65.9 29.4 6.1 0.3
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 72.5 3.8 94.2 66.6 136.6 140.9 100.8 64.9 29.7 6.2 0.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 72.4 3.4 90.8 62.6 134.0 143.0 101.9 65.8 30.3 6.6 0.3
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 73.0 3.0 88.2 58.8 130.9 146.4 104.6 66.6 31.2 6.8 0.3
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 births.
1
Live births per 1,000 population.
2
Total number of live births regardless of age of mother per 1,000 women 15–44 years of age.
3
Prior to 1997 data are for live births to mothers 45–49 years of age per 1,000 women 45–49 years of age. Starting in 1997 data are for live births to mothers 45–54
years of age per 1,000 women 45–49 years of age (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
4
Live births are tabulated by race of child.
5
Live births are tabulated by race and/or Hispanic origin of mother.
6
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the
reporting area increased from 22 in 1980, to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC
in 1991–92, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
7
Rates in 1985 were not calculated because estimates for the Hispanic and non-Hispanic populations were not available.
NOTES: Data are based on births adjusted for underregistration for 1950 and on registered births for all other years. Beginning in 1970, births to persons who were not
residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia are excluded. The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander,
include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics: Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final
data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Ventura SJ. Births of Hispanic parentage, 1980 and 1985. Monthly vital statistics
report; vol 32 no 6 and vol 36 no 11, suppl. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Maryland. 1983 and 1988; for age-specific birth rates for 1950–92 see table 1–9 in Vital
statistics of the United States, 1992, vol I, natality, Washington: Public Health Service, 1995.
128 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 138
Table 4. Women 15–44 years of age who have not had at least 1 live birth, by age: United States,
selected years 1960–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44
Year1 years years years years years years
Percent of women
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.4 47.5 20.0 14.2 12.0 15.1
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7 51.4 19.7 11.7 11.4 11.0
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.0 57.0 24.4 11.8 9.4 10.6
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 62.5 31.1 15.2 9.6 8.8
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 66.2 38.9 19.7 12.5 9.0
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.7 67.7 41.5 24.6 15.4 11.7
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.8 68.0 42.0 25.1 16.1 12.2
1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.8 68.2 42.5 25.5 16.9 12.6
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.8 68.4 43.0 25.7 17.7 13.0
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.7 68.4 43.3 25.9 18.2 13.5
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3 68.3 43.5 25.9 18.5 13.9
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.0 67.9 43.6 26.0 18.7 14.5
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7 67.3 43.7 26.0 18.8 15.2
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 66.7 43.8 26.1 18.8 15.8
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 66.1 43.9 26.2 18.7 16.2
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.5 65.5 44.0 26.2 18.6 16.5
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.5 65.0 43.8 26.2 18.5 16.6
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.8 64.9 43.5 26.2 18.4 16.6
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1 65.1 43.0 26.1 18.3 16.5
1
As of January 1.
NOTES: Data are based on cohort fertility. See Appendix II, Cohort fertility. Percents are derived from the cumulative childbearing experience of cohorts of women, up
to the ages specified. Data on births are adjusted for underregistration and population estimates are corrected for underregistration and misstatement of age. Beginning
in 1970, births to persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia are excluded.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, 1998, Vol 1, natality.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 129
Extracted source page 139
Table 5. Live births, according to detailed race of mother and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, selected
years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Race of mother and Hispanic
origin of mother 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Total number of live births
All races. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,731,386 3,144,198 3,612,258 3,760,561 4,158,212 3,899,589 3,891,494 3,880,894 3,941,553
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,109,956 2,576,818 2,936,351 3,037,913 3,290,273 3,098,885 3,093,057 3,072,640 3,118,727
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561,992 496,829 568,080 581,824 684,336 603,139 594,781 599,913 609,902
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . 22,264 22,690 29,389 34,037 39,051 37,278 37,880 38,572 40,272
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 74,355 104,606 141,635 160,287 165,776 169,769 172,652
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,044 7,778 11,671 16,405 22,737 27,380 28,500 28,434 28,058
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,744 6,725 7,482 8,035 8,674 8,901 8,902 8,890 8,893
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,066 10,359 13,968 20,058 25,770 30,551 31,106 31,501 31,170
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . --- --- 4,669 4,938 6,099 5,787 5,907 5,687 6,025
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . --- --- 36,565 55,170 78,355 87,668 91,361 95,257 98,506
Hispanic origin (selected States)1,2 . . . . . --- --- 307,163 372,814 595,073 679,768 701,339 709,767 734,661
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 215,439 242,976 385,640 469,615 489,666 499,024 516,011
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 33,671 35,147 58,807 54,824 54,863 55,450 57,349
Cuban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7,163 10,024 11,311 12,473 12,613 12,887 13,226
Central and South American . . . . . . . . --- --- 21,268 40,985 83,008 94,996 97,888 97,405 98,226
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . --- --- 29,622 43,682 56,307 47,860 46,309 45,001 49,849
1
White, non-Hispanic (selected States) . . --- - - - 1,245,221 1,394,729 2,626,500 2,382,638 2,358,989 2,333,363 2,361,462
1
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States) . . --- --- 299,646 336,029 661,701 587,781 578,099 581,431 593,127
- - - Data not available.
1
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the
reporting area increased from 22 in 1980, to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC
in 1991–92, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
2
Includes mothers of all races.
NOTES: The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC,
Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Report of final natality statistics, for each
data year 1970–96. Monthly vital statistics report. Hyattsville, Maryland.
130 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 140
Table 6. Prenatal care for live births, according to detailed race of mother and Hispanic origin of mother:
United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Prenatal care, race of mother,
and Hispanic origin of mother 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Prenatal care began
during 1st trimester Percent of live births1
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 72.4 76.3 76.2 75.8 77.7 78.9 80.2 81.3 81.9 82.5 82.8
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 75.8 79.2 79.3 79.2 80.8 81.8 82.8 83.6 84.0 84.7 84.8
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 55.5 62.4 61.5 60.6 63.9 66.0 68.3 70.4 71.4 72.3 73.3
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 45.4 55.8 57.5 57.9 62.1 63.4 65.2 66.7 67.7 68.1 68.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 73.7 74.1 75.1 76.6 77.6 79.7 79.9 81.2 82.1 83.1
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 76.7 82.6 82.0 81.3 83.8 84.6 86.2 85.7 86.8 87.4 88.5
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 82.7 86.1 84.7 87.0 88.2 87.2 89.2 89.7 89.3 89.3 90.2
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 70.6 77.3 76.5 77.1 78.7 79.3 81.3 80.9 82.5 83.3 84.2
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 68.8 67.7 65.8 69.9 70.6 77.0 75.9 78.5 78.0 78.8
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 67.4 69.9 71.9 72.8 74.4 76.2 77.0 78.4 79.7 80.9
Hispanic origin (selected States)2,3 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 60.2 61.2 60.2 64.2 66.6 68.9 70.8 72.2 73.7 74.3
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 59.6 60.0 57.8 62.1 64.8 67.3 69.1 70.7 72.1 72.8
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 55.1 58.3 63.5 67.8 70.0 71.7 74.0 75.0 76.5 76.9
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 82.7 82.5 84.8 86.8 88.9 90.1 89.2 89.2 90.4 91.8
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 58.8 60.6 61.5 66.8 68.7 71.2 73.2 75.0 76.9 78.0
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 66.4 65.8 66.4 68.0 70.0 72.1 74.3 74.6 76.0 74.8
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 81.2 81.4 83.3 84.9 85.6 86.5 87.1 87.4 87.9 87.9
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 60.7 60.1 60.7 64.0 66.1 68.3 70.4 71.5 72.3 73.3
Prenatal care began during
3d trimester or no prenatal care
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 6.0 5.1 5.7 6.1 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.0 4.3 4.8 4.9 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 10.5 8.9 10.2 11.3 9.9 9.0 8.2 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 28.9 22.4 15.2 12.9 12.9 11.0 10.3 9.8 9.5 8.6 8.6 8.5
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.5 6.5 5.8 4.9 4.6 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.6
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 4.4 3.7 4.4 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.2
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 2.7 2.1 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.1
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 4.1 4.0 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.0 3.6 4.1 3.3 3.3 3.1
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.7 7.4 8.7 7.0 6.7 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.4 4.7
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 9.3 8.2 7.1 5.9 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.2
Hispanic origin (selected States)2,3 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 12.0 12.4 12.0 9.5 8.8 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.2 6.3
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 11.8 12.9 13.2 10.5 9.7 8.3 8.1 7.2 6.7 6.8
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 16.2 15.5 10.6 8.0 7.1 6.5 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.1
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.9 3.7 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.6 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.2
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 13.1 12.5 10.9 7.9 7.3 6.5 6.1 5.5 5.0 4.9
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 9.2 9.4 8.5 7.5 7.0 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.3 6.0
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 3.5 4.0 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 9.7 10.9 11.2 9.8 9.0 8.2 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.0
- - - Data not available.
1
Excludes live births for whom trimester when prenatal care began is unknown.
2
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the
reporting area increased from 22 in 1980, to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC
in 1991–92, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
3
Includes mothers of all races.
NOTES: Data for 1970 and 1975 exclude births that occurred in States not reporting prenatal care (see Appendix I). The race groups, white, black, American Indian or
Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for
additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC,
Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Report of final natality statistics, for each
data year 1970–96. Monthly vital statistics report. Hyattsville, Maryland.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 131
Extracted source page 141
Table 7 (page 1 of 2). Early prenatal care according to race of mother, Hispanic origin of mother,
geographic division, and State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98
Percent of live births with early prenatal care (beginning in the 1st trimester)
United States1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 80.1 82.4 83.9 86.4 87.7 62.1 68.2 72.4
New England1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.0 88.6 88.1 88.9 91.1 90.6 69.4 76.5 77.8
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 88.8 89.3 85.9 89.2 89.7 79.7 80.2 84.3
New Hampshire1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3 89.0 89.5 86.5 89.6 89.9 69.2 77.2 77.2
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.4 86.1 87.6 83.5 86.4 87.8 *69.2 62.7 *73.6
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 88.8 87.4 89.4 91.7 90.4 69.0 76.7 76.3
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.0 89.4 89.6 91.0 92.3 92.0 75.1 77.3 80.0
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3 88.1 88.4 90.8 92.1 91.9 68.8 76.1 79.4
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.1 79.1 81.7 86.4 87.0 88.2 57.0 63.0 68.3
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.7 76.0 80.3 86.0 86.0 87.7 56.1 62.6 69.7
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.6 82.2 81.6 89.4 90.0 89.5 62.8 65.2 64.5
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.7 82.0 84.3 85.2 86.5 87.9 54.1 61.7 68.7
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.7 82.0 83.4 84.6 86.6 87.5 63.6 66.9 70.1
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 84.1 85.3 85.0 87.1 87.8 65.5 69.2 72.7
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 80.2 80.1 80.4 82.5 82.6 59.1 64.8 65.4
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 80.1 82.2 85.7 88.1 89.3 62.8 65.9 69.5
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.0 82.6 84.2 84.9 87.1 88.3 65.5 68.1 71.0
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 83.0 84.3 86.2 87.2 88.0 59.2 63.1 67.5
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 84.0 85.2 84.6 86.9 88.0 62.9 68.3 72.4
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.3 83.2 84.0 85.0 86.6 87.4 52.0 57.7 65.0
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 87.1 87.3 86.5 88.2 88.7 70.0 72.0 74.1
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.4 83.5 85.9 83.1 86.7 88.4 62.1 68.6 73.4
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 83.2 85.0 84.8 84.8 87.1 78.8 83.8 76.8
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 81.2 82.2 82.6 84.9 86.0 74.4 74.3 70.5
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 83.5 84.1 84.8 86.3 87.0 66.0 68.9 72.0
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1 84.7 85.6 85.0 88.0 89.1 68.8 73.1 76.0
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.4 81.5 84.3 83.6 87.6 89.5 61.6 69.4 74.3
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 83.5 83.2 86.3 88.5 88.2 60.4 70.9 73.0
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.1 86.6 88.3 90.3 92.1 92.9 71.5 76.0 79.8
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 57.2 67.6 88.4 86.4 89.4 51.3 52.3 62.7
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 83.2 84.9 86.9 88.6 90.0 66.5 70.9 73.4
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.5 80.4 82.6 75.5 81.0 83.2 51.3 64.1 67.1
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 82.0 84.0 84.6 88.4 90.0 61.6 68.7 73.4
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.6 76.0 80.4 79.5 84.4 87.5 54.5 62.6 69.0
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.5 81.6 85.8 82.3 87.8 91.0 62.1 72.1 78.6
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 81.3 83.6 81.6 86.7 88.6 59.6 69.3 72.6
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.9 80.8 83.0 82.3 85.9 87.9 63.4 67.8 70.7
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.7 82.8 85.6 80.3 84.4 86.8 64.9 68.9 75.9
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 81.9 83.7 82.5 85.9 87.7 66.1 69.5 72.0
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 81.1 82.1 82.8 87.7 88.7 61.2 68.7 69.7
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.4 76.0 79.8 85.1 86.0 89.0 63.1 65.2 69.3
West South Central1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 75.7 78.9 79.9 83.6 85.8 60.4 67.9 72.1
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 75.2 76.1 76.3 80.0 80.7 55.5 60.6 63.8
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 79.0 81.5 85.0 87.2 89.1 62.2 68.3 71.2
Oklahoma1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 76.1 78.6 76.6 79.9 81.9 56.1 62.7 68.0
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 74.9 78.6 79.9 84.2 86.8 60.5 69.6 74.8
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6 76.5 78.1 80.8 83.5 84.8 61.2 67.1 71.3
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 81.2 82.5 80.2 83.7 84.9 72.5 79.1 75.9
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 78.9 78.7 78.0 81.8 81.6 70.7 78.7 72.2
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 82.2 81.9 81.7 84.3 83.8 67.8 69.8 69.7
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 80.2 82.2 83.5 85.4 87.5 65.9 70.1 76.4
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 66.7 69.2 69.5 76.8 77.8 51.5 59.6 62.3
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 71.2 74.7 79.3 81.0 84.4 63.2 67.7 71.5
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 85.2 83.2 86.3 87.5 86.4 68.9 71.4 67.2
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 74.7 76.1 76.7 81.0 83.3 53.3 63.2 66.8
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.3 78.4 81.7 83.4 85.1 86.8 69.9 75.4 79.0
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.6 82.0 83.2 82.1 85.1 86.0 65.8 73.9 77.0
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.1 79.1 80.4 79.4 81.7 83.1 64.6 70.8 78.4
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 77.7 81.6 84.3 85.6 87.7 70.1 75.4 79.0
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 83.7 80.9 85.1 86.2 83.4 81.6 85.1 82.3
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.8 80.9 84.3 79.2 85.5 90.1 69.2 82.5 89.5
See footnotes at end of table.
132 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 142
Table 7 (page 2 of 2). Early prenatal care according to race of mother, Hispanic origin of mother,
geographic division, and State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
American Indian or
Hispanic2 Alaska Native3 Asian or Pacific Islander3
Geographic division
and State 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98
Percent of live births with early prenatal care (beginning in the 1st trimester)
United States4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 68.8 73.4 59.9 65.1 68.2 75.7 79.1 82.2
New England4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.4 78.3 77.4 72.4 76.1 75.8 76.9 82.3 82.2
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 77.5 80.2 71.6 77.2 72.9 75.5 79.7 81.5
New Hampshire4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 83.4 77.3 83.9 76.1 86.2 84.1 87.6 84.6
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 78.2 82.8 *75.7 *66.7 *79.3 74.1 74.5 75.7
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.0 78.7 75.9 74.0 77.0 71.1 75.0 81.7 81.0
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 82.2 82.6 68.2 77.6 81.5 74.8 78.3 81.5
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.3 76.2 78.2 73.5 73.4 75.2 84.4 85.9 85.9
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 63.8 70.7 68.7 71.5 74.2 71.5 74.5 77.8
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 61.1 70.5 68.0 68.1 73.2 66.6 71.1 75.0
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 69.8 71.0 75.4 79.3 71.8 85.1 83.1 83.2
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 67.7 71.5 63.5 68.3 78.2 70.8 74.3 78.5
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 69.7 72.4 65.6 70.3 72.6 74.9 77.7 82.1
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 75.3 76.8 72.1 77.3 79.4 84.3 85.9 86.0
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 68.1 65.9 65.5 72.3 68.1 80.5 81.5 81.8
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 69.1 72.6 66.7 68.9 75.1 78.6 81.0 85.2
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.7 71.7 73.2 66.3 74.3 73.9 79.5 82.7 85.6
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 68.6 71.3 63.2 64.7 69.3 48.8 53.4 62.3
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 66.5 67.8 59.4 64.4 66.9 65.4 69.7 73.2
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 60.7 61.7 50.9 57.2 62.1 50.4 56.1 61.2
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1 71.9 71.0 66.8 69.3 69.9 78.8 82.6 82.0
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.0 77.2 76.8 68.3 73.4 76.9 81.0 83.4 84.2
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 77.9 73.8 61.4 69.4 70.1 76.5 73.6 78.4
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.4 71.7 72.2 59.7 62.2 64.3 73.0 74.4 74.8
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 65.3 67.6 62.8 66.6 67.5 73.3 76.3 82.1
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 63.1 65.9 70.9 75.5 77.7 74.0 78.7 82.5
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 76.0 78.1 66.7 73.6 73.9 77.6 81.3 85.4
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 68.2 68.7 *66.1 80.9 *76.2 84.4 86.2 84.0
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 80.6 81.4 79.4 80.9 84.0 86.0 87.4 89.5
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 51.5 64.1 * * * 40.7 44.8 73.2
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 69.4 72.8 75.7 79.4 81.0 77.6 79.5 83.7
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 76.2 76.5 * *64.1 *84.2 73.0 79.9 82.2
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 68.2 68.5 68.6 74.5 72.5 79.2 80.1 81.9
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 66.0 65.9 61.6 65.9 76.1 73.7 76.8 76.0
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 72.5 76.0 69.7 78.0 82.9 75.4 81.3 87.3
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 78.6 81.4 55.1 66.8 69.4 78.8 83.3 87.1
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 71.4 66.7 70.9 73.8 75.7 76.2 80.7 83.4
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 76.1 74.0 74.4 78.2 79.4 75.0 81.1 84.6
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 69.9 64.5 58.1 69.6 73.8 76.7 81.9 84.0
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 69.1 62.5 79.7 75.7 80.0 80.2 81.9 83.4
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.0 74.8 77.1 75.0 74.6 72.8 70.5 74.6 80.1
West South Central4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 66.3 71.3 60.5 66.8 70.4 77.4 81.9 85.6
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 61.0 59.8 59.4 69.5 68.4 74.0 74.7 73.4
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 80.3 83.8 75.0 78.3 78.0 74.7 79.6 83.7
Oklahoma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 65.8 68.6 59.4 65.6 69.3 72.5 77.2 81.7
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 66.2 71.4 62.6 69.1 74.1 78.3 82.9 86.6
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 61.9 65.3 51.6 56.3 60.9 73.1 75.7 78.0
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 72.6 76.7 60.1 63.1 66.4 71.4 76.1 79.7
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 59.0 61.2 55.6 57.6 59.3 77.7 79.7 78.2
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 67.2 71.1 65.4 65.6 65.1 71.7 80.5 84.4
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 65.2 68.3 58.2 65.7 71.9 71.7 75.5 80.0
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 63.2 66.2 46.3 50.9 55.6 61.7 72.7 74.3
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 59.2 64.1 50.8 56.0 61.0 79.1 78.3 82.4
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 68.0 64.5 54.7 60.7 59.0 70.1 71.7 69.8
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 61.0 64.0 60.0 63.7 70.3 74.4 76.9 78.5
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 70.9 76.6 67.3 71.0 72.7 77.0 80.5 83.5
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 66.1 70.8 62.0 69.5 72.1 72.6 77.4 80.5
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 62.6 66.6 62.2 64.4 66.2 76.3 77.7 80.2
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 71.1 77.0 65.7 68.2 71.8 78.4 81.1 84.2
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 82.5 78.1 73.4 76.9 75.7 78.7 81.3 75.2
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 78.3 83.0 70.7 81.3 82.9 72.0 79.2 82.3
* Percents preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Percents not shown are based on fewer than 20 events.
- - - Data not available.
1
Percents for white and black are substituted for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black for those States and years in which Hispanic origin was not reported on
the birth certificate: Oklahoma 1990, and New Hampshire 1990–92.
2
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
Includes persons of Hispanic origin.
4
Percents for Hispanic origin exclude data from States not reporting Hispanic origin on the birth certificate for 1 or more years in 3-year period.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 133
Extracted source page 143
Table 8. Teenage childbearing, according to detailed race of mother and Hispanic origin of mother:
United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Maternal age, race of mother,
and Hispanic origin of mother 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Age of mother under 18 years Percent of live births
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 7.6 5.8 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.6
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 6.0 4.5 3.7 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 16.3 12.5 10.6 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.3 9.7 8.9
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 11.2 9.4 7.6 7.2 8.0 8.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.4
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.4 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.6 5.7 6.5 7.0 7.1 8.0 7.6 6.8 6.7 7.8
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.2 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3
Hispanic origin (selected States)1,2 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7.4 6.4 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.2 6.9
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7.7 6.9 6.9 7.3 7.5 7.9 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.2
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 10.0 8.5 9.1 9.6 10.2 10.8 10.8 10.2 9.5 9.2
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.8 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.4 2.4 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.6
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.9 9.4 9.4 9.0 8.8 8.9 8.8
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)1 . . . . . . --- --- 4.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)1 . . . . . . --- --- 12.7 10.7 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.9 10.8 10.4 9.8 9.0
Age of mother 18–19 years
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 11.3 9.8 8.0 8.1 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.9
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 10.3 9.0 7.1 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 16.9 14.5 12.9 13.0 12.4 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.6
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 15.2 14.6 12.4 12.3 11.9 11.9 12.3 12.7 12.3 12.2 12.5
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.3 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 5.0 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.1
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 13.3 12.3 11.9 11.4 11.3 11.6 11.5 11.6 11.9 11.0
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.8 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.5
Hispanic origin (selected States)1,2 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 11.6 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.1 9.8 10.0
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 12.0 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.2 10.3
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 13.3 12.4 12.6 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 12.7 12.7
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 9.2 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.0
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 10.8 10.5 11.1 11.1 11.6 11.4 11.1 11.1 10.9 11.4
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)1 . . . . . . --- --- 8.5 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.4
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)1 . . . . . . --- --- 14.7 12.9 13.0 12.5 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.7
- - - Data not available.
1
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the
reporting area increased from 22 in 1980, to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC
in 1991–92, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
2
Includes mothers of all races.
NOTES: The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC,
Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Report of final natality statistics, for each
data year 1970–96. Monthly vital statistics report. Hyattsville, Maryland.
134 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 144
Table 9. Nonmarital childbearing according to detailed race of mother, Hispanic origin of mother, and maternal
age and birth rates for unmarried women by race of mother and Hispanic origin of mother:
United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Race of mother,
Hispanic origin of mother,
and maternal age 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent of live births to unmarried mothers
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 14.3 18.4 22.0 28.0 30.1 31.0 32.6 32.2 32.4 32.4 32.8
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 7.1 11.2 14.7 20.4 22.6 23.6 25.4 25.3 25.7 25.8 26.3
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 49.5 56.1 61.2 66.5 68.1 68.7 70.4 69.9 69.8 69.2 69.1
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 32.7 39.2 46.8 53.6 55.3 55.8 57.0 57.2 58.0 58.7 59.3
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 7.3 9.5 13.2 14.7 15.7 16.2 16.3 16.7 15.6 15.6
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 1.6 2.7 3.0 5.0 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.9 9.2 6.5 6.4
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.6 5.2 7.9 9.6 9.8 10.0 11.2 10.8 11.4 10.1 9.7
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 6.9 8.6 11.4 15.9 16.8 17.7 18.5 19.5 19.4 19.5 19.7
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 32.9 37.3 45.0 45.7 47.8 48.6 49.0 49.9 49.1 51.1
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 5.4 8.5 12.6 14.9 16.1 16.4 16.2 16.5 15.6 15.2
Hispanic origin (selected States)1,2 . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 23.6 29.5 36.7 39.1 40.0 43.1 40.8 40.7 40.9 41.6
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 20.3 25.7 33.3 36.3 37.0 40.8 38.1 37.9 38.9 39.6
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 46.3 51.1 55.9 57.5 59.4 60.2 60.0 60.7 59.4 59.5
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 10.0 16.1 18.2 20.2 21.0 22.9 23.8 24.7 24.4 24.8
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 27.1 34.9 41.2 43.9 45.2 45.9 44.1 44.1 41.8 42.0
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- 22.4 31.1 37.2 37.6 38.7 43.5 44.0 43.5 43.6 45.3
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)1 . . . . . . - - - --- 9.6 12.4 16.9 18.5 19.5 20.8 21.2 21.5 21.5 21.9
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)1 . . . . . . - - - --- 57.3 62.1 66.7 68.3 68.9 70.7 70.0 70.0 69.4 69.3
Number of live births, in thousands
Live births to unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . 399 448 666 828 1,165 1,225 1,240 1,290 1,254 1,260 1,257 1,294
Maternal age Percent distribution of live births to unmarried mothers
Under 20 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 52.1 40.8 33.8 30.9 29.8 29.7 30.5 30.9 30.4 30.7 30.1
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 29.9 35.6 36.3 34.7 35.6 35.4 34.8 34.5 34.2 34.9 35.6
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 18.0 23.5 29.9 34.4 34.6 34.9 34.6 34.7 35.3 34.4 34.3
Live births per 1,000 unmarried women 15–44 years of age3
All races and origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 24.5 29.4 32.8 43.8 45.2 45.3 46.9 45.1 44.8 44.0 44.3
White4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 12.4 18.1 22.5 32.9 35.2 35.9 38.3 37.5 37.6 37.0 37.5
Black4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.5 84.2 81.1 77.0 90.5 86.5 84.0 82.1 75.9 74.4 73.4 73.3
Hispanic origin (selected States)1,2 . . . . . . . . . - - - --- --- --- 89.6 95.3 95.2 101.2 95.0 93.2 91.4 90.1
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - --- --- --- --- --- --- 28.5 28.2 28.3 27.0 27.4
- - - Data not available.
1
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the
reporting area increased from 22 in 1980, to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC
in 1991–92, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
2
Includes mothers of all races.
3
Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women 15–44 years of age.
4
For 1970 and 1975, birth rates are by race of child.
NOTES: National estimates for 1970 and 1975 for unmarried mothers based on births occurring in States reporting marital status of mother (see Appendix I, National
Vital Statistics System). The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic
origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In 1995 procedures implemented in California to more accurately identify the marital status of
Hispanic mothers account for some of the decline in measures of nonmarital childbearing for women of all races, white women, and Hispanic women between 1994
and 1995. Other reporting changes implemented in California, Nevada, New York City, and Connecticut in 1997 and 1998 have affected trends for all groups. See
Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System, Birth certificate items. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC,
Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Ventura SJ. Births to unmarried mothers:
United States, 1980–92. Vital Health Stat 21(53). 1995; Report of final natality statistics, for each data year 1993–96. Monthly vital statistics report. Hyattsville,
Maryland.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 135
Extracted source page 145
Table 10. Maternal education for live births, according to detailed race of mother and Hispanic origin
of mother: United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Mother’s education, race of mother,
and Hispanic origin of mother 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Less than 12 years
of education Percent of live births1
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.8 28.6 23.7 20.6 23.8 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.4 22.1 21.9
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 25.1 20.8 17.8 22.4 22.3 22.0 21.7 21.6 21.6 21.3 21.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 45.3 36.4 32.6 30.2 30.0 29.8 29.3 28.7 28.2 27.6 26.9
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 52.7 44.2 39.0 36.4 35.9 34.8 34.0 33.0 33.0 32.8 32.7
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 21.0 19.4 20.0 19.0 18.1 17.4 16.1 15.0 14.0 12.9
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 16.5 15.2 15.5 15.8 15.2 14.3 13.7 12.9 12.8 12.3 11.4
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 9.1 5.0 4.8 3.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 22.3 16.4 13.9 10.3 9.3 8.8 8.9 8.0 7.4 7.3 6.9
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 20.7 18.7 19.3 18.6 17.3 18.5 17.6 16.9 16.8 18.5
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 27.6 24.3 26.8 25.7 24.6 23.3 21.2 19.4 17.8 15.9
Hispanic origin (selected States)2,3 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 51.1 44.5 53.9 54.1 53.4 52.7 52.1 51.4 50.3 49.3
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 62.8 59.0 61.4 61.3 60.4 59.5 58.6 57.7 56.3 55.2
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 55.3 46.6 42.7 41.0 40.3 39.6 38.6 38.1 37.1 35.9
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.1 21.1 17.8 15.6 14.6 15.0 14.4 14.5 13.7 13.0
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 41.2 37.0 44.2 43.6 43.0 42.0 41.7 40.8 39.6 38.5
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 40.1 36.5 33.3 34.7 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.0 32.8 33.6
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 18.3 15.8 15.2 14.5 14.0 13.5 13.3 13.0 12.9 12.8
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 37.4 33.5 30.0 29.8 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.0 27.5 26.7
16 years or more
of education
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 11.4 14.0 16.7 17.5 18.9 19.5 20.4 21.4 22.1 22.8 23.4
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 12.7 15.5 18.6 19.3 20.7 21.4 22.2 23.1 23.9 24.6 25.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.3 6.2 7.0 7.2 7.8 8.2 8.7 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.2 3.5 3.7 4.4 4.7 5.5 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.8 6.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 30.8 30.3 31.0 32.5 33.0 33.9 35.0 36.2 38.0 39.7
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 37.8 41.5 35.2 40.3 44.0 45.7 46.6 49.0 49.1 51.1 53.8
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 30.6 36.8 38.1 44.1 46.6 46.3 45.2 46.2 46.8 48.3 49.1
Filipino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1 36.6 37.1 35.2 34.5 35.8 36.1 36.6 36.7 38.0 38.6 39.2
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7.9 6.5 6.8 8.0 8.5 8.9 9.7 11.3 11.0 11.0
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 29.2 30.2 27.3 28.0 28.1 29.4 30.5 32.2 34.4 36.7
Hispanic origin (selected States)2,3 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 4.2 6.0 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.0
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.2 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.7
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.0 4.6 6.5 7.3 7.5 8.1 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.5
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 11.6 15.0 20.4 22.5 24.3 24.8 26.5 27.0 27.8 28.6
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.1 8.1 8.6 9.2 9.4 9.8 10.3 11.2 11.9 12.5
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.5 7.2 8.5 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.5 11.1 11.7 11.5
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 16.4 19.3 22.6 24.4 25.3 26.5 27.7 28.8 29.7 30.4
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . . . --- --- 5.7 6.7 7.3 7.8 8.2 8.7 9.5 10.0 10.6 11.0
- - - Data not available.
1
Excludes live births for whom education of mother is unknown.
2
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. Data shown only for States with an
Hispanic-origin item and education of mother item on their birth certificates. The number of States reporting both items increased from 20 in 1980, to 21 and the District
of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 26 and DC in 1988, 45 and DC in 1989, 47 and DC in 1990–91, 49 and DC in 1992, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see
Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
3
Includes mothers of all races.
NOTES: Excludes births that occurred in States not reporting education (see Appendix I). The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or
Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Maternal education groups shown in
this table generally represent the group at highest risk for unfavorable birth outcomes (less than 12 years of education) and the group at lowest risk (16 years or more
of education). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
136 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 146
Table 11. Mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, according to mother’s detailed race,
Hispanic origin, age, and educational attainment: Selected States, 1989–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Characteristic of mother 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Race of mother1 Percent of mothers who smoked2
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 18.4 16.9 15.8 14.6 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 19.4 17.9 16.8 15.6 15.0 14.7 14.3 14.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.7 11.4 10.6 10.2 9.7 9.5
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 23.0 22.4 22.5 21.6 21.0 20.9 21.3 20.8 20.2
Asian or Pacific Islander3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.3 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 8.0 6.6 6.7 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.8
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.3 4.8 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . 19.3 21.0 18.5 17.2 16.0 15.9 15.3 15.8 16.8
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4
Hispanic origin and race of mother4
Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 6.7 5.8 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.3 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 13.6 12.7 11.2 10.9 10.4 11.0 11.0 10.7
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 6.4 5.9 5.0 4.8 4.1 4.7 4.2 3.7
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 12.1 10.8 10.1 9.3 8.1 8.2 9.1 8.5 8.0
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 21.0 19.7 18.6 17.7 17.1 16.9 16.5 16.2
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 15.9 13.8 12.7 11.5 10.6 10.3 9.8 9.6
Age of mother1
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 7.5 6.9 7.0 6.7 7.3 7.7 8.1 7.7
15–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 20.8 18.6 17.5 16.7 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.8
15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 17.6 15.6 14.8 14.4 14.6 15.4 15.5 15.5
18–19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 22.5 20.3 19.1 18.1 18.1 18.3 18.8 19.2
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 22.1 20.3 19.2 17.8 17.1 16.8 16.6 16.5
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 18.0 16.1 14.8 13.5 12.8 12.3 11.8 11.4
30–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 15.3 14.5 13.4 12.3 11.4 10.9 10.0 9.3
35–39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 13.3 13.4 12.8 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.1 10.6
40–54 years5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 12.3 11.6 11.0 10.3 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.0
Education of mother6 Percent of mothers 20 years of age and over who smoked2
0–8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 17.5 15.5 13.9 12.1 11.0 10.3 9.9 9.5
9–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 40.5 37.8 36.1 33.6 32.0 31.1 30.2 29.3
12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 21.9 20.7 19.9 18.7 18.3 18.0 17.5 17.1
13–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 12.8 12.1 11.4 10.8 10.6 10.4 9.9 9.6
16 years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.5 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2
1
Includes data for 43 States and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1989, 45 States and DC in 1990, 46 States and DC in 1991–93, and 46 States, DC, and New York
City (NYC) in 1994–97. Excludes data for California, Indiana, New York (but includes NYC in 1994–97), and South Dakota (1989–97), Oklahoma (1989–90), and
Louisiana and Nebraska (1989), which did not require the reporting of mother’s tobacco use during pregnancy on the birth certificate (see Appendix I).
2
Excludes live births for whom smoking status of mother is unknown.
3
Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy was not reported on the birth certificates of California and New York, which in 1998 together accounted for 43 percent of the
births to Asian or Pacific Islander mothers.
4
Includes data for 42 States and DC in 1989, 44 States and DC in 1990, 45 States and DC in 1991–92, 46 States and DC in 1993, and 46 States, DC, and NYC in
1994–98. Excludes data for California, Indiana, New York (but includes NYC in 1994–98), and South Dakota (1989–98), New Hampshire (1989–92), Oklahoma
(1989–90), and Louisiana and Nebraska (1989), which did not require the reporting of either Hispanic origin of mother or tobacco use during pregnancy on the birth
certificate (see Appendix I).
5
Prior to 1997 data are for live births to mothers 45–49 years of age.
6
Includes data for 42 States and DC in 1989, 44 States and DC in 1990, 45 States and DC in 1991, 46 States and DC in 1992–93, and 46 States, DC, and NYC in
1994–98. Excludes data for California, Indiana, New York (but includes NYC in 1994–98), and South Dakota (1989–98), Washington (1989–91), Oklahoma (1989–90),
and Louisiana and Nebraska (1989), which did not require the reporting of either mother’s education or tobacco use during pregnancy on the birth certificate (see
Appendix I).
NOTES: The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC,
Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Report of final natality statistics, for each
data year 1989–96. Monthly vital statistics report. Hyattsville, Maryland.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 137
Extracted source page 147
Table 12. Low-birthweight live births, according to mother’s detailed race, Hispanic origin, and smoking status:
United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Birthweight, race of mother,
Hispanic origin of mother,
and smoking status of mother 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Low birthweight
(less than 2,500 grams) Percent of live births1
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.93 7.38 6.84 6.75 6.97 7.08 7.22 7.28 7.32 7.39 7.51 7.57
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.85 6.27 5.72 5.65 5.70 5.80 5.98 6.11 6.22 6.34 6.46 6.52
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.90 13.19 12.69 12.65 13.25 13.31 13.34 13.24 13.13 13.01 13.01 13.05
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 7.97 6.41 6.44 5.86 6.11 6.22 6.42 6.45 6.61 6.49 6.75 6.81
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.68 6.16 6.45 6.57 6.55 6.81 6.90 7.07 7.23 7.42
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.67 5.29 5.21 4.98 4.69 4.98 4.91 4.76 5.29 5.03 5.06 5.34
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.03 7.47 6.60 6.21 6.16 7.00 6.53 6.91 7.26 7.27 6.82 7.50
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.02 8.08 7.40 6.95 7.30 7.43 6.99 7.77 7.83 7.92 8.33 8.23
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7.23 6.49 7.24 6.89 6.76 7.20 6.84 6.77 7.20 7.15
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.83 6.19 6.65 6.68 6.89 7.06 7.05 7.42 7.54 7.76
Hispanic origin (selected States)2,3 . . . . . . --- --- 6.12 6.16 6.06 6.10 6.24 6.25 6.29 6.28 6.42 6.44
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.62 5.77 5.55 5.61 5.77 5.80 5.81 5.86 5.97 5.97
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 8.95 8.69 8.99 9.19 9.23 9.13 9.41 9.24 9.39 9.68
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.62 6.02 5.67 6.10 6.18 6.27 6.50 6.46 6.78 6.50
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.76 5.68 5.84 5.77 5.94 6.02 6.20 6.03 6.26 6.47
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.96 6.83 6.87 7.24 7.51 7.54 7.55 7.68 7.93 7.59
2
White, non-Hispanic (selected States) . . . . --- --- 5.67 5.60 5.61 5.73 5.92 6.06 6.20 6.36 6.47 6.55
2
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States) . . . . --- --- 12.71 12.61 13.32 13.40 13.43 13.34 13.21 13.12 13.11 13.17
Cigarette smoker4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 11.25 11.49 11.84 12.28 12.18 12.13 12.06 12.01
Nonsmoker4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.14 6.35 6.56 6.71 6.79 6.91 7.07 7.18
Very low birthweight
(less than 1,500 grams)
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.29 1.33 1.33 1.35 1.37 1.42 1.45
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.95 0.96 1.01 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.15
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40 2.40 2.48 2.71 2.92 2.96 2.96 2.96 2.97 2.99 3.04 3.08
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 0.98 0.95 0.92 1.01 1.01 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.21 1.19 1.24
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.92 0.85 0.87 0.91 0.86 0.93 0.91 0.99 1.05 1.10
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80 0.52 0.66 0.57 0.51 0.67 0.63 0.58 0.67 0.64 0.74 0.75
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.48 0.89 0.94 0.84 0.73 0.85 0.74 0.92 0.87 0.81 0.78 0.84
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.08 0.93 0.99 0.86 1.05 1.05 0.95 1.19 1.13 1.20 1.29 1.35
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.05 1.03 0.97 1.02 1.14 1.20 0.94 0.97 1.41 1.53
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.96 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.89 0.93 0.91 1.04 1.07 1.12
Hispanic origin (selected States)2,3 . . . . . . --- --- 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.92 0.97 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.29 1.30 1.62 1.70 1.66 1.63 1.79 1.70 1.85 1.86
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.02 1.18 1.20 1.24 1.23 1.31 1.19 1.35 1.36 1.33
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.99 1.01 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.23
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.01 0.96 1.09 1.10 1.23 1.29 1.28 1.48 1.35 1.38
White, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . --- --- 0.86 0.90 0.93 0.94 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.15
Black, non-Hispanic (selected States)2 . . . . --- --- 2.46 2.66 2.93 2.97 2.99 2.99 2.98 3.02 3.05 3.11
Cigarette smoker4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.73 1.74 1.77 1.81 1.85 1.85 1.83 1.87
Nonsmoker4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.18 1.22 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.35 1.40 1.44
- - - Data not available.
1
Excludes live births with unknown birthweight. Percent based on live births with known birthweight.
2
Trend data for Hispanics and non-Hispanics are affected by expansion of the reporting area for an Hispanic-origin item on the birth certificate and by immigration.
These two factors affect numbers of events, composition of the Hispanic population, and maternal and infant health characteristics. The number of States in the
reporting area increased from 22 in 1980, to 23 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC
in 1991–92, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
3
Includes mothers of all races.
4
Percent based on live births with known smoking status of mother and known birthweight. Includes data for 43 States and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1989, 45
States and DC in 1990, 46 States and DC in 1991–93, and 46 States, DC, and New York City (NYC) in 1994–98. Excludes data for California, Indiana, New York (but
includes NYC in 1994–98), and South Dakota (1989–98), Oklahoma (1989–90), and Louisiana and Nebraska (1989), which did not require the reporting of mother’s
tobacco use during pregnancy on the birth certificate (see Appendix I).
NOTES: The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC,
Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48, no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; Report of final natality statistics, for each
data year 1970–96. Monthly vital statistics report. Hyattsville, Maryland.
138 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 148
Table 13. Low-birthweight live births among mothers 20 years of age and over, by mother’s detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and educational attainment: United States, 1989–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Mother’s education, race of mother,
and Hispanic origin of mother 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Less than 12 years of education Percent of live births weighing less than 2,500 grams1
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.6 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.4
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 7.0 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.4 16.2 16.0 15.5 15.4 15.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 7.3 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.0 8.0 7.7 7.7 8.0
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.7 7.1 6.8 7.4
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.2 4.4 4.6 4.6 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.9
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 10.6 7.0 9.4 7.4 11.0 8.3 2.6 5.0
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 7.2 6.8 6.2 8.2 7.5 8.0 7.8 7.9
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . 11.0 10.7 9.5 9.1 8.0 9.8 10.1 7.4 8.5
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.7 7.5 7.1 7.8
Hispanic origin2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.6
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 10.3 10.4 10.3 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.6 10.7
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 7.9 7.8 6.5 8.2 9.2 8.0 9.5 7.4
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.8 6.2
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 8.2 8.0 7.8 8.1 7.6 7.7 8.0 8.3 7.7
White, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.1 9.1 9.1
Black, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.6 16.2 15.8 15.6 15.3
12 years of education
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.9
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.7
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.3 13.2 13.1 13.1
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 5.6 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.9
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.9 5.7 4.9 5.3 5.7 4.9 5.2 4.7
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 6.2 7.4 7.2 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.9 8.0
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 7.6 7.4 6.5 7.5 7.7 7.8 8.2 8.0
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.5 7.2 6.7
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.0 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.6
Hispanic origin2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.4
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.7 6.0
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.1 8.7 8.8 8.7 9.4
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.2 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.0 6.9 6.0
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.3 6.2
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.4 7.3
White, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.8
Black, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.5 13.4 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.3
13 years or more of education
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.5
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 5.6 4.7 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.7 6.0 6.2 5.9
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.3
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.0 6.9 6.3 6.8 7.1 7.2 6.6 7.4
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.0
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . 6.3 4.7 5.4 5.2 5.9 5.0 5.4 6.6 6.6
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.9 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.5
Hispanic origin2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.3
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.8
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.9 7.8 8.2 8.2
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.6 6.4 6.0 6.3
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.7 6.1 6.5
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.6 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.8
White, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7
Black, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.4 11.5 11.6
1
Excludes live births with unknown birthweight. Percent based on live births with known birthweight.
2
Data shown only for States with an Hispanic-origin item and education of mother on their birth certificates. The number of States reporting both items increased from
45, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC) in 1989, to 47, DC, and NYC in 1990–91, 49 and DC in 1992, and 50 and DC in 1993 and later years (see
Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System).
3
Includes mothers of all races.
NOTES: Includes data for 48 States, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC) in 1989–91 and all 50 States and DC starting in 1992. Excludes data for
births to residents of upstate New York and Washington (1989–91), which did not require the reporting of education of mother on the birth certificate (see Appendix I).
The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely,
persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 139
Extracted source page 149
Table 14 (page 1 of 2). Low-birthweight live births, according to race of mother, Hispanic origin of mother,
geographic division, and State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98
Percent of live births weighing less than 2,500 grams
United States1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.05 7.27 7.49 5.68 6.06 6.46 13.44 13.33 13.13
New England1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.99 6.32 6.78 5.17 5.55 6.06 12.21 11.84 11.79
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.20 5.73 5.88 5.27 5.74 5.95 * * *13.27
New Hampshire1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.01 5.20 5.44 4.97 5.04 5.31 *9.30 *10.70 *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.51 5.69 6.32 5.31 5.63 6.22 * * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.90 6.29 6.77 5.12 5.53 6.13 11.43 11.48 11.12
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.15 6.57 7.28 5.50 5.91 6.46 10.55 11.30 11.35
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.79 6.96 7.43 5.21 5.60 6.16 13.73 12.50 12.82
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.44 7.55 7.73 5.50 5.82 6.27 14.03 13.49 13.02
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.69 7.64 7.77 5.45 5.68 6.19 13.74 12.96 12.32
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18 7.57 7.84 5.29 5.80 6.26 13.70 13.78 13.86
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20 7.39 7.57 5.66 5.99 6.36 14.96 14.43 13.86
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.26 7.49 7.64 5.70 6.08 6.47 14.33 14.25 13.73
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.32 7.53 7.66 6.04 6.36 6.64 13.91 13.82 13.34
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.64 7.10 7.76 5.91 6.42 7.06 12.40 12.73 13.68
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.69 7.94 7.96 5.60 5.98 6.44 14.66 14.92 14.22
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.61 7.71 7.72 5.67 6.08 6.35 14.91 14.23 13.51
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.98 6.17 6.40 4.99 5.22 5.58 13.97 13.95 13.21
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.06 6.39 6.69 5.32 5.72 6.20 13.02 13.09 12.91
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19 5.66 5.84 4.51 5.03 5.61 12.71 12.05 11.42
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.59 5.86 6.38 5.33 5.60 6.11 12.27 12.33 12.66
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31 7.56 7.68 6.00 6.38 6.65 13.56 13.63 13.48
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 5.33 6.15 5.02 5.15 6.17 *9.70 *9.91 *11.69
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.22 5.63 5.73 5.08 5.45 5.72 * *10.08 *10.36
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.50 6.11 6.60 5.03 5.67 6.32 11.78 12.36 11.58
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.30 6.49 6.96 5.74 5.96 6.49 11.89 12.53 13.20
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.04 8.27 8.45 5.96 6.37 6.75 13.07 13.15 13.09
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.70 7.87 8.54 5.66 6.23 6.50 13.77 13.03 14.41
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.05 8.49 8.68 5.51 6.08 6.39 13.38 13.52 13.37
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.93 14.09 13.60 5.74 5.25 6.15 17.45 16.62 16.28
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.27 7.50 7.77 5.63 5.91 6.28 12.45 12.59 12.49
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.05 7.52 8.10 6.83 7.29 7.95 12.91 13.59 12.94
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.27 8.66 8.80 6.23 6.75 7.08 13.05 13.59 13.82
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.97 9.26 9.30 6.28 6.75 6.99 13.25 13.49 13.60
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.60 8.70 8.62 6.10 6.40 6.58 12.97 12.98 12.83
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.43 7.65 7.98 5.86 6.26 6.77 12.36 12.33 12.30
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.39 8.71 8.98 6.55 6.98 7.42 13.21 13.41 13.48
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.03 7.47 7.94 6.51 6.98 7.49 12.08 12.59 12.73
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.50 8.76 8.89 6.75 7.12 7.46 14.18 14.32 14.07
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.53 8.91 9.26 6.28 6.88 7.33 12.83 12.94 13.34
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.72 9.92 10.03 6.63 6.81 7.34 13.08 13.33 13.31
West South Central1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.40 7.50 7.77 5.98 6.27 6.73 13.33 13.10 13.29
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.18 8.20 8.57 6.57 6.89 7.31 13.49 12.80 13.41
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.32 9.55 10.05 6.12 6.43 6.98 13.80 13.86 14.49
Oklahoma1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.62 6.89 7.27 6.02 6.37 6.80 11.93 12.34 12.63
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.00 7.08 7.30 5.83 6.09 6.54 13.13 12.71 12.51
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.83 7.06 7.34 6.41 6.70 7.08 14.20 14.07 13.70
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92 6.03 6.56 5.94 5.84 6.28 * * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.65 5.57 6.02 5.61 5.44 5.84 * * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.23 7.83 8.76 7.05 7.59 8.69 *11.41 *13.98 *15.82
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.24 8.46 8.75 7.49 7.90 8.34 16.08 15.46 14.48
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.23 7.39 7.63 6.84 7.39 7.68 12.98 10.43 13.46
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.41 6.74 6.80 6.07 6.52 6.63 12.34 13.30 12.88
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.79 6.04 6.65 5.65 5.89 6.44 12.52 11.25 15.06
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20 7.45 7.57 6.55 6.93 7.28 14.46 14.59 13.78
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.76 5.97 6.07 5.01 5.33 5.47 12.52 12.30 11.73
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.23 5.32 5.63 4.85 4.99 5.25 11.67 10.75 10.32
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.03 5.34 5.39 4.77 5.14 5.14 11.36 10.68 10.71
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.85 6.08 6.15 5.10 5.48 5.61 12.64 12.46 11.90
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.81 5.26 5.78 4.25 4.80 5.30 9.90 10.77 12.00
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.02 7.01 7.34 5.41 5.35 5.35 11.53 11.82 9.79
See footnotes at end of table.
140 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 150
Table 14 (page 2 of 2). Low-birthweight live births, according to race of mother, Hispanic origin of mother,
geographic division, and State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Hispanic2 American Indian or Alaska Native3 Asian or Pacific Islander3
Geographic division
and State 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98
Percent of live births weighing less than 2,500 grams
United States4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10 6.26 6.38 6.16 6.49 6.69 6.52 6.76 7.24
New England4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.74 8.02 8.28 6.80 7.95 8.17 6.77 6.97 7.19
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *7.36 *5.74 * * * *6.33 *7.33 *5.03
New Hampshire4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- *5.60 *6.48 * * * *6.82 *7.59 *8.30
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.28 7.76 8.03 *5.76 *6.86 *6.37 6.52 6.46 6.95
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.76 6.82 7.68 *8.27 *10.21 *10.49 8.21 7.76 8.30
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.79 8.88 8.94 *8.62 *9.07 *10.94 6.98 8.07 7.73
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.92 7.79 7.71 7.73 8.96 8.21 6.62 6.93 7.32
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.08 7.76 7.65 7.09 8.26 7.40 6.53 6.81 7.24
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.17 7.46 7.30 10.36 9.38 12.20 6.71 6.87 7.52
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.68 8.99 9.34 *6.75 10.63 7.31 6.86 7.58 7.26
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.05 6.16 6.33 6.19 6.70 6.51 6.63 7.04 7.52
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.75 7.45 7.38 *6.35 9.81 7.20 6.38 6.51 7.43
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.96 6.40 7.00 *9.06 *6.94 *10.98 6.41 5.93 6.50
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.85 5.98 6.11 *6.34 8.08 7.70 7.06 7.65 8.02
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.05 6.32 6.48 6.39 6.75 6.12 6.12 6.96 7.25
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.53 6.36 6.56 5.55 5.39 5.71 6.10 6.26 6.81
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.13 6.03 6.09 5.82 6.63 6.12 6.26 6.82 7.04
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.78 6.18 6.13 6.11 7.13 6.21 6.08 7.05 6.66
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.80 6.08 6.21 *6.31 *5.86 8.48 7.27 7.44 7.63
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92 6.25 6.24 *7.02 *6.64 7.87 6.60 7.19 7.18
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *6.23 *5.88 5.76 5.87 5.66 * *8.89 *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.21 *6.37 *6.14 5.77 6.44 5.58 * * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.64 6.30 6.08 4.48 6.11 6.36 6.23 6.38 7.94
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.97 5.64 5.95 5.63 8.48 6.40 6.20 5.33 7.49
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11 6.22 6.37 7.82 8.42 9.00 6.42 7.05 7.54
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.05 6.83 7.76 * * * *6.99 8.68 8.04
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.93 6.01 6.29 * *5.63 *8.48 6.30 7.01 7.15
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.97 6.78 6.73 * * * 7.05 7.31 *8.43
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.33 5.70 6.68 *9.43 *7.42 *6.94 5.43 6.51 7.30
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *9.03 * * * * *6.31 *7.31 *6.58
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.99 6.01 6.14 8.57 9.11 10.22 6.69 7.45 7.61
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.63 6.28 5.99 * *8.75 *9.40 6.87 7.10 7.56
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.90 6.03 5.36 * *6.98 *7.21 7.03 6.63 7.51
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.22 6.32 6.55 6.33 7.35 7.35 6.93 7.53 7.98
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 5.63 6.53 7.56 7.27 7.73 6.36 6.92 7.60
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.69 5.96 7.14 * * *10.38 5.97 5.27 6.78
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.81 5.85 6.56 *6.62 *7.69 *7.88 7.27 6.84 8.40
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.64 4.99 6.51 * *6.96 *7.60 5.35 7.69 7.94
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.84 *5.89 5.26 *8.09 *7.52 *6.59 6.37 7.96 6.00
West South Central4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.23 6.43 6.61 5.79 5.71 6.20 6.87 7.04 7.50
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.90 5.93 6.34 *6.36 *7.68 *5.97 7.86 7.81 7.40
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.84 7.35 6.04 7.37 *5.76 8.02 5.86 6.45 8.37
Oklahoma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 6.14 6.13 5.48 5.56 6.07 6.92 6.19 7.02
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.24 6.43 6.63 7.10 6.00 6.34 6.96 7.16 7.45
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.15 7.15 7.22 6.15 6.30 6.72 7.45 8.03 8.57
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.50 7.76 7.69 5.34 6.07 7.43 * *8.07 *8.97
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.72 6.21 6.95 *6.16 6.53 7.07 *5.82 *6.86 *5.97
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.19 9.96 8.33 8.53 *6.38 7.51 * * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.73 8.55 8.71 9.90 9.14 8.16 9.13 9.36 9.92
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.68 7.62 7.69 6.02 6.16 6.27 7.23 7.46 9.26
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.35 6.51 6.52 6.08 6.12 6.57 7.16 7.14 7.54
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.16 7.27 7.55 5.37 5.75 7.44 6.38 7.01 7.50
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.03 5.98 6.26 5.91 7.72 6.23 7.05 8.60 9.17
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.24 5.48 5.55 5.80 6.01 6.10 6.41 6.46 6.95
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.01 5.05 5.53 5.98 5.31 7.09 6.01 5.84 6.12
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.36 5.67 5.72 5.87 5.80 5.72 6.30 5.72 6.45
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.23 5.48 5.53 6.09 6.88 5.85 6.21 6.32 6.84
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.87 5.49 6.48 5.22 5.10 5.73 5.55 6.57 6.43
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.55 6.89 7.08 *7.46 *8.48 *7.37 7.45 7.42 7.95
* Percents preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Percents not shown are based on fewer than 20 events.
- - - Data not available.
1
Percents for white and black are substituted for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black for Oklahoma 1990, and New Hampshire 1990–92.
2
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
Includes persons of Hispanic origin.
4
Percents for Hispanic origin exclude data from States not reporting Hispanic origin on the birth certificate for 1 or more years in any 3-year period.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 141
Extracted source page 151
Table 15 (page 1 of 2). Very low-birthweight live births, according to race of mother, Hispanic origin of
mother, geographic division, and State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98
Percent of live births weighing less than 1,500 grams
United States1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.29 1.34 1.41 0.94 1.01 1.11 2.96 2.99 3.06
New England1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 1.15 1.30 0.89 0.92 1.08 2.90 2.95 3.05
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.86 1.00 1.05 0.89 1.00 1.06 * * *
New Hampshire1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87 0.83 1.02 0.84 0.81 0.97 * * *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.82 0.82 1.08 0.72 0.78 1.04 * * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.08 1.15 1.26 0.89 0.94 1.06 2.58 2.79 2.75
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16 1.07 1.39 0.95 0.89 1.17 2.79 2.29 2.82
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.36 1.36 1.56 0.92 0.95 1.14 3.40 3.30 3.49
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.43 1.45 1.52 0.93 1.00 1.09 3.25 3.17 3.20
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.46 1.47 1.51 0.87 0.96 1.02 3.14 3.08 3.06
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.41 1.51 1.60 0.97 1.03 1.13 3.11 3.37 3.57
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39 1.37 1.45 0.96 1.03 1.13 3.61 3.17 3.21
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.37 1.41 1.46 0.98 1.06 1.15 3.13 3.07 3.08
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.34 1.39 1.45 1.03 1.09 1.18 3.00 3.01 2.99
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.18 1.28 1.38 0.97 1.11 1.19 2.82 2.68 2.93
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.47 1.53 1.55 0.97 1.08 1.18 3.11 3.14 3.14
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 1.49 1.52 1.01 1.07 1.13 3.38 3.20 3.16
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.09 1.11 1.21 0.85 0.89 1.00 3.03 2.88 2.93
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.06 1.13 1.23 0.87 0.96 1.10 2.80 2.75 2.93
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.93 1.06 1.08 0.75 0.91 1.03 2.60 2.54 2.65
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.95 1.01 1.23 0.87 0.94 1.14 2.84 2.72 3.47
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.28 1.30 1.35 0.93 1.03 1.06 2.91 2.74 2.93
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 0.97 1.11 0.87 0.89 1.10 * * *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 0.93 1.06 0.87 0.81 1.00 * * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.93 1.03 1.27 0.83 0.98 1.22 2.47 2.20 2.88
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 1.17 1.32 0.98 1.00 1.19 2.67 3.20 3.11
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.59 1.64 1.72 1.01 1.09 1.19 2.96 3.07 3.14
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60 1.52 1.78 0.99 1.08 1.19 3.47 2.99 3.59
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70 1.80 1.89 0.97 1.09 1.09 3.25 3.35 3.52
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.55 3.46 3.35 *1.08 *0.73 *1.10 4.25 4.27 4.15
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.42 1.48 1.59 0.95 1.02 1.13 2.87 2.93 3.05
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16 1.25 1.39 1.11 1.21 1.34 2.63 2.15 2.69
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.65 1.78 1.86 1.07 1.22 1.32 3.01 3.26 3.47
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70 1.79 1.89 1.05 1.16 1.21 2.74 2.87 3.14
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.68 1.74 1.75 1.01 1.07 1.15 2.84 3.00 2.98
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.44 1.45 1.53 1.01 1.04 1.18 2.76 2.81 2.77
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.53 1.60 1.74 1.06 1.13 1.28 2.77 2.89 3.07
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.20 1.28 1.46 1.06 1.14 1.33 2.56 2.75 2.86
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.56 1.60 1.67 1.09 1.14 1.25 3.06 3.18 3.22
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.63 1.75 1.92 1.06 1.16 1.30 2.73 2.90 3.22
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.76 1.81 1.97 0.97 1.04 1.23 2.60 2.65 2.86
West South Central1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.26 1.34 1.41 0.92 1.03 1.13 2.73 2.83 2.98
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.32 1.49 1.60 0.97 1.20 1.28 2.45 2.48 2.82
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.74 1.89 2.02 0.93 1.07 1.15 2.88 3.04 3.28
Oklahoma1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.08 1.16 1.23 0.95 1.02 1.11 2.26 2.65 2.72
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.17 1.24 1.30 0.89 0.99 1.10 2.73 2.77 2.84
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.01 1.05 1.13 0.93 0.97 1.06 2.68 2.73 2.71
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.85 0.90 1.06 0.82 0.87 0.97 * * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.85 0.82 0.89 0.86 0.78 0.83 * * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.83 1.16 1.14 0.78 1.12 1.10 * * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 1.19 1.32 0.99 1.06 1.23 2.99 3.04 2.69
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97 1.05 1.07 0.95 1.14 1.17 *2.71 *1.74 *2.40
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.09 1.09 1.13 1.02 1.01 1.07 2.56 2.79 2.79
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.85 0.89 1.03 0.83 0.85 0.97 * * *3.43
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.06 1.14 1.18 0.94 1.01 1.07 2.49 2.58 2.67
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.99 1.03 1.09 0.83 0.87 0.94 2.70 2.69 2.62
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.83 0.82 1.02 0.76 0.78 0.93 2.64 2.11 2.52
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.83 0.88 0.89 0.78 0.84 0.83 1.89 1.94 *1.79
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 1.07 1.11 0.85 0.90 0.96 2.72 2.73 2.65
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 0.94 1.14 0.78 0.84 0.97 *2.23 *2.90 *3.04
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1.01 1.17 0.79 0.83 1.03 3.32 3.40 *2.45
See footnotes at end of table.
142 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 152
Table 15 (page 2 of 2). Very low-birthweight live births, according to race of mother, Hispanic origin of
mother, geographic division, and State: United States, average annual 1990–92, 1993–95, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Hispanic2 American Indian or Alaska Native3 Asian or Pacific Islander3
Geographic division
and State 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98 1990–92 1993–95 1996–98
Percent of live births weighing less than 1,500 grams
United States4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.01 1.09 1.21 0.88 0.90 1.05
New England4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.46 1.49 1.70 *1.39 *1.28 *1.66 0.99 0.90 1.04
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * *
New Hampshire4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.41 1.47 1.65 * * * 0.88 0.80 0.90
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.24 1.18 1.38 * * * * * *
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.64 1.64 1.90 * * * *1.28 *1.20 1.35
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.44 1.42 1.43 *1.28 *1.14 *1.45 0.85 0.91 1.01
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45 1.40 1.39 *1.34 *0.96 *1.23 0.86 0.93 1.01
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30 1.40 1.41 * * * 0.84 0.83 1.03
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.68 1.65 1.82 * * * 0.85 1.02 1.01
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.31 1.29 0.91 1.00 1.09
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.44 1.53 1.51 * * * *0.72 0.98 0.90
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 1.25 1.39 * * * * *0.84 *1.00
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 1.13 1.12 * * * 0.99 1.12 1.17
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 1.19 1.18 *1.29 *1.17 *1.65 *0.96 0.92 0.99
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 1.45 1.43 *1.01 *1.23 *0.88 *0.89 *0.84 1.21
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.06 0.98 1.13 1.05 1.36 1.34 0.78 0.87 0.98
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.84 1.15 1.18 *1.10 *1.32 *1.44 *0.74 0.88 0.97
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1.41 *1.18 1.16 * * * * * *1.37
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1.28 *1.15 1.22 * * * *0.99 *0.81 *0.83
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *1.02 *1.08 *1.02 * * *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * 1.07 1.58 1.37 * * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.84 *0.87 1.01 * * * * * *
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.07 0.76 1.12 * * * * *0.85 *0.94
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 1.09 1.17 1.46 1.72 1.92 0.96 0.97 1.11
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *1.39 *1.12 * * * * * *
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.06 1.03 1.30 * * * 1.03 0.91 1.27
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1.07 *1.06 *1.23 * * * *1.25 * *
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97 1.08 1.39 * * * 0.73 0.96 1.12
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * *
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.96 0.83 0.96 1.78 2.19 2.48 *1.01 *0.92 1.12
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1.28 *1.29 *1.20 * * * * * *
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.93 1.02 0.96 * * * 1.09 1.09 0.99
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.17 1.13 1.20 * * *1.11 1.09 0.94 1.07
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.83 0.97 1.09 * *1.36 *1.50 0.99 0.91 0.96
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *1.38 * * * * * *
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *0.94 *0.90 * * * *1.34 *0.83 *1.15
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *1.23 * * * * *1.45 *
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * *
West South Central4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.96 1.06 1.10 0.85 0.80 1.00 0.86 0.88 0.98
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *1.27 1.14 * * * * * *
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.91 *1.15 *1.04 * * * * *0.83 *1.10
Oklahoma4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 0.92 0.94 0.75 0.80 0.90 * *0.88 *
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.96 1.06 1.10 *1.17 *0.92 *1.50 0.88 0.86 1.00
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 1.07 1.12 0.93 0.92 1.07 1.00 1.03 1.15
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *0.89 *0.75 1.36 * * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.66 0.92 1.13 * * * * * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *1.34 *1.22 * * * * * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 1.15 1.32 *1.28 * * *1.34 1.19 1.11
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.99 1.04 1.02 0.71 0.77 0.81 * * *
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.07 1.07 1.09 1.00 0.92 1.07 *1.06 *1.00 *1.00
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.99 1.10 1.23 *0.97 *1.18 *1.68 * *0.88 *1.24
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.86 0.94 0.95 * *1.93 * * *0.91 1.38
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 0.97 1.02 0.99 1.08 1.13 0.85 0.86 1.05
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.82 0.71 0.95 *0.88 1.01 1.30 0.61 0.52 0.94
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 0.93 1.02 *1.12 *1.09 * *0.51 *0.97 1.17
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 0.97 1.02 1.04 1.19 1.06 0.85 0.86 1.02
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *1.84 0.99 0.93 1.20 * * *
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.17 1.12 0.93 * * * 0.97 0.96 1.20
* Percents preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Percents not shown are based on fewer than 20 events.
- - - Data not available.
1
Percents for white and black are substituted for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black for Oklahoma 1990, and New Hampshire 1990–92.
2
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
Includes persons of Hispanic origin.
4
Percents for Hispanic origin exclude data from States not reporting Hispanic origin on the birth certificate for 1 or more years in any 3-year period.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 143
Extracted source page 153
Table 16. Legal abortion ratios, according to selected patient characteristics: United States, selected years
1973–97
[Data are based on reporting by State health departments and by hospitals and other medical facilities]
Characteristic 1973 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Abortions per 100 live births1
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 27.2 35.9 35.4 34.5 33.9 33.5 33.4 32.1 31.1 31.4 30.5
Age
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.7 119.3 139.7 137.6 84.4 76.7 79.0 74.4 70.4 66.7 72.3 72.9
15–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.9 54.2 71.4 68.8 51.5 46.2 44.0 44.0 41.5 39.9 41.5 40.7
20–24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 28.9 39.5 38.6 37.7 37.8 37.6 38.4 36.4 34.9 35.5 34.4
25–29 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 19.2 23.7 21.7 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.7 22.2 22.1 22.7 22.3
30–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 25.0 23.7 19.9 19.1 18.7 18.3 18.0 17.2 16.5 16.5 16.0
35–39 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 42.2 41.0 33.6 27.3 26.2 25.6 24.8 23.4 22.4 22.0 20.8
40 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 66.8 80.7 62.3 50.1 46.9 45.4 43.0 41.2 38.7 37.6 35.0
Race
White2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 27.7 33.2 27.7 25.8 24.6 23.6 23.1 21.7 20.4 20.2 19.3
Black3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 47.6 54.3 47.2 52.1 50.2 51.8 55.2 53.8 53.4 55.5 54.3
Hispanic origin4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 30.0 30.7 28.9 27.8 26.5 28.1 26.8
Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 33.2 32.6 30.9 29.0 28.0 28.3 27.2
Marital status
Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 9.6 10.5 8.0 8.9 8.9 8.4 8.4 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.3
Unmarried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.8 161.0 147.6 117.4 87.9 81.5 79.0 78.9 68.9 65.0 65.5 65.7
Previous live births5
0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 38.4 45.7 45.1 35.8 34.8 32.7 32.4 30.9 28.6 28.7 26.8
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 22.0 20.2 21.6 23.0 23.2 22.9 23.1 22.3 22.1 22.3 22.0
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 36.8 29.5 29.9 31.7 31.9 31.9 32.2 30.9 30.9 31.1 30.8
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 47.7 29.8 18.2 30.2 31.0 30.8 31.5 30.8 31.0 31.5 31.2
4 or more6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.7 43.5 24.3 21.5 27.1 22.6 25.5 23.4 23.3 24.1 24.9 24.7
- - - Data not available.
1
For calculation of ratios according to each characteristic, abortions with the characteristic unknown have been distributed in proportion to abortions with the
characteristic known.
2
For 1989 and later years, white race includes women of Hispanic ethnicity.
3
Before 1989 black race includes races other than white.
4
Includes data for 20–22 States, the District of Columbia, and New York City in 1991–96, and 26 States, the District of Columbia, and New York City in 1997.
States with large Hispanic populations that are not included are California, Florida, and Illinois.
5
For 1973–75 data indicate number of living children.
6
For 1975 data refer to four previous live births, not four or more. For five or more previous live births, the ratio is 47.3.
NOTES: For each year since 1969 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has compiled total abortion data from 50 States, the District of Columbia (DC), and
New York City (NYC). The number of States reporting each characteristic varies from year to year. For 1991–97, the number of areas reporting each characteristic was
as follows: age, 41–45 States, DC, and NYC; race, 34–38 States, DC, and NYC; marital status, 32–38 States, DC, and NYC; previous live births, 36–39 States, DC,
and NYC. Some data for 1996 have been revised and differ from the previous edition of Health, United States. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix
III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Abortion Surveillance, 1973, 1975, 1979–80. Public Health Service, DHHS, Atlanta, Ga., May 1975, April 1977,
May 1983; CDC Surveillance Summaries. Abortion Surveillance, United States, 1982–83, Vol. 36, No. 1SS, Public Health Service, DHHS, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 1987; 1984
and 1985, Vol. 38, No. SS–2, Sept. 1989; 1986 and 1987, Vol. 39, No. SS–2, June 1990; 1988, Vol. 40, No. SS–2, July 1991; 1989, Vol. 41, No. SS–5, Sept. 1992;
1990, Vol. 42, No. SS–6, Dec. 1993; 1991, Vol. 44, No. SS–2, May 1995; 1992, Vol. 45, No. SS–3, May 1996; 1993 and 1994, Vol. 46, No. SS–4, Aug. 1997; 1995,
Vol. 47, No. SS–2, July 1998; 1996, Vol. 48, No. SS–4, July 1999; 1997, in press, 2000.
144 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 154
Table 17. Legal abortions, according to selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1973–97
[Data are based on reporting by State health departments and by hospitals and other facilities]
Characteristic 1973 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Number of legal abortions reported in thousands
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 855 1,298 1,329 1,430 1,389 1,359 1,330 1,267 1,211 1,222 1,185
Alan Guttmacher Institute1 . . . . . . . . . 745 1,034 1,554 1,589 1,609 1,557 1,529 1,500 1,431 1,364 1,366 ---
Percent distribution2
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Period of gestation3
Under 9 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 44.6 51.7 50.3 51.6 52.3 52.1 52.3 53.7 54.0 54.6 55.5
Under 7 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 14.3 14.7 15.7 15.7 16.4 17.7
7 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 15.6 16.2 16.5 17.1 17.4 18.1
8 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 22.2 21.6 21.6 21.2 20.9 19.6
9–10 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 28.4 26.2 26.6 25.3 25.1 24.2 24.4 23.5 23.1 22.6 21.9
11–12 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 14.9 12.2 12.5 11.7 11.5 12.0 11.6 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.7
13–15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.0 5.1 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.2
16–20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 6.1 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
21 weeks and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4
Type of procedure
Curettage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.4 90.9 95.5 97.5 98.8 98.9 98.9 99.0 99.1 98.9 98.8 97.7
Intrauterine instillation . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 6.2 3.1 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 2.8 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.9
Location of facility
In State of residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.8 89.2 92.6 92.4 91.8 91.6 92.0 91.4 91.5 91.7 91.9 92.0
Out of State of residence . . . . . . . . . 25.2 10.8 7.4 7.6 8.2 8.4 8.0 8.6 8.5 8.3 8.1 8.0
Previous induced abortions
0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 81.9 67.6 60.1 57.1 56.1 55.1 54.9 54.8 55.1 54.7 50.8
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 14.9 23.5 25.7 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.3 27.2 26.9 26.9 29.1
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2.5 6.6 9.8 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.9 11.2 12.3
3 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 0.7 2.3 4.4 5.9 6.1 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.8
- - - Data not available.
1
No survey was conducted in 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, or 1994; data for these years are estimated.
2
Excludes cases for which selected characteristic is unknown.
3
Percentages for under 7, 7, and 8 weeks may not add to percentage under 9 weeks because some States do not report abortions for detailed gestational age
subgroups under 9 weeks.
4
Includes hysterotomy, hysterectomy, and medical (nonsurgical) procedures.
NOTES: For a discussion of the differences in reported legal abortions between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Alan Guttmacher Institute, see
Appendix I. For each year since 1969 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has compiled total abortion data from 50 States, the District of Columbia (DC),
and New York City (NYC). The number of States reporting each characteristic varies from year to year. For 1997, the number of areas included in the percentages for
each characteristic was as follows: gestational age, 38 States, DC, and NYC; detailed gestational age under 9 weeks, 36 States and NYC; type of procedure, 39
States, DC, and NYC; residence, 43 States, DC, and NYC; previous induced abortions, 37 States and NYC. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Abortion Surveillance, 1973, 1975, 1979–80. Public Health Service, DHHS, Atlanta, Ga., May 1975, April 1977,
May 1983; CDC Surveillance Summaries. Abortion Surveillance, United States, 1982–83, Vol. 36, No. 1SS, Public Health Service, DHHS, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 1987; 1984
and 1985, Vol. 38, No. SS–2, Sept. 1989; 1986 and 1987, Vol. 39, No. SS–2, June 1990; 1988, Vol. 40, No. SS–2, July 1991; 1989, Vol. 41, No. SS–5, Sept. 1992;
1990, Vol. 42, No. SS–6, Dec. 1993; 1991, Vol. 44, No. SS–2, May 1995; 1992, Vol. 45, No. SS–3, May 1996; 1993 and 1994, Vol. 46, No. SS–4, Aug. 1997; 1995,
Vol. 47, No. SS–2, July 1998; 1996, Vol. 48, No. SS–4, July 1999; 1997, in press, 2000; Henshaw, S. K.: Abortion incidence and services in the United States,
1995–1996. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 30(6), Nov.–Dec. 1998.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 145
Extracted source page 155
Table 18 (page 1 of 2). Methods of contraception for women 15–44 years of age, according to race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, 1982, 1988, and 1995
[Data are based on household interviews of samples of women in the childbearing ages]
Age in years
Race, Hispanic origin, year,
and method of contraception 15–44 15–19 20–24 25–34 35–44
Number of women in thousands
All women:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,099 9,521 10,629 19,644 14,305
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,900 9,179 9,413 21,726 17,582
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,201 8,961 9,041 20,758 21,440
White, non-Hispanic:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,279 7,010 8,081 14,945 11,243
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,575 6,531 6,630 15,929 13,486
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,522 5,962 6,062 14,565 15,933
Black, non-Hispanic:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,825 1,383 1,456 2,392 1,593
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,408 1,362 1,322 2,760 1,965
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,210 1,392 1,328 2,801 2,689
Hispanic:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,393 886 811 1,677 1,018
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,557 999 1,003 2,104 1,451
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,702 1,150 1,163 2,450 1,940
All methods Percent of women using contraception
All women:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 24.2 55.8 66.7 61.6
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 32.1 59.0 66.3 68.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 29.8 63.5 71.1 72.3
White, non-Hispanic:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 23.6 58.7 67.8 63.5
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 34.0 62.6 67.7 71.5
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 30.5 65.3 72.9 73.6
Black, non-Hispanic:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.6 29.8 52.2 63.5 52.0
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 35.7 61.8 63.5 58.7
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 34.8 67.9 66.8 68.5
Hispanic:
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 * *36.8 67.2 59.0
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.4 *18.3 40.8 67.4 54.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 26.1 50.6 69.2 70.8
Female sterilization Percent of contracepting women
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 0.0 *4.5 22.1 43.5
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 * *4.6 25.0 47.6
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 * 4.0 23.8 45.0
Male sterilization
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 * *3.6 10.1 19.9
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 * * 10.2 20.8
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 – * 7.8 19.4
Implant1
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 * 3.7 1.3 *
Injectable1
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 9.7 6.1 2.8 *0.8
Birth control pill
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 63.9 55.1 25.7 *3.7
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 58.8 68.2 32.6 4.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.9 43.8 52.1 33.3 8.7
Intrauterine device
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 * *4.2 9.7 6.9
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 0.0 * 2.1 3.1
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 – * *0.8 *1.1
See footnotes at end of table.
146 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 156
Table 18 (page 2 of 2). Methods of contraception for women 15–44 years of age, according to race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, 1982, 1988, and 1995
[Data are based on household interviews of samples of women in the childbearing ages]
Age in years
Race, Hispanic origin, year,
and method of contraception 15–44 15–19 20–24 25–34 35–44
Diaphragm
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 *6.0 10.2 10.3 4.0
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 * *3.7 7.3 6.0
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 * * 1.7 2.8
Condom
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 20.8 10.7 11.4 11.3
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 32.8 14.5 13.7 11.2
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 36.7 26.4 21.1 14.7
Non-Hispanic
Method of contraception
and year White Black Hispanic
Female sterilization Percent of contracepting women
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 21.9 30.0
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 37.8 31.7
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 40.1 36.6
Male sterilization
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 13.0 *1.5
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 *0.9 *
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 *1.7 4.0
Implant1
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ...
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ...
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 *2.3 *2.0
Injectable1
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ...
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ...
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 5.3 4.7
Birth control pill
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 26.8 37.8
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 38.1 33.4
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 23.8 23.0
Intrauterine device
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 5.8 9.3
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 3.2 *5.0
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 * *1.5
Diaphragm
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 9.2 *3.2
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 *2.0 *
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 * *
Condom
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *6.9 13.1 6.3
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 10.1 13.6
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 20.2 20.5
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05.
– Quantity zero.
* Estimates with relative standard error of 20–30 percent are preceded by an asterisk and may have low reliability; those with relative standard error greater than 30
percent are considered unreliable and are not shown.
. . . Data not applicable.
1
Data collected in 1995 survey only.
NOTES: Method of contraception used in the month of interview. If multiple methods were reported, only the most effective method is shown. Methods are listed in the
table in order of effectiveness.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Survey of Family Growth.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 147
Extracted source page 157
Table 19. Breastfeeding by mothers 15–44 years of age by year of baby’s birth, according to selected
characteristics of mother: United States, average annual 1972–74 to 1993–94
[Data are based on household interviews of samples of women in the childbearing ages]
Selected characteristics
of mother 1972–74 1975–77 1978–80 1981–83 1984–86 1987–89 1990–92 1993–94
Percent of babies breastfed
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 36.7 47.5 58.1 54.5 52.3 54.2 58.1
1
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 38.9 53.2 64.3 59.7 58.3 59.1 61.2
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 16.8 19.6 26.0 22.9 21.0 22.9 27.5
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 42.9 46.3 52.8 58.9 51.3 58.8 67.4
Education2
No high school diploma or GED3 . . . . . 14.0 19.4 27.6 31.4 36.8 30.0 38.6 43.0
High school diploma or GED3 . . . . . . . . 25.0 33.6 40.2 54.3 46.7 46.6 46.0 51.2
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . 35.2 43.5 63.2 66.7 66.1 57.8 60.7 65.9
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . 65.5 66.9 71.3 83.2 75.3 79.2 80.8 80.6
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 34.7 49.3 68.2 55.3 49.9 54.0 56.7
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 30.9 34.4 46.0 50.9 50.4 51.6 49.7
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 33.1 49.5 57.9 45.3 42.5 43.6 49.7
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 54.5 66.6 69.9 70.9 69.1 70.5 79.3
Age at baby’s birth
Under 20 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 22.1 31.4 31.0 30.6 26.2 35.2 45.3
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 33.5 44.7 50.8 50.2 46.7 44.7 50.9
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7 45.9 53.6 62.2 59.8 57.1 56.5 55.9
30–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 47.5 55.2 73.1 65.9 65.3 67.5 71.1
Percent of breastfed babies who were breastfed 3 months or more4
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 66.2 64.7 68.3 63.2 61.5 61.0 56.2
1
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 66.7 67.6 68.1 62.5 62.3 62.6 56.8
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 60.7 58.5 61.1 56.8 46.9 56.7 45.4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 62.7 46.3 65.6 66.4 64.3 58.2 55.5
Education2
No high school diploma or GED3 . . . . . 54.4 54.7 53.7 50.5 59.8 57.3 55.5 44.5
High school diploma or GED3 . . . . . . . . 53.7 62.5 59.4 59.6 58.0 58.3 58.2 49.7
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . 69.5 77.2 63.8 73.3 63.4 60.7 53.8 60.2
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . 69.2 65.3 79.8 80.9 72.2 68.1 73.8 68.1
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.6 68.2 71.2 75.0 64.8 59.7 72.7 58.7
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 54.3 53.1 64.4 60.4 58.6 63.1 56.7
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 74.1 67.6 65.0 60.3 55.2 50.8 50.9
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 70.6 66.8 69.6 66.9 69.9 60.4 59.0
Age at baby’s birth
Under 20 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 61.0 48.2 49.1 62.5 56.3 31.9 22.6
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.7 59.4 60.0 63.7 51.9 51.6 54.0 50.6
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 71.5 65.1 70.8 65.6 58.3 59.7 63.7
30–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.4 72.8 81.5 72.8 73.2 73.5 71.8 62.3
1
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
2
For women 22–44 years of age. Education is as of year of interview. See NOTES below.
3
General equivalency diploma.
4
For mothers interviewed in the first 3 months of 1995, only babies age 3 months and over are included so they would be eligible for breastfeeding for 3 months or
more.
NOTES: Data on breastfeeding during 1972–83 are based on responses to questions in the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Cycle 4, conducted in 1988.
Data for 1984–94 are based on the NSFG Cycle 5, conducted in 1995. Data are based on all births to mothers 15–44 years of age at interview, including those births
that occurred when the mothers were younger than 15 years of age.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics. National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle 4
1988, Cycle 5 1995.
148 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 158
Table 20. Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates, according to detailed race of mother and Hispanic
origin of mother: United States, selected birth cohorts 1983–97
[Data are based on National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
Birth cohort
Race of mother
and Hispanic origin of mother 1983 1990 19951 19961 19971 1983–85 1986–88 1989–91 1995–971
Infant2 deaths per 1,000 live births
All mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 8.9 7.6 7.3 7.2 10.6 9.8 9.0 7.4
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 7.3 6.3 6.1 6.0 9.0 8.2 7.4 6.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 16.9 14.6 14.1 13.7 18.7 17.9 17.1 14.1
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 15.2 13.1 9.0 10.0 8.7 13.9 13.2 12.6 9.2
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 6.6 5.3 5.2 5.0 8.3 7.3 6.6 5.1
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 4.3 3.8 3.2 3.1 7.4 5.8 5.1 3.3
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.6 *5.5 *5.3 *4.2 *5.3 6.0 6.9 5.3 4.9
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.8 8.2 6.9 6.4 5.7
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . 11.2 *8.0 *6.6 *5.6 9.0 11.3 11.1 9.0 7.0
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.4 5.5 5.7 5.0 8.6 7.6 7.0 5.4
Hispanic origin3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 7.5 6.3 6.1 6.0 9.2 8.3 7.5 6.1
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 7.2 6.0 5.8 5.8 8.8 7.9 7.2 5.9
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 9.9 8.9 8.6 7.9 12.3 11.1 10.4 8.5
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 7.2 5.3 5.1 5.5 8.0 7.3 6.2 5.3
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 8.5 6.8 5.5 5.0 5.5 8.2 7.5 6.6 5.3
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 10.6 8.0 7.4 7.7 6.2 9.8 9.0 8.2 7.1
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.2 6.3 6.0 6.0 8.8 8.1 7.3 6.1
Black, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 16.9 14.7 14.2 13.7 18.5 17.9 17.2 14.2
Neonatal2 deaths per 1,000 live births
All mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 5.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 6.9 6.3 5.7 4.8
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 4.6 4.1 4.0 4.0 5.9 5.2 4.7 4.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 11.1 9.6 9.4 9.2 12.2 11.7 11.1 9.4
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 7.5 6.1 3.9 4.7 4.5 6.7 5.9 5.9 4.4
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.2 5.2 4.5 3.9 3.3
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.1 4.3 3.3 2.7 2.1
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3.7 *3.5 *3.3 *2.2 *3.0 3.4 4.4 3.0 2.8
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.6 5.3 4.5 4.0 3.7
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . *7.0 *4.3 *4.0 * *6.3 7.4 7.1 4.8 4.5
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.3 5.5 4.7 4.2 3.5
Hispanic origin3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.8 4.1 4.0 4.0 6.0 5.3 4.8 4.0
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 4.5 3.9 3.8 3.8 5.7 5.0 4.5 3.8
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 8.3 7.2 7.0 5.7
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.0 5.3 *3.6 *3.6 4.0 5.9 5.3 4.6 3.7
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 5.8 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.9 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.7
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.0 4.8 5.3 3.7 6.1 5.8 5.2 4.6
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.9 5.7 5.1 4.6 4.0
Black, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 11.0 9.6 9.4 9.2 11.8 11.4 11.1 9.4
Postneonatal2 deaths per 1,000 live births
All mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.2 2.6 2.5 2.4 3.7 3.5 3.3 2.5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 5.9 5.0 4.8 4.5 6.4 6.2 6.0 4.7
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 7.7 7.0 5.1 5.3 4.2 7.2 7.3 6.7 4.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 3.1 2.8 2.6 1.8
Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 *2.0 *1.5 *1.2 *1.0 3.1 2.5 2.4 1.2
Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * *2.2 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1
Filipino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2.8 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.3 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
Hawaiian and part Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . *4.2 *3.8 * * * 3.9 4.0 4.1 *2.5
Other Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.0 1.9 2.0 1.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.9
Hispanic origin3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.1
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.1
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.5 4.0 3.9 3.4 2.8
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2.5 *1.9 *1.7 * * 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.5
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.5 2.5 2.6 2.2 1.7
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.7 3.2 3.0 2.5
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.2
Black, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.9 5.0 4.8 4.5 6.7 6.5 6.1 4.8
* Rates preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Rates not shown are based on fewer than 20 events.
1
Rates based on a period file using weighted data. Data for 1995–97 not strictly comparable with unweighted birth cohort data for earlier years (see Appendix I,
National Vital Statistics System). The 1995–97 weighted mortality rates shown in this table are less than 1 percent to 5 percent higher than unweighted rates for
1995–97.
2
Infant (under 1 year of age), neonatal (under 28 days), and postneonatal (28–365 days).
3
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
4
Data shown only for States with an Hispanic-origin item on their birth certificates. The number of States reporting the item increased from 23 and the District of
Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, to 30 and DC in 1988, 47 and DC in 1989, 48 and DC in 1990, 49 and DC in 1991, and 50 and DC in 1995–97 (see Appendix I).
NOTES: The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. National
linked files do not exist for 1992–94 birth cohorts. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 149
Extracted source page 159
Table 21. Infant mortality rates for mothers 20 years of age and over, according to educational attainment,
detailed race of mother, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, selected birth cohorts 1983–97
[Data are based on National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
Birth cohort
Education of mother, race of mother,
and Hispanic origin of mother 1983 1990 19951 19961 19971 1983–85 1986–88 1989–91 1995–971
Less than 12 years of education Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
All mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 10.8 8.9 8.5 8.3 14.6 13.8 11.1 8.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 9.0 7.6 7.1 7.3 12.4 11.4 9.2 7.3
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 19.5 17.0 16.6 14.4 21.8 21.1 20.3 16.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 14.5 14.3 12.7 11.3 10.1 15.2 16.8 13.8 11.4
Asian or Pacific Islander2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 6.6 5.7 6.4 5.3 9.5 8.2 6.9 5.8
Hispanic origin3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 7.3 6.0 5.6 5.8 10.6 9.9 7.5 5.8
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.0 5.8 5.4 5.6 9.5 8.3 7.1 5.6
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 10.1 10.6 9.1 8.8 14.1 12.8 11.7 9.5
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *14.5 * * * * *10.5 *9.4 *8.2 *6.7
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 9.8 7.0 5.1 4.7 6.4 8.6 9.2 6.8 5.4
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 9.2 9.9 7.3 7.9 *5.6 10.1 10.6 10.0 7.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 10.9 9.9 9.5 9.5 12.6 11.8 11.0 9.6
Black, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 19.7 17.3 16.9 14.7 22.6 21.6 20.6 16.3
12 years of education
All mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 8.8 7.8 7.6 7.5 10.0 9.6 8.9 7.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.1 6.4 6.3 6.2 8.5 8.0 7.2 6.3
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 16.0 14.7 13.8 13.7 17.7 17.1 16.4 14.1
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 15.5 13.4 7.9 9.3 8.3 13.4 11.6 12.3 8.5
Asian or Pacific Islander2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 7.5 5.5 5.9 5.6 9.3 7.9 7.5 5.6
Hispanic origin3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.0 5.9 5.9 5.6 9.1 8.3 6.8 5.8
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.4 7.8 8.2 6.5 5.6
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 8.5 6.5 7.7 8.5 10.8 10.1 8.6 7.6
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *6.9 *8.0 * *7.2 *5.3 8.6 6.6 7.6 5.4
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . 8.7 6.5 6.1 5.3 5.1 8.7 7.4 6.3 5.5
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 8.8 7.4 6.5 7.6 5.8 8.8 7.7 7.0 6.6
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 8.3 7.9 7.3 6.4
Black, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 16.1 14.8 13.9 13.7 17.9 17.4 16.5 14.2
13 years or more of education
All mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 6.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 7.8 7.2 6.4 5.3
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 5.4 4.7 4.5 4.5 6.9 6.2 5.5 4.5
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 13.7 11.9 11.7 11.4 15.3 14.9 13.7 11.6
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 12.5 6.8 5.9 7.1 6.9 10.4 8.4 8.1 6.6
Asian or Pacific Islander2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 5.1 4.4 4.0 3.9 6.7 5.9 5.1 4.1
Hispanic origin3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 5.7 5.0 5.1 4.9 7.4 7.0 5.8 5.0
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8.3 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.0 7.6 6.4 5.7 5.1
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 7.3 6.3 6.9 6.0 8.1 6.9 7.8 6.4
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *5.3 *5.3 *3.6 *4.0 5.5 5.9 4.2 4.3
Central and South American . . . . . . . . . *7.1 5.6 3.7 4.0 4.2 7.2 7.6 5.4 4.0
Other and unknown Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 11.6 5.4 5.2 5.9 4.8 7.9 7.5 5.6 5.3
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.4 4.6 4.5 4.4 6.8 6.1 5.4 4.5
Black, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.7 12.0 11.7 11.4 14.7 14.9 13.8 11.7
* Rates preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Rates not shown are based on fewer than 20 events.
1
Rates based on a period file using weighted data. Data for 1995–97 not strictly comparable with unweighted birth cohort data for earlier years (see Appendix I,
National Vital Statistics System). The 1995–97 weighted mortality rates shown in this table are less than 1 percent to 4 percent higher than unweighted rates for
1995–97.
2
The States not reporting maternal education on the birth certificate accounted for 49–51 percent of the Asian or Pacific Islander births in the United States in 1983–87,
59 percent in 1988, and 12 percent in 1989–91. Starting in 1992 maternal education was reported by all 50 States and DC.
3
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
4
Data shown only for States with an Hispanic-origin item and education of mother on their birth certificates. The number of States reporting both items increased from
21 and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, to 26 and DC in 1988, 45 and DC in 1989, 47 and DC in 1990–91, and 50 and DC in 1995–97 (see Appendix I,
National Vital Statistics System). The Hispanic-reporting States that did not report maternal education on the birth certificate during 1983–88 together accounted for
28–85 percent of the births in each Hispanic subgroup (except Cuban, 11–16 percent and Puerto Rican, 6–7 percent in 1983–87); and in 1989–91 accounted for 27–39
percent of Central and South American and Puerto Rican births and 2–9 percent of births in other Hispanic subgroups.
NOTES: Data for all mothers and by race based on data for 47 States and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1983–87, 46 States and DC in 1988, 48 States and DC in
1989–91, and 50 and DC in 1995–97. Excludes data for California and Texas (1983–88), Washington (1983–91), and New York (1988–91), which did not require the
reporting of maternal education on the birth certificate (see Appendix I). The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander,
include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. National linked files do not exist for 1992–94 birth cohorts. Data
for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System. National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data
Sets.
150 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 160
Table 22. Infant mortality rates according to birthweight: United States, selected birth cohorts 1983–97
[Data are based on National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
Birth cohort
Birthweight 1983 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 19951 19961 19971
Infant deaths per 1,000 live births2
All birthweights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 10.4 9.8 9.6 9.5 8.9 8.6 7.6 7.3 7.2
Less than 2,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.9 93.9 86.5 84.2 83.1 78.1 74.3 65.3 63.6 62.4
Less than 1,500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.6 387.7 358.0 348.7 343.1 317.6 305.4 270.7 261.5 255.0
Less than 500 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890.3 895.9 890.4 878.4 905.6 898.2 889.9 904.9 890.1 885.2
500–999 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.2 559.2 507.9 502.0 480.4 440.1 422.6 351.0 336.9 324.4
1,000–1,499 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3 145.4 122.2 121.3 118.5 97.9 91.3 69.6 64.7 61.8
1,500–1,999 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 54.0 48.8 48.9 46.0 43.8 40.4 33.5 30.6 30.6
2,000–2,499 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 20.9 19.5 18.7 17.9 17.8 17.0 13.7 13.6 12.5
2,500 grams or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.7
2,500–2,999 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.7 5.5 5.1 5.0
3,000–3,499 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.6
3,500–3,999 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.9
4,000 grams or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.8
4,000–4,499 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.7
4,500–4,999 grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.0
5,000 grams or more3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 14.7 15.8 20.7 9.6 9.8 8.2 8.5 6.2 4.2
1
Rates based on a period file using weighted data; not stated birthweight imputed when period of gestation is known and proportionately distributed when period of
gestation is unknown. Data for 1995–97 not strictly comparable with unweighted and unimputed birth cohort data for earlier years (see Appendix I, National Vital
Statistics System). The 1995, 1996, and 1997 weighted mortality rates with imputed birthweight shown in this table are less than 1 percent to 5 percent higher than
unweighted rates with unimputed birthweight for 1995, 1996, and 1997.
2
For calculation of birthweight-specific infant mortality rates, unknown birthweight has been distributed in proportion to known birthweight separately for live births
(denominator) and infant deaths (numerator).
3
In 1989 a birthweight-gestational age consistency check instituted for the natality file resulted in a decrease in the number of deaths to infants coded with birthweights
of 5,000 grams or more and a discontinuity in the mortality trend for infants weighing 5,000 grams or more at birth. Starting with 1989 the rates are believed to be more
accurate.
NOTES: National linked files do not exist for 1992–94 birth cohorts. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System. National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data
Sets.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 151
Extracted source page 161
Table 23. Infant mortality rates, fetal mortality rates, and perinatal mortality rates, according to
race: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Neonatal1
Fetal Perinatal
Under Under mortality Late fetal mortality
1 1
Race and year Infant 28 days 7 days Postneonatal rate2 mortality rate3 rate4
All races Deaths per 1,000 live births
19505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 20.5 17.8 8.7 18.4 14.9 32.5
19605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.0 18.7 16.7 7.3 15.8 12.1 28.6
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 15.1 13.6 4.9 14.0 9.5 23.0
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 8.5 7.1 4.1 9.1 6.2 13.2
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 7.0 5.8 3.7 7.8 4.9 10.7
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 5.8 4.8 3.4 7.5 4.3 9.1
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 4.9 4.0 2.7 7.0 3.6 7.6
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 4.8 3.8 2.5 6.9 3.6 7.4
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 4.8 3.8 2.5 6.8 3.5 7.3
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 4.8 3.8 2.4 --- --- ---
Race of child:6 White
19505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 19.4 17.1 7.4 16.6 13.3 30.1
19605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 17.2 15.6 5.7 13.9 10.8 26.2
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 13.8 12.5 4.0 12.3 8.6 21.0
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 7.5 6.2 3.5 8.1 5.7 11.9
Race of mother:7 White
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 7.4 6.1 3.5 8.1 5.7 11.8
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 6.0 5.0 3.2 6.9 4.5 9.5
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 4.8 3.9 2.8 6.4 3.8 7.7
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 4.1 3.3 2.2 5.9 3.3 6.5
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 4.0 3.2 2.1 5.9 3.3 6.4
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 4.0 3.2 2.0 5.8 3.2 6.3
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 4.0 3.1 2.0 --- --- ---
Race of child:6 Black
19505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 27.8 23.0 16.1 32.1 --- ---
19605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 27.8 23.7 16.5 --- --- ---
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 22.8 20.3 9.9 23.2 --- 34.5
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 14.1 11.9 7.3 14.4 8.9 20.7
Race of mother:7 Black
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 14.6 12.3 7.6 14.7 9.1 21.3
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 12.6 10.8 6.4 12.8 7.2 17.9
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 11.6 9.7 6.4 13.3 6.7 16.4
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 9.8 8.2 5.3 12.7 5.7 13.8
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 9.6 7.8 5.1 12.5 5.5 13.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 9.4 7.8 4.8 12.5 5.5 13.2
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 9.5 7.8 4.8 --- --- ---
- - - Data not available.
1
Infant (under 1 year of age), neonatal (under 28 days), early neonatal (under 7 days), and postneonatal (28 days–11 months).
2
Number of fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more gestation per 1,000 live births plus fetal deaths.
3
Number of fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more gestation per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths.
4
Number of late fetal deaths plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths.
5
Includes births and deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
6
Infant deaths are tabulated by race of decedent; live births and fetal deaths are tabulated by race of child (see Appendix II, Race).
7
Infant deaths are tabulated by race of decedent; fetal deaths and live births are tabulated by race of mother (see Appendix II, Race).
NOTES: Infant mortality rates in this table are based on infant deaths from the mortality file (numerator) and live births from the natality file (denominator).
Inconsistencies in reporting race for the same infant between the birth and death certificate can result in underestimated infant mortality rates for races other than white
or black. Infant mortality rates for minority population groups are available from the national linked files of live births and infant deaths and are presented in tables
20–21 and 24–25. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II,
mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data are available on the NCHS Web site
at www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; Murphy SL. Deaths: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000.
152 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 162
Table 24 (page 1 of 2). Infant mortality rates, according to race, geographic division, and State:
United States, average annual 1989–91 and 1995–97
[Data are based on the National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971
Infant2 deaths per 1,000 live births
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 7.4 7.3 6.1 17.2 14.2
New England3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 5.7 6.2 4.8 15.1 11.5
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 5.3 6.2 5.1 * *
New Hampshire3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 4.8 7.2 4.6 * *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.1 * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.1 5.9 4.3 14.2 10.6
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 6.5 7.5 5.0 *13.6 *
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 6.9 5.9 5.3 17.0 13.6
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.2 6.6 5.3 18.5 14.3
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 7.1 6.3 4.8 18.4 13.5
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 6.6 6.1 4.5 17.8 13.8
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.7 7.2 6.2 19.1 16.6
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 8.2 7.7 6.6 19.1 16.5
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.1 7.7 6.8 16.2 15.3
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 8.4 8.4 7.5 17.3 15.6
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 8.8 7.6 6.5 20.5 17.5
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 8.2 7.7 6.3 20.7 16.3
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.0 7.4 5.9 17.0 16.3
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 7.1 7.4 6.3 17.5 14.7
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 6.2 6.4 5.6 18.5 13.4
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 7.1 7.8 6.7 15.8 *16.5
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 7.5 8.0 6.2 18.0 14.5
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 6.3 7.3 5.8 * *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 7.4 7.5 6.0 * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.9 7.2 7.3 18.3 *13.5
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 7.5 7.8 6.7 15.4 17.0
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 8.4 7.6 6.3 17.2 14.2
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 7.7 8.2 6.2 20.1 12.9
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 8.7 6.3 5.7 15.0 14.9
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 14.9 *8.2 * 23.9 18.5
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 7.7 7.4 6.0 18.0 13.6
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 8.2 8.8 7.9 *15.7 *17.9
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.2 8.0 7.0 16.9 15.3
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 9.2 8.4 6.3 17.2 14.4
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 9.1 8.4 6.4 17.9 14.4
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 7.4 7.2 6.1 16.2 12.6
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 9.1 8.1 7.1 16.5 14.7
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.3 8.1 7.0 14.4 11.2
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 8.7 7.8 6.7 18.2 16.1
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 9.9 8.6 7.6 16.8 14.6
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 10.6 7.9 7.3 15.2 14.5
West South Central3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.2 7.2 6.5 14.2 12.1
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 8.9 8.1 7.7 15.2 13.4
Louisiana3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 9.4 7.5 6.7 14.3 13.5
Oklahoma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 8.1 7.3 7.5 12.7 14.3
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 6.4 6.9 6.0 14.1 10.6
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 6.7 7.9 6.3 16.9 12.5
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 6.9 8.0 6.6 * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 6.6 8.9 6.4 * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 6.8 8.0 6.1 * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 6.7 8.0 6.1 16.7 13.6
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 6.3 8.1 6.2 *17.2 *
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 7.4 8.2 7.1 17.3 14.1
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.8 6.8 5.5 * *
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 6.2 7.8 6.3 16.9 10.9
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 6.0 7.0 5.5 15.4 12.7
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5.8 7.4 5.4 15.1 12.9
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5.8 7.4 5.6 21.3 *11.4
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 6.0 6.9 5.5 15.4 12.8
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.4 7.2 5.8 * *
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 6.0 5.5 5.2 *13.6 *
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 153
Extracted source page 163
Table 24 (page 2 of 2). Infant mortality rates, according to race, geographic division, and State:
United States, average annual 1989–91 and 1995–97
[Data are based on the National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
Hispanic4 American Indian or Alaska Native5 Asian or Pacific Islander5
Geographic division
and State 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971
Infant2 deaths per 1,000 live births
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 6.1 12.6 9.2 6.6 5.1
New England6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.8 * * 5.8 4.3
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
New Hampshire6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 6.7 * * 5.7 *3.7
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.2 *9.7 * * * *
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 8.8 * * * *
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 6.9 *11.6 * 6.4 4.1
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 6.6 *15.2 * 6.4 4.1
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 7.0 * * 5.6 4.0
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 8.9 * * 7.8 *4.4
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.4 11.6 10.1 6.1 5.3
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 7.6 * * *4.8 *6.2
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.2 8.1 * * * *8.3
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.2 * * 6.0 5.6
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 6.7 *10.7 *9.9 *6.1 *3.9
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.3 9.6 *11.9 *8.8 *6.7 *3.7
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 6.8 17.1 13.9 7.4 6.8
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8.4 *6.0 17.3 16.2 *5.1 7.0
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *11.9 *7.0 * * * *
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9.1 *5.3 * * *9.1 *
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *13.8 *10.5 * *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 19.9 15.0 * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8.8 9.2 *18.2 * * *
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 6.9 * * * *
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 5.7 12.7 11.3 6.8 5.6
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 5.7 * * 7.5 6.8
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8.8 * * * * *
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 6.6 * * 6.0 4.8
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.5 6.5 12.2 12.7 *6.3 *5.7
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *8.1 * * * *
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 6.7 * * *8.2 *5.3
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 5.1 * *10.6 *6.2 5.5
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.9 6.7 * *13.7 *7.7 *5.8
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *6.4 * * * *
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *8.4 * * * *
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
West South Central6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.7 8.4 7.6 6.7 5.1
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *8.6 * * * *
Louisiana6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * *7.2
Oklahoma6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- *5.5 7.8 8.2 * *
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.7 * * 6.8 5.0
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 6.7 11.6 8.5 8.1 6.0
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 16.7 *8.6 * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.2 *6.5 * * * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 6.8 *16.5 * *7.8 *6.6
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 6.2 9.8 7.3 * *
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 7.4 11.4 8.6 *8.5 *5.3
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7.0 6.9 *10.0 * *10.7 *6.9
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 4.6 * * * *
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 5.6 14.6 8.0 6.5 5.3
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 4.9 19.6 *7.0 6.2 4.7
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 6.5 *15.7 * *8.4 *4.5
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.6 11.0 7.5 6.4 5.1
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 15.7 10.7 * *
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 *5.8 * * 7.1 6.2
* Rates preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Rates not shown are based on fewer than 20 events. - - - Data not available.
1
Rates based on period file using weighted data. Data for 1995–97 not strictly comparable with unweighted birth cohort data for earlier years (see Appendix I).
2
Under 1 year of age.
3
Rates for white and black are substituted for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black for Louisiana 1989, Oklahoma 1989–90, and New Hampshire 1989–91.
4 5
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Includes persons of Hispanic origin.
6
Rates for Hispanic origin exclude data from States not reporting Hispanic origin on the birth certificate for 1 or more years in a 3-year period.
NOTE: National linked files do not exist for 1992–94 birth cohorts.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
154 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 164
Table 25 (page 1 of 2). Neonatal mortality rates, according to race, geographic division, and State:
United States, average annual 1989–91 and 1995–97
[Data are based on the National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
All races White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971
Neonatal2 deaths per 1,000 live births
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 4.8 4.6 4.0 11.1 9.4
New England3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.2 4.2 3.5 11.0 8.4
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.7 4.2 3.7 * *
New Hampshire3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.4 4.4 3.2 * *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.0 * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 3.8 4.1 3.2 10.4 7.6
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.1 5.3 3.8 *9.8 *
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.1 4.2 4.0 12.5 10.2
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.0 4.6 3.7 12.3 9.6
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 5.0 4.3 3.3 12.6 9.1
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 4.6 4.5 3.3 11.4 9.0
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.3 12.5 11.4
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.5 4.9 4.4 12.1 10.7
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.4 4.8 4.6 9.8 10.2
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 5.5 5.2 4.9 11.5 10.3
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.9 5.1 4.6 12.7 11.2
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.4 4.9 4.1 14.0 10.8
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.5 4.6 3.8 9.1 10.1
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 10.2 9.6
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.8 3.9 3.5 10.7 8.2
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 *10.5 *11.5
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 4.8 5.0 3.9 10.6 9.5
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 3.8 4.7 3.8 * *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.1 4.5 3.5 * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 5.4 4.2 5.1 *9.8 *9.6
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.3 8.3 11.6
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.7 4.9 4.1 11.7 9.9
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 5.1 5.8 3.8 12.4 9.7
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 6.1 3.9 3.7 10.2 10.9
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 10.8 *5.2 * 16.7 13.5
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 5.4 4.8 4.0 13.0 10.0
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 5.5 5.6 5.3 *9.7 *12.5
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 6.3 5.3 4.8 11.9 10.6
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 6.4 5.4 4.2 11.3 10.3
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 6.1 5.5 4.1 12.0 10.0
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.7 4.7 3.8 10.5 8.2
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 5.7 5.0 4.3 10.6 9.5
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.2 8.9 7.2
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 5.3 4.9 3.9 11.8 10.0
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 6.5 5.7 4.8 11.1 9.8
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.6 4.9 4.4 9.5 9.1
West South Central3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.3 4.2 3.9 8.4 7.4
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.4 4.5 4.6 8.5 8.1
Louisiana3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 6.1 4.8 4.4 8.5 8.6
Oklahoma3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.8 4.1 4.5 6.3 8.8
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 3.8 4.1 3.5 8.5 6.2
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.2 4.4 3.9 10.1 7.9
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 3.9 4.2 3.7 * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.1 5.2 3.8 * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.1 * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.4 4.7 4.0 10.9 9.3
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 3.9 4.8 4.0 * *
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.8 4.9 4.6 11.0 9.0
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 * *
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.4 3.8 3.2 *8.3 *5.5
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 3.8 4.0 3.3 9.2 8.0
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.5 3.8 3.3 9.7 8.2
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.3 4.0 3.2 *11.6 *
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 3.9 4.1 3.4 9.2 8.0
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.2 * *
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.9 3.5 *3.6 * *
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 155
Extracted source page 165
Table 25 (page 2 of 2). Neonatal mortality rates, according to race, geographic division, and State:
United States, average annual 1989–91 and 1995–97
[Data are based on the National Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets]
Hispanic4 American Indian or Alaska Native5 Asian or Pacific Islander5
Geographic division
and State 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971 1989–91 1995–971
Neonatal2 deaths per 1,000 live births
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.0 5.9 4.4 3.9 3.3
New England6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.7 * * 4.4 3.0
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
New Hampshire6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * *
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 5.0 * * *3.9 *2.6
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.9 *7.6 * * * *
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 6.2 * * * *
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.9 * * 4.1 2.8
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.8 * * 4.1 2.9
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.7 * * *3.4 2.6
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 6.2 * * *5.2 *2.7
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 4.8 *6.2 *5.8 3.6 3.5
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.4 *5.0 * * * *4.4
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.7 5.7 * * * *
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.5 * * 3.9 3.8
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.6 * * * *
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3.9 6.5 * * * *
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.6 6.1 6.3 4.6 4.1
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *4.4 *4.9 *7.9 *3.2 *3.9
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *8.2 *7.4 * *
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *6.6 * * * *
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.4 *4.3 * * * *
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 3.7 7.4 6.9 4.6 3.6
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.7 *3.7 * * *4.5 *5.0
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.8 5.1 * * *4.1 *3.5
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.5 4.6 *7.7 *8.1 * *4.0
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.7 4.5 * * *5.3 *
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 3.2 * * *4.4 *3.1
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *4.3 * * * *3.3
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
West South Central6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.5 4.3 3.5 4.1 3.1
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Louisiana6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * *
Oklahoma6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- *3.0 *3.7 3.8 * *
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.5 * * 4.0 2.9
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.4 5.8 3.8 4.6 4.1
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *7.6 * * *
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *4.8 * * * *
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * *
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.4 * * * *4.9
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.0 4.9 *3.0 * *
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.0 5.4 3.7 * *
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3.6 *4.4 * * * *
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.1 2.9 * * * *
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.7 6.5 3.6 3.7 3.3
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 3.1 *8.5 * *2.7 *2.9
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 4.4 * * *5.3 *
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.7 6.3 *3.8 3.6 3.2
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *5.7 *4.8 * *
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *6.6 *3.7 * * 4.2 3.9
* Rates preceded by an asterisk are based on fewer than 50 events. Rates not shown are based on fewer than 20 events. - - - Data not available.
1
Rates based on period file using weighted data. Data for 1995–97 not strictly comparable with unweighted birth cohort data for earlier years (see Appendix I).
2
Infants under 28 days of age.
3
Rates for white and black are substituted for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black for Louisiana 1989, Oklahoma 1989–90, and New Hampshire 1989–91.
4 5
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Includes persons of Hispanic origin.
6
Rates for Hispanic origin exclude data from States not reporting Hispanic origin on the birth certificate for 1 or more years in a 3-year period.
NOTE: National linked files do not exist for 1992–94 birth cohorts.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
156 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 166
Table 26. Infant mortality rates and international rankings: Selected countries, selected years, 1960–96
[Data are based on reporting by countries]
International rankings1
Country2 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 19963 1960 1996
Infant4 deaths per 1,000 live births
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 17.9 10.7 8.2 5.7 5.8 4 16
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 25.9 14.3 7.8 5.4 5.1 23 11
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 21.1 12.1 7.9 6.1 5.6 19 13
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 27.3 20.2 14.8 14.8 14.8 29 36
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 18.8 10.4 6.8 6.1 6.1 14 20
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.1 78.8 33.0 16.0 11.1 11.7 35 33
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.3 61.5 20.2 15.3 13.2 11.8 32 34
Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.3 38.7 19.6 10.7 9.4 8.0 22 27
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 10.8 7.7 6.0 --- 18
Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 22.1 18.4 11.3 --- --- 10 ---
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 14.2 8.4 7.5 5.1 5.7 7 14
England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 18.2 12.0 7.9 6.1 6.1 8 20
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 13.2 7.6 5.6 3.9 4.0 5 3
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 18.2 10.0 7.3 4.9 4.9 15 9
Germany5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0 22.5 12.4 7.1 5.3 5.0 21 10
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.1 29.6 17.9 9.7 8.1 8.1 24 28
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 19.2 11.2 6.2 4.6 4.1 25 6
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 35.9 23.2 14.8 10.7 10.9 30 31
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 19.5 11.1 8.2 6.4 5.5 16 12
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 22.0 15.6 9.9 6.9 6.3 18 23
Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 29.6 14.6 8.6 6.1 6.0 28 18
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 13.1 7.5 4.6 4.3 3.8 17 1
Kuwait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 39.4 27.7 --- 10.9 11.5 --- 32
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 12.7 8.6 7.1 5.5 5.7 2 14
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 16.7 12.9 8.3 6.7 6.7 9 24
Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 22.9 13.4 7.5 7.1 5.8 13 16
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 12.7 8.1 6.9 4.0 4.0 3 3
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 33.2 21.3 19.4 13.6 12.2 31 35
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 58.0 24.3 11.0 7.5 6.9 34 25
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 27.9 18.5 13.4 12.7 10.4 26 30
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 49.4 29.3 26.9 21.2 22.3 33 38
Russia6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.6 18.2 18.2 --- 37
Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 19.6 12.1 7.7 6.2 6.2 12 22
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 21.4 11.7 6.7 4.0 3.8 20 1
Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.0 11.0 9.9 --- 29
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 26.5 12.3 7.6 5.5 4.7 27 7
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 11.0 6.9 6.0 4.1 4.0 1 3
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 15.1 9.1 6.8 5.0 4.7 6 7
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.0 20.0 12.6 9.2 7.6 7.3 11 26
- - - Data not available.
1
Rankings are from lowest to highest infant mortality rates. Some of the variation in infant mortality rates is due to differences among countries in distinguishing
between fetal and infant deaths.
2
Refers to countries, territories, cities, or geographic areas with at least 1 million population and with ‘‘complete’’ counts of live births and infant deaths as indicated in
the United Nations Demographic Yearbook.
3
Rates for Bulgaria, Canada, New Zealand, and Russia are for 1995.
4
Under 1 year of age.
5
Rates presented for the years prior to the reunification of Germany were calculated by combining information from the Federal Republic of Germany and the German
Democratic Republic.
6
Excludes infants born alive after less than 28 weeks’ gestation, of less than 1,000 grams in weight and 35 centimeters in length, who die within seven days of birth.
SOURCES: United Nations Demographic Yearbook: Historical Supplement 1948–97. First Issue DYB-CD, in press. England and Wales: Office for National Statistics.
1996 Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal. England and Wales. Series DH3, No. 29. London, 1998; Northern Ireland: Registrar General, Northern Ireland.
Annual Report (various years). Belfast; Scotland: National Health Service in Scotland. Scottish Stillbirth and Infant Death Report, 1996. Edinburg, 1997; United States
and Puerto Rico: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States, vol. II, mortality part A (selected
years). Washington. Public Health Service.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 157
Extracted source page 167
Table 27 (page 1 of 2). Life expectancy at birth and at 65 years of age, according to sex: Selected countries,
1990 and 1995
[Data are based on reporting by countries]
At birth At 65 years
Country1 1990 2 1995 3 1990 2 1995 3
Male Life expectancy in years
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 76.4 16.5 16.5
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.8 76.2 15.5 16.0
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.6 75.3 15.6 15.8
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.0 75.2 15.5 16.1
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.0 75.1 15.3 16.1
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.6 75.1 15.8 16.2
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.3 75.0 14.7 15.6
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 74.9 14.6 15.2
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 74.6 14.4 14.7
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6 74.4 15.0 15.5
England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 74.3 14.3 14.7
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 74.2 16.1 16.6
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 74.2 15.5 16.0
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 73.5 14.7 15.2
Singapore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 73.4 14.4 14.9
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.0 73.3 14.1 14.7
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 73.3 14.3 15.0
Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 73.1 13.2 14.1
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 73.0 14.0 14.5
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.9 73.0 15.9 15.7
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 73.0 14.0 15.2
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 72.8 13.8 14.5
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 72.8 14.0 14.1
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.0 72.5 13.2 13.4
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 72.5 15.1 15.6
Scotland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 72.2 13.2 13.8
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 71.6 14.0 14.6
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 71.2 13.8 14.3
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 69.7 11.7 12.7
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 69.6 14.9 16.3
Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 68.2 13.0 12.7
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 67.6 12.5 12.9
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 67.1 12.8 12.6
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 65.5 13.3 12.8
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 65.3 12.1 12.1
Russian Federation4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.8 58.3 11.9 11.0
Female
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 82.9 20.6 20.9
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 82.6 20.7 21.4
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.0 81.9 19.7 20.5
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 81.6 19.4 19.8
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 81.5 19.2 19.9
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 81.2 19.9 20.1
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 80.9 18.7 19.5
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.4 80.8 19.0 19.4
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.9 80.7 18.7 19.3
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 80.4 19.2 19.1
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.8 80.3 18.3 18.5
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.0 80.3 17.9 18.7
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.2 80.1 18.2 18.8
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.6 79.8 17.8 18.6
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 79.8 18.4 18.9
England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.9 79.6 18.2 18.5
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 79.3 17.3 17.8
Singapore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 79.0 17.2 18.1
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 78.9 18.9 18.9
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 78.9 18.1 18.6
See footnotes at end of table.
158 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 168
Table 27 (page 2 of 2). Life expectancy at birth and at 65 years of age, according to sex: Selected countries,
1990 and 1995
[Data are based on reporting by countries]
At birth At 65 years
Country1 1990 2 1995 3 1990 2 1995 3
Female—Con. Life expectancy in years
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 78.9 17.5 19.4
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3 78.6 17.0 17.7
Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 78.5 17.1 17.7
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 78.1 17.0 17.0
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.9 77.9 18.0 17.6
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 77.9 17.6 17.9
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.9 77.8 16.8 17.6
Scotland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.0 77.6 16.9 17.1
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.8 76.9 17.8 17.6
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 76.7 15.3 16.2
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.6 76.4 16.2 16.5
Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 76.3 16.6 16.3
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 74.9 15.3 15.5
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.8 74.6 15.4 15.8
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 73.4 15.2 15.3
Russian Federation4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.3 71.6 15.7 15.0
1
Refers to countries, territories, cities, or geographic areas.
2
Data for Slovakia are for 1987. Data for Costa Rica are for 1988. Data for Australia, Belgium, and Puerto Rico are for 1989.
3
Data for Australia, Bulgaria, Chile, Costa Rica, France, Norway, Spain, and Switzerland are for 1994. Data for Ireland, Italy, and New Zealand are for 1993. Data for
Puerto Rico are for 1992.
4
Data for 1990 from Goskomstat 1997 (Demographic Yearbook of Russia, 1996).
NOTES: Rankings are from highest to lowest life expectancy based on the latest available data for countries or geographic areas with at least 1 million population. This
table is based on official mortality data from the countries concerned, as submitted to the United Nations Demographic Yearbook or the World Health Statistics Annual.
SOURCES: World Health Organization: World Health Statistics Annuals. Vols. 1990–1996. Geneva; United Nations: Demographic Yearbook 1991 and 1996. New York;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, 1990 and 1995, vol II, mortality, part A.
Washington: Public Health Service. 1994 and unpublished.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 159
Extracted source page 169
Table 28. Life expectancy at birth, at 65 years of age, and at 75 years of age, according to race and sex:
United States, selected years 1900–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
All races White Black
Specified age Both Both Both
and year sexes Male Female sexes Male Female sexes Male Female
At birth Remaining life expectancy in years
19001,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 46.3 48.3 47.6 46.6 48.7 3
33.0 3
32.5 3
33.5
19502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 65.6 71.1 69.1 66.5 72.2 60.7 58.9 62.7
19602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 66.6 73.1 70.6 67.4 74.1 63.2 60.7 65.9
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 67.1 74.7 71.7 68.0 75.6 64.1 60.0 68.3
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.7 70.0 77.4 74.4 70.7 78.1 68.1 63.8 72.5
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 71.1 78.2 75.3 71.8 78.7 69.3 65.0 73.4
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 71.2 78.2 75.4 71.9 78.8 69.1 64.8 73.4
1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 71.4 78.3 75.6 72.1 78.9 69.1 64.7 73.4
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 71.4 78.3 75.6 72.2 78.9 68.9 64.4 73.2
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 71.7 78.5 75.9 72.5 79.2 68.8 64.3 73.3
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.4 71.8 78.8 76.1 72.7 79.4 69.1 64.5 73.6
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 72.0 78.9 76.3 72.9 79.6 69.3 64.6 73.8
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.8 72.3 79.1 76.5 73.2 79.8 69.6 65.0 73.9
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 72.2 78.8 76.3 73.1 79.5 69.2 64.6 73.7
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 72.4 79.0 76.5 73.3 79.6 69.5 64.9 73.9
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.8 72.5 78.9 76.5 73.4 79.6 69.6 65.2 73.9
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.1 73.1 79.1 76.8 73.9 79.7 70.2 66.1 74.2
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 73.6 79.4 77.1 74.3 79.9 71.1 67.2 74.7
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.7 73.8 79.5 77.3 74.5 80.0 71.3 67.6 74.8
At 65 years
1900–19021,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 11.5 12.2 --- 11.5 12.2 --- 10.4 11.4
19502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 12.8 15.0 --- 12.8 15.1 13.9 12.9 14.9
19602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 12.8 15.8 14.4 12.9 15.9 13.9 12.7 15.1
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 13.1 17.0 15.2 13.1 17.1 14.2 12.5 15.7
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 14.1 18.3 16.5 14.2 18.4 15.1 13.0 16.8
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 14.5 18.5 16.8 14.5 18.7 15.2 13.0 16.9
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 14.6 18.6 16.9 14.7 18.7 15.2 13.0 17.0
1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 14.7 18.7 17.0 14.8 18.8 15.2 13.0 17.0
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 14.7 18.6 17.0 14.8 18.7 15.1 12.9 16.9
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 15.0 18.8 17.2 15.1 18.9 15.2 13.0 16.9
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 15.1 18.9 17.3 15.2 19.1 15.4 13.2 17.2
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 15.3 19.1 17.5 15.4 19.2 15.5 13.4 17.2
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 15.4 19.2 17.6 15.5 19.3 15.7 13.5 17.4
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 15.3 18.9 17.4 15.4 19.0 15.5 13.4 17.1
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 15.5 19.0 17.5 15.6 19.1 15.7 13.6 17.2
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 15.6 18.9 17.6 15.7 19.1 15.6 13.6 17.1
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 15.7 19.0 17.6 15.8 19.1 15.8 13.9 17.2
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 15.9 19.2 17.8 16.0 19.3 16.1 14.2 17.6
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 16.0 19.2 17.8 16.1 19.3 16.1 14.3 17.4
At 75 years
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 8.8 11.5 10.4 8.8 11.5 9.7 8.3 10.7
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 9.0 11.7 10.6 9.0 11.7 10.1 8.7 11.1
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.1 11.7 10.7 9.1 11.8 10.1 8.6 11.1
1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.1 11.8 10.7 9.1 11.8 10.1 8.6 11.1
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 9.1 11.7 10.7 9.1 11.7 10.0 8.5 11.0
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 9.3 11.9 10.9 9.3 11.9 10.1 8.6 11.0
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 9.4 12.0 11.0 9.4 12.0 10.2 8.6 11.2
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 9.5 12.1 11.1 9.5 12.1 10.2 8.7 11.2
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 9.6 12.2 11.2 9.6 12.2 10.4 8.9 11.4
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 9.5 11.9 11.0 9.5 12.0 10.2 8.7 11.1
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 9.6 12.0 11.1 9.6 12.0 10.3 8.9 11.2
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 9.7 11.9 11.1 9.7 12.0 10.2 8.8 11.1
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 9.8 12.0 11.1 9.8 12.0 10.3 9.0 11.2
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 9.9 12.1 11.2 9.9 12.1 10.7 9.3 11.5
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 10.0 12.2 11.3 10.0 12.2 10.5 9.2 11.3
- - - Data not available.
1
Death registration area only. The death registration area increased from 10 States and the District of Columbia in 1900 to the coterminous United States in 1933.
2 3
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Figure is for the all other population.
NOTES: Beginning in 1997 life table methodology was revised to construct complete life tables by single years of age that extend to age 100. (Anderson RN. Method
for Constructing Complete Annual U.S. Life Tables. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(129). 1999.) Previously abridged life tables were
constructed for five-year age groups ending with the age group 85 years and over. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: U.S. Bureau of the Census: U.S. Life Tables 1890, 1901, 1910, and 1901–1910, by Glover JW. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics: Vital Statistics Rates in the United States, 1940–1960, by Grove RD and Hetzel AM.
DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 1677. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968; Murphy SL. Deaths: Final data for 1998. National vital
statistics reports; vol 48. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; unpublished data from the Division of Vital Statistics; data for 1960 and earlier years for the black population were
computed by the Office of Research and Methodology from data compiled by the Division of Vital Statistics.
160 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 170
Table 29 (page 1 of 2). Age-adjusted death rates, according to detailed race, Hispanic origin, geographic
division, and State: United States, average annual 1984–86, 1990–92, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
American
Indian or Asian or
Alaska Pacific White,
All persons White Black Native Islander Hispanic non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1984–86 1990–92 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98
Deaths per 100,000 resident population1
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547.7 513.4 481.4 458.4 711.8 460.9 274.1 353.5 457.7
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.4 465.0 435.6 430.5 596.6 * 230.9 316.8 426.6
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530.2 479.7 465.2 466.6 * * * * 458.2
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 519.8 461.1 443.4 444.9 * * 204.6 180.4 436.0
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528.5 476.7 445.0 445.7 * * * * 446.6
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 518.7 468.9 429.1 425.9 564.1 * 251.0 315.8 424.0
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.3 471.8 440.0 433.8 648.8 * 274.7 251.9 428.0
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.3 451.4 433.0 418.0 637.2 * 179.8 352.6 412.5
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.2 527.2 473.2 452.1 654.1 * 233.4 357.4 446.7
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.0 539.2 464.9 448.0 592.6 * 248.2 374.2 434.1
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.6 512.1 462.5 437.1 697.8 * 184.6 281.4 442.4
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.5 516.7 490.5 465.4 774.5 * 259.7 471.0 463.2
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 553.0 516.2 488.1 460.0 746.8 * 226.6 300.9 458.8
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561.6 519.7 497.3 477.5 696.3 * 196.0 381.1 473.3
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551.2 517.3 502.5 484.7 752.8 * 211.2 246.8 487.0
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.5 532.4 493.7 452.0 800.6 * 217.4 290.4 452.2
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.6 523.4 487.8 452.4 729.5 * 258.7 346.6 448.7
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488.5 454.4 438.3 425.5 709.9 * 299.3 204.6 427.2
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 497.1 467.4 452.5 436.7 746.5 * 313.6 353.3 434.2
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.6 427.8 403.5 394.4 670.3 820.5 345.6 446.4 390.5
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.7 440.4 426.3 422.8 688.7 * 333.3 316.8 422.8
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.7 524.8 515.6 490.2 770.9 * 309.6 385.8 490.2
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449.6 435.7 416.1 401.7 * 973.9 * * 390.2
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.2 458.8 441.9 409.0 * 1,119.4 * * 409.6
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.1 457.0 439.7 428.3 758.3 897.2 274.7 316.4 425.4
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.0 463.1 455.5 443.0 720.2 * 273.1 320.6 437.2
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565.0 529.8 504.6 459.5 729.4 * 218.5 322.0 464.9
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.9 534.1 511.7 478.3 720.0 * 165.4 356.9 478.0
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.6 534.1 506.1 443.2 724.1 * 218.0 # 451.5
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 765.8 824.3 732.3 376.5 951.5 * 220.9 # 408.4
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.2 520.9 490.1 453.0 698.4 * 225.4 203.0 455.4
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.6 570.2 550.6 547.3 730.9 * * 186.2 548.6
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 576.9 546.2 526.7 476.3 744.7 595.3 240.5 182.2 476.8
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 618.6 584.7 565.9 497.5 776.2 * 260.6 212.2 498.4
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.9 578.4 551.2 496.9 742.0 * 275.4 211.9 497.6
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.2 488.5 466.3 440.7 679.5 * 185.3 350.7 450.5
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 598.3 576.0 566.7 528.6 766.4 * 252.8 296.5 528.7
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.6 560.0 541.7 531.8 717.0 * 245.6 473.6 531.1
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.7 559.9 560.7 526.3 798.5 * 289.6 308.5 526.5
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.5 586.2 571.7 525.1 748.3 * 163.5 236.6 525.9
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.3 615.5 608.1 536.5 776.3 * 298.4 178.2 537.0
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 564.6 542.9 514.8 490.3 725.0 * 229.5 399.0 473.7
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.7 560.2 559.8 530.9 780.1 * 352.6 201.4 532.5
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.7 613.0 582.7 512.0 775.3 * 274.8 251.2 517.3
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550.4 533.9 537.8 532.9 700.9 * 330.0 --- ---
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.4 524.0 487.7 471.5 689.2 * 213.7 407.9 481.0
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.4 473.3 453.6 447.3 571.8 617.8 278.7 421.9 443.3
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.7 479.0 456.1 442.7 * 800.7 * 341.1 440.9
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488.7 447.9 429.5 428.6 * 556.3 342.3 311.7 429.8
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.5 479.4 463.5 457.8 * 846.5 * 418.4 457.0
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478.9 451.8 422.4 420.7 550.6 365.0 235.2 420.2 416.2
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518.5 489.5 464.1 456.5 420.9 602.0 270.2 466.5 436.2
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.9 484.6 470.5 458.8 601.3 684.6 242.9 435.0 452.8
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465.8 418.1 404.1 403.2 591.3 425.1 346.9 374.1 401.5
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586.6 558.2 537.9 539.8 634.3 391.4 325.3 263.2 553.1
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 161
Extracted source page 171
Table 29 (page 2 of 2). Age-adjusted death rates, according to detailed race, Hispanic origin, geographic
division, and State: United States, average annual 1984–86, 1990–92, and 1996–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
American
Indian or Asian or
Alaska Pacific White,
All persons White Black Native Islander Hispanic non-Hispanic
Geographic division
and State 1984–86 1990–92 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98 1996–98
Deaths per 100,000 resident population1
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516.6 482.0 434.9 436.7 657.4 * 302.1 326.4 448.1
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496.9 458.9 429.9 428.4 601.4 555.2 286.8 286.2 428.8
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.9 471.5 455.5 454.4 651.9 * 301.4 280.9 455.7
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523.4 489.6 435.7 437.9 666.8 * 280.8 327.7 454.5
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561.8 515.1 461.6 425.6 430.0 736.3 308.3 283.5 428.2
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.6 399.1 377.5 355.2 245.1 * 392.1 349.7 358.8
* Data for States with population under 10,000 in the middle year of a 3-year period or fewer than 50 deaths for the 3-year period are considered unreliable and are not
shown. Data for American Indians or Alaska Natives in States with more than 10 percent misclassification of American Indian or Alaska Native deaths on death
certificates or without information on misclassification are also not shown. (Support Services International, Inc. Methodology for adjusting IHS mortality data for
miscoding race-ethnicity of American Indians and Alaska Natives on State death certificates. Report submitted to Indian Health Service. 1996.) Division death rates for
American Indians or Alaska Natives are not shown when any State within the division does not meet reliability criteria.
#Estimates of Hispanic death rates in Maryland (79.6 deaths per 1,000 population) and the District of Columbia (DC) (87.5) are substantially lower than for other States
and are likely to be underestimates of actual death rates, possibly due to misreporting of Hispanic origin on some death certificates and/or inaccurate Hispanic
population estimates for Maryland and DC.
- - - Data not available.
1
Average annual death rate. Denominators are population estimates for the middle year of each 3-year period, multiplied by 3.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. The race groups, white, black, American Indian or
Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in
death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau
(denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated
to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American
Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic
origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Rates computed by the Division of Health and Utilization Analysis from
mortality data compiled by the Division of Vital Statistics and from State population estimates prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census: 1985 estimate from 0792I
intercensal series; 1990 from April 1, 1990 MARS Census File; 1993–94 from vintage 1994 postcensal series; 1995 from vintage 1996 postcensal series; 1996 from
vintage 1997 postcensal series; 1997 from vintage 1998 postcensal series.
162 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 172
Table 30 (page 1 of 4). Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, according to sex,
detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin, and cause of death 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841.5 760.9 714.3 585.8 548.9 520.2 503.9 491.6 479.1 471.7
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.6 695.2 636.9 519.7 493.0 465.1 451.7 440.6 429.2 422.6
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307.2 286.2 253.6 202.0 181.4 152.0 138.3 134.5 130.5 126.6
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 149.8 126.1 102.6 89.5 86.7 82.9 79.5
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.8 79.7 66.3 40.8 32.5 27.7 26.7 26.4 25.9 25.1
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.4 125.8 129.8 132.8 134.4 135.0 129.9 127.9 125.6 123.6
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 17.7 26.6 34.8 37.6 39.9 38.3 37.9 37.3 37.0
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 17.7 16.8 15.5 14.9 13.6 12.7 12.2 12.0 11.8
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 13.1 13.3 14.4 14.7 16.7 15.4 14.9 13.9 13.2
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 22.3 23.1 22.7 23.3 23.1 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . 4.4 8.2 13.2 15.9 18.8 19.7 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 28.0 22.1 12.9 13.5 14.0 12.9 12.8 12.9 13.2
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 10.5 14.7 12.2 9.7 8.6 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.2
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.6 14.1 10.1 9.7 11.7 13.3 13.6 13.5 13.6
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 9.8 15.6 11.1 5.8 4.6
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 65.7 77.4 66.1 55.9 55.1 52.2 50.9 49.9 49.1
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 49.9 53.7 42.3 34.8 32.5 30.5 30.4 30.1 30.1
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 22.5 27.4 22.9 18.8 18.5 16.3 16.2 15.9 15.6
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 10.6 11.8 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.6 10.4
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.2 9.1 10.8 8.3 10.2 9.4 8.5 8.0 7.3
Male
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001.6 949.3 931.6 777.2 723.0 680.2 646.3 623.7 602.8 589.4
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892.1 850.7 814.6 675.5 637.9 595.8 567.0 547.2 528.0 516.1
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.8 375.5 348.5 280.4 250.1 206.7 184.9 178.8 173.1 166.9
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 214.8 179.6 144.0 123.9 119.3 114.2 108.9
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.9 85.4 73.2 44.9 35.5 30.2 28.9 28.5 27.9 26.6
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.8 143.0 157.4 165.5 166.1 166.3 156.8 153.8 150.4 147.7
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 32.0 47.5 56.9 58.1 58.5 53.0 51.8 50.5 49.5
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 18.6 18.7 18.3 17.9 16.8 15.3 14.8 14.6 14.3
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 13.1 13.3 14.4 14.7 16.7 15.4 14.9 13.9 13.2
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . 6.0 13.7 23.4 26.1 28.1 27.2 26.3 25.9 26.1 25.9
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 35.0 28.8 17.4 18.4 18.5 16.5 16.2 16.2 16.3
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 14.5 20.2 17.1 13.7 12.2 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.3
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 12.0 13.5 10.2 10.0 12.3 14.4 14.9 14.8 15.2
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 17.7 26.2 18.1 9.1 7.2
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.4 98.5 117.0 101.7 85.2 84.4 79.3 76.5 74.8 73.4
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.7 73.9 80.7 64.0 51.8 47.7 44.1 43.3 42.9 43.0
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.4 34.5 41.1 34.3 27.3 26.3 22.7 22.3 21.7 21.6
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 16.6 17.3 18.0 18.8 19.0 18.6 18.0 17.4 17.2
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.9 14.9 17.4 12.8 16.3 14.7 13.3 12.5 11.3
Female
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688.4 590.6 532.5 432.6 410.3 390.6 385.2 381.0 375.7 372.5
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649.2 556.2 492.2 400.1 382.2 363.5 359.1 354.8 349.8 346.8
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.9 205.7 175.2 140.3 127.4 108.9 100.4 98.2 95.4 93.3
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 98.8 84.2 70.2 61.9 60.4 57.6 55.6
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.0 74.7 60.8 37.6 30.0 25.7 24.8 24.6 24.2 23.6
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.8 111.2 108.8 109.2 111.7 112.7 110.4 108.8 107.3 105.5
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 5.7 9.5 17.6 21.8 25.6 26.9 26.9 26.9 27.0
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 16.9 15.4 13.4 12.6 11.3 10.6 10.2 10.0 9.9
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 22.3 23.1 22.7 23.3 23.1 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . 2.9 3.5 5.4 8.9 12.5 14.7 17.1 17.6 17.7 18.1
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 21.8 16.7 9.8 10.1 11.0 10.4 10.4 10.5 11.0
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 6.9 9.8 7.9 6.1 5.3 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 15.0 14.4 10.0 9.4 11.1 12.4 12.5 12.4 12.3
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 2.1 5.2 4.2 2.6 2.2
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 34.4 40.4 32.5 28.1 27.0 26.1 26.2 25.9 25.8
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 26.8 28.2 21.8 18.7 17.9 17.5 17.9 17.8 17.8
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 11.0 14.4 11.8 10.5 10.7 10.0 10.2 10.2 9.9
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.0 6.8 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.6 3.7 4.5 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 163
Extracted source page 173
Table 30 (page 2 of 4). Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, according to sex,
detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin, and cause of death 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
White Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800.4 727.0 679.6 559.4 524.9 492.8 476.9 466.8 456.5 450.4
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730.5 665.5 609.2 497.7 471.9 442.0 428.5 419.2 409.7 403.7
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.5 281.5 249.1 197.6 176.6 146.9 133.1 129.8 125.9 121.9
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 150.6 126.6 102.5 89.0 86.4 82.5 79.2
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 74.2 61.8 38.0 30.1 25.5 24.7 24.5 24.0 23.3
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7 124.2 127.8 129.6 131.2 131.5 127.0 125.2 122.9 121.0
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 17.6 26.3 34.2 37.0 39.3 38.0 37.6 37.1 36.8
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 17.9 16.9 15.4 14.7 13.3 12.3 11.8 11.6 11.5
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 12.4 12.3 13.2 13.4 15.3 14.0 13.5 12.6 12.0
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.4 23.4 22.8 23.4 22.9 20.5 19.8 18.9 18.3
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . 4.3 8.2 13.4 16.3 19.2 20.1 21.3 21.5 21.7 21.9
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 24.6 19.8 12.2 12.9 13.4 12.4 12.2 12.4 12.7
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 10.3 13.4 11.0 8.9 8.0 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.1
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 12.8 12.9 9.1 8.6 10.4 11.7 12.0 11.9 12.0
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 8.0 11.1 7.2 3.3 2.6
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 61.5 70.4 61.9 53.0 50.8 48.4 47.5 46.8 46.7
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 47.6 51.0 41.5 34.2 31.8 29.9 29.9 29.6 29.8
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 22.3 26.9 23.4 19.1 18.6 16.4 16.3 15.9 15.7
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 11.1 12.4 12.1 12.3 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.2
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.7 4.7 6.9 5.4 5.9 5.5 4.9 4.7 4.4
Black
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,236.7 1,073.3 1,044.0 842.5 793.6 789.2 765.7 738.3 705.3 690.9
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,131.0 974.9 910.2 740.2 713.5 701.3 685.8 662.3 632.7 622.2
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.6 334.5 307.6 255.7 240.6 213.5 198.8 191.5 185.7 183.3
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 150.5 130.9 113.2 103.4 99.4 96.3 92.5
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.9 140.3 114.5 68.5 55.8 48.4 45.0 44.2 42.5 41.4
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129.1 142.3 156.7 172.1 176.6 182.0 171.6 167.8 165.2 161.2
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 15.8 31.2 43.9 47.6 51.3 47.3 46.1 45.4 44.6
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 15.2 16.6 16.9 17.9 17.9 17.3 16.8 16.8 16.5
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 22.2 25.4 29.1 31.2 35.3 34.0 33.8 31.4 30.3
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 21.3 21.5 23.3 25.5 27.5 27.5 26.5 26.7 25.3
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.5 15.3 16.9 17.6 17.8 17.4 17.7
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 56.4 40.4 19.2 18.8 19.8 17.8 17.8 17.2 17.4
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 11.7 24.8 21.6 16.3 13.7 9.9 9.2 8.7 8.0
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 22.0 26.5 20.3 20.1 24.8 28.5 28.8 28.9 28.8
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 25.7 51.8 41.4 24.9 20.6
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.7 98.4 133.7 101.2 80.1 87.8 79.8 76.0 72.6 68.8
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 66.4 74.4 51.2 42.3 39.7 37.4 36.7 36.1 35.7
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 23.4 30.6 19.7 17.4 18.4 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.6
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.7 6.1 6.4 6.4 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.3 5.9
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 27.4 46.1 40.6 29.2 39.5 33.4 30.6 28.1 25.2
American Indian or
Alaska Native
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 564.1 468.2 445.1 468.5 456.7 465.3 458.1
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 436.5 375.1 360.3 385.4 374.5 381.1 377.3
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 131.2 119.6 107.1 104.5 100.8 102.6 97.1
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 87.4 77.3 66.6 65.4 63.8 64.2 57.2
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 26.6 22.5 19.3 21.6 21.1 19.9 19.6
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 70.6 72.0 75.0 80.8 84.9 86.6 83.4
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.8 17.5 19.7 22.7 23.8 24.1 25.1
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5.6 6.3 6.4 7.6 8.5 9.1 8.2
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.6 8.9 7.7 8.8 9.8 8.6 7.4
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.1 8.0 10.0 10.4 12.7 9.4 10.3
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.5 9.8 12.8 13.8 12.6 15.3 15.7
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 19.4 14.9 15.2 14.2 14.0 13.4 14.1
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 38.6 23.6 19.8 24.3 20.7 20.6 22.0
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 20.0 18.7 20.8 27.3 27.8 30.4 29.6
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 1.8 7.0 4.2 2.4 2.2
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 127.6 93.1 84.8 83.0 82.1 84.3 80.8
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 95.1 66.2 59.0 56.7 57.6 58.5 55.6
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 54.4 36.3 33.2 33.1 34.0 32.3 31.8
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.8 12.1 12.4 12.2 13.0 12.9 13.4
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 16.0 12.2 11.1 11.9 10.1 11.0 9.9
See footnotes at end of table.
164 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 174
Table 30 (page 3 of 4). Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, according to sex,
detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin, and cause of death 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Asian or Pacific Islander Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 315.6 305.7 297.6 298.9 277.4 274.8 264.6
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 280.7 274.4 266.7 269.2 250.3 247.0 240.2
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 93.9 88.6 78.5 78.9 71.7 69.8 67.4
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 67.5 58.8 49.7 49.3 44.8 43.5 42.9
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 29.0 25.5 25.0 25.8 23.9 24.4 22.7
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 77.2 80.2 79.8 81.1 76.3 75.4 74.8
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.6 16.6 17.7 18.0 16.9 16.9 17.2
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.3 9.6 8.3 8.2 7.7 7.6 7.8
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.0 5.9 6.9 7.4 5.8 5.3 4.7
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.2 9.6 10.0 11.0 8.9 9.2 9.8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . --- --- --- 5.9 8.4 8.7 9.0 8.6 8.6 7.4
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.1 9.1 10.4 10.8 9.9 10.1 10.3
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.5 4.2 3.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 6.9 6.1 7.4 9.2 8.8 9.3 8.7
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 2.1 3.1 2.2 0.9 0.8
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 34.9 31.4 30.9 29.7 27.1 27.7 24.4
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 21.7 20.1 19.3 17.1 16.1 16.7 14.4
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.6 12.0 12.5 10.8 9.5 9.7 8.6
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 6.7 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.0 6.2 5.9
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5.6 4.2 5.2 5.4 4.6 4.3 3.7
Hispanic4
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 397.4 400.2 386.8 365.9 350.3 342.8
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 342.7 342.4 334.0 316.9 304.5 298.1
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 116.0 102.8 92.1 88.6 86.8 84.2
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 77.8 68.0 60.1 58.2 56.8 54.7
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 23.8 21.0 20.3 19.5 19.4 19.0
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 75.8 82.4 79.7 77.8 76.4 76.1
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 13.4 15.9 14.6 14.3 14.2 13.6
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.5 8.2 7.6 7.3 7.5 7.4
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.5 9.5 10.9 9.9 8.6 9.0
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 11.8 14.1 12.7 12.8 12.6 12.1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.2 8.7 9.4 8.9 8.7 8.5
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 12.0 11.5 9.9 9.7 10.0 9.8
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 16.3 14.2 12.9 12.6 12.0 11.7
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 12.8 15.7 19.3 18.8 18.7 18.4
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 15.5 23.9 16.3 8.2 6.2
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 54.7 57.8 52.9 49.0 45.8 44.7
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 31.8 32.2 29.8 29.0 27.7 28.0
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 16.9 19.3 16.6 16.1 15.2 14.9
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.1 7.3 7.2 6.7 6.1 6.0
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 15.7 17.7 15.0 12.4 11.1 9.9
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 165
Extracted source page 175
Table 30 (page 4 of 4). Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, according to sex,
detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin, and cause of death 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
White, non-Hispanic4 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 510.7 493.1 475.2 466.7 458.5 452.7
Natural causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 460.7 444.2 428.8 420.7 412.6 406.9
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 173.0 148.2 134.1 131.0 127.5 123.6
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 125.4 103.7 89.8 87.4 83.6 80.3
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 29.2 25.7 24.6 24.4 24.0 23.3
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 128.3 134.2 129.2 127.6 125.3 123.5
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 36.7 40.6 39.2 38.9 38.5 38.3
Colorectal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.4 13.6 12.5 12.1 11.8 11.7
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 13.0 15.6 14.1 13.6 12.7 12.1
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 23.3 23.5 20.9 20.1 19.2 18.7
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 19.7 20.7 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 13.2 13.3 12.3 12.2 12.4 12.8
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.5 7.5 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.6
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.0 10.1 11.2 11.5 11.3 11.5
Human immunodeficiency virus infection. . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 7.0 9.4 6.0 2.6 2.0
External causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 50.0 48.9 46.4 46.0 45.9 45.8
Unintentional injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 31.9 31.3 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.5
Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 17.8 18.4 16.0 16.0 15.8 15.7
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 12.7 12.7 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.8
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.2
- - - Data not available.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Male only.
3
Female only.
4
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, code numbers for cause of
death are based on the current revision of International Classification of Diseases. See Appendix II, tables IV, V. Categories for coding human immunodeficiency virus
infection deaths were introduced in the United States in 1987. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include
persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification
between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population
groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and
5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics
(Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for
Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics: Grove, RD, Hetzel, AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–1960. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1960–93. Public Health
Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from table 1 and
unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census.
166 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 176
Table 31 (page 1 of 5). Years of potential life lost before age 75 for selected causes of death, according to
sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Crude Age adjusted1
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and cause of death 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1996 1997 1998
All persons Years lost before age 75 per 100,000 population under 75 years of age
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,267.6 8,997.0 7,733.3 9,813.5 8,518.3 7,748.0 7,398.4 7,229.4
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,065.3 1,517.6 1,343.2 1,877.5 1,363.0 1,222.6 1,190.2 1,155.5
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454.3 942.1 757.5 1,307.4 834.8 704.9 670.2 637.4
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 332.9 246.2 233.0 302.9 221.1 210.2 207.1 201.2
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,932.4 1,863.4 1,715.9 1,815.2 1,713.9 1,554.2 1,523.5 1,490.0
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 496.8 516.7 457.8 456.9 466.7 406.2 393.6 385.6
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.8 153.4 142.9 158.5 137.3 123.5 123.3 121.8
Prostate2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 89.5 67.6 67.2 76.6 64.6 59.7 57.4
Breast3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.5 416.5 357.5 393.0 381.9 324.3 314.3 301.8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.5 182.5 187.5 141.4 156.9 161.1 158.9 158.1
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 156.4 139.9 122.8 149.1 128.5 114.5 112.6 110.8
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 254.1 178.4 159.2 259.1 168.8 145.7 141.7 138.1
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.6 147.0 174.1 115.1 133.0 153.5 149.9 150.3
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 391.2 177.2 --- 366.2 401.9 208.7 163.6
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,688.7 1,221.2 1,051.6 1,688.3 1,263.0 1,136.5 1,115.2 1,103.4
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 1,017.6 752.4 596.4 1,010.8 788.8 680.8 661.1 646.3
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.6 404.8 365.4 402.8 405.9 387.8 378.0 371.5
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 459.5 452.3 307.1 460.9 466.4 394.7 368.9 337.2
White male
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,454.3 10,629.4 8,972.8 11,877.4 10,064.6 8,980.1 8,533.2 8,352.0
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,907.1 2,058.7 1,782.0 2,681.9 1,856.8 1,623.5 1,576.7 1,517.1
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 2,241.0 1,416.9 1,121.0 2,060.2 1,269.3 1,044.7 990.1 939.5
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 309.0 222.9 216.5 280.2 198.6 194.4 189.8 185.9
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,087.1 1,970.9 1,803.9 1,939.8 1,793.9 1,620.7 1,576.4 1,553.6
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 709.2 669.7 560.3 647.9 600.0 501.0 479.8 467.9
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.2 174.7 160.9 176.2 155.7 138.8 137.5 135.9
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 85.0 61.9 59.1 68.3 56.3 51.5 49.4
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219.3 208.9 199.9 187.1 177.2 167.5 169.3 166.0
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 156.0 143.3 124.4 147.4 130.5 115.1 116.1 110.3
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 306.4 233.5 229.7 307.9 219.1 205.1 200.8 196.9
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.7 141.0 173.9 107.4 127.5 153.0 143.4 148.6
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 589.3 164.8 --- 544.3 448.0 200.7 149.1
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,553.8 1,766.9 1,484.5 2,523.6 1,821.5 1,591.5 1,561.2 1,560.2
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 1,579.9 1,085.4 816.9 1,549.8 1,134.9 933.1 897.1 889.3
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.0 694.0 630.3 656.4 692.2 665.7 644.7 638.9
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 455.2 384.7 264.4 452.6 391.6 327.7 314.5 287.7
Black male
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,081.4 20,744.8 15,998.7 22,338.5 21,250.2 18,994.6 17,373.4 16,626.0
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,383.9 2,769.2 2,564.4 4,179.5 3,338.2 2,969.9 2,918.1 2,856.2
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 1,805.9 1,249.8 1,088.3 2,283.2 1,561.4 1,326.2 1,308.8 1,241.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 714.1 546.4 495.1 870.2 655.6 583.0 578.8 547.2
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,495.1 2,444.5 2,137.0 3,070.6 3,021.7 2,576.8 2,517.0 2,438.9
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 853.7 842.5 660.9 1,087.0 1,077.4 849.2 800.4 775.3
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1 188.6 193.7 215.9 234.0 225.6 229.1 221.1
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.9 143.7 124.0 159.1 177.6 160.2 154.6 149.2
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.3 241.4 237.5 258.7 278.7 266.7 250.8 260.4
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 467.1 399.2 273.4 492.6 416.8 328.4 291.7 285.6
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 610.1 390.5 234.9 791.8 461.4 293.5 265.3 254.3
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.8 263.0 330.0 245.5 317.8 357.4 380.2 369.3
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,622.4 1,027.0 --- 1,625.8 2,270.3 1,288.0 1,017.0
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,934.4 2,308.7 1,935.4 2,931.3 2,265.6 1,983.7 1,925.4 1,930.9
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 1,289.2 1,163.1 980.2 1,281.2 1,143.1 997.1 987.6 984.1
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.7 482.3 406.4 428.1 478.0 465.6 443.1 414.8
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 2,872.4 3,197.7 1,969.7 2,939.9 3,096.6 2,448.4 2,251.2 2,000.0
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 167
Extracted source page 177
Table 31 (page 2 of 5). Years of potential life lost before age 75 for selected causes of death, according to
sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Crude Age adjusted1
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and cause of death 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1996 1997 1998
American Indian or
Alaska Native male4 Years lost before age 75 per 100,000 population under 75 years of age
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,368.1 11,879.5 11,173.0 16,915.2 12,125.2 11,607.8 11,907.9 11,701.5
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,667.6 1,287.0 1,376.2 2,299.7 1,660.5 1,564.5 1,616.5 1,614.8
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024.5 712.6 698.4 1,511.6 985.1 965.7 1,007.5 854.3
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 190.2 160.3 167.4 256.4 194.1 234.2 196.2 199.1
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661.4 725.2 917.7 912.9 948.4 1,030.9 1,261.7 1,095.3
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 146.5 196.3 263.4 222.7 278.2 347.1 351.5 336.3
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 53.1 90.2 64.6 68.9 103.6 135.5 110.3
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 22.5 30.4 53.1 33.5 58.3 36.4 40.8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.2 100.3 150.1 106.2 128.2 99.1 200.1 178.2
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 343.1 230.2 213.3 370.1 227.5 274.9 249.0 221.2
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 943.9 445.9 582.7 1,259.9 530.2 555.6 586.7 638.2
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.1 191.6 372.8 255.3 256.1 360.0 358.1 449.7
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 130.2 131.1 --- 130.3 264.8 139.7 130.9
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,731.6 3,600.0 2,891.3 5,509.9 3,508.2 3,130.9 3,107.1 2,865.9
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 3,329.6 2,095.9 1,697.5 3,146.2 2,047.2 1,925.0 1,786.1 1,682.8
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984.6 968.2 947.8 921.0 945.1 867.0 913.0 941.0
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 1,029.4 778.2 643.5 1,003.6 754.5 677.3 731.5 638.2
Asian or
Pacific Islander male5
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,131.1 5,414.5 4,653.1 6,342.7 5,638.0 5,101.5 4,944.2 4,718.5
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,027.0 740.6 775.2 1,237.1 877.9 873.7 855.5 816.0
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 697.6 413.4 434.0 863.6 507.1 493.2 485.7 464.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 201.0 176.2 204.7 238.4 208.1 219.3 224.9 215.7
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969.1 965.7 1,011.2 1,160.1 1,132.1 1,031.3 1,062.2 1,061.3
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 230.0 180.4 194.2 293.6 230.6 210.8 225.0 213.9
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.1 85.6 102.1 104.8 103.7 89.1 103.0 106.5
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 18.6 14.5 12.9 25.0 21.9 16.7 16.9
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 61.6 66.9 76.8 77.7 88.3 75.7 72.6
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 94.1 72.2 74.9 93.9 79.4 75.5 78.9 77.3
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 94.7 84.8 57.1 112.1 95.7 61.8 59.9 57.0
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.6 60.2 82.2 76.6 74.1 98.5 85.9 89.2
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 145.8 48.5 --- 134.5 133.0 54.7 44.5
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,196.8 986.7 667.4 1,143.8 957.1 788.6 755.2 681.9
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 732.6 657.3 407.5 699.8 634.9 477.7 425.7 419.1
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.0 336.5 324.2 308.9 320.5 324.6 324.1 327.5
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 317.1 347.5 235.2 304.4 330.7 323.8 291.9 240.0
Hispanic male6
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10,217.2 7,612.8 --- 10,469.6 8,861.4 8,054.4 7,996.6
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 897.3 812.8 --- 1,301.8 1,124.6 1,079.4 1,068.4
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . --- 483.5 421.0 --- 759.4 631.2 596.6 590.4
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . --- 168.7 195.4 --- 228.9 233.5 228.9 240.4
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 810.1 819.8 --- 1,131.3 1,042.3 1,041.3 1,059.0
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . --- 153.1 134.5 --- 244.1 202.4 189.7 192.0
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 64.1 74.0 --- 98.7 91.8 98.8 103.5
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 22.0 27.4 --- 37.8 44.4 35.9 42.5
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 54.6 62.3 --- 74.8 72.2 73.2 78.5
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . --- 139.4 105.4 --- 152.5 119.0 118.0 116.7
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . --- 340.2 287.3 --- 454.0 377.9 350.7 354.2
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 107.2 138.7 --- 160.0 204.0 200.9 194.8
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 964.3 313.8 --- 972.6 869.6 434.1 317.3
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,120.1 1,640.3 --- 1,972.7 1,632.1 1,551.3 1,613.4
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . --- 1,305.0 893.6 --- 1,202.0 922.9 872.0 878.7
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 450.2 361.4 --- 434.3 413.3 383.7 363.5
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . --- 1,466.4 800.6 --- 1,330.1 949.7 841.0 781.4
See footnotes at end of table.
168 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 178
Table 31 (page 3 of 5). Years of potential life lost before age 75 for selected causes of death, according to
sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Crude Age adjusted1
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and cause of death 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1996 1997 1998
White, non-Hispanic male6 Years lost before age 75 per 100,000 population under 75 years of age
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10,530.0 9,039.5 --- 9,803.6 8,744.4 8,407.2 8,206.0
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,175.5 1,910.4 --- 1,877.0 1,643.2 1,607.4 1,543.7
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,515.2 1,217.1 --- 1,294.4 1,065.8 1,018.1 964.2
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . --- 228.8 216.5 --- 195.0 185.9 183.9 176.7
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,102.1 1,937.1 --- 1,835.5 1,651.4 1,610.1 1,583.8
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . --- 728.5 621.2 --- 621.5 519.8 500.9 487.6
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 187.9 172.7 --- 159.8 141.5 139.8 137.8
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 92.8 66.6 --- 70.4 56.8 52.4 49.5
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 227.2 219.2 --- 183.2 172.0 175.8 170.9
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . --- 141.3 125.0 --- 125.3 110.9 113.3 107.0
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . --- 219.1 215.4 --- 198.2 183.8 181.6 176.6
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 144.7 176.9 --- 125.9 147.5 137.8 144.2
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 531.4 136.7 --- 485.9 384.0 164.1 122.0
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,689.9 1,432.7 --- 1,769.3 1,549.9 1,540.1 1,524.2
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . --- 1,041.9 791.4 --- 1,111.0 914.2 889.4 876.9
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 719.4 662.8 --- 720.9 692.1 676.5 673.0
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . --- 239.2 173.3 --- 242.3 200.3 204.4 184.2
White female
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,655.6 5,740.0 5,320.2 6,185.7 5,225.3 4,899.9 4,821.5 4,750.6
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,142.1 864.1 769.5 915.3 689.3 637.1 626.2 610.0
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 758.1 521.1 420.3 584.8 399.6 352.2 332.0 318.5
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 275.0 200.1 185.6 231.4 165.4 157.3 153.2 149.0
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,774.6 1,760.8 1,634.2 1,595.5 1,528.7 1,403.1 1,379.3 1,336.8
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 295.3 382.7 380.3 258.1 319.2 304.6 298.7 295.4
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.1 133.2 120.9 137.5 109.5 96.8 97.6 95.6
Breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.8 420.7 349.3 390.0 373.0 308.5 298.9 285.5
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.4 164.6 182.6 94.8 128.9 142.0 140.1 138.8
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 103.6 92.3 92.8 97.0 81.8 79.8 79.0 80.1
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 145.2 95.5 90.9 138.7 84.6 77.1 76.3 74.8
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.0 121.8 134.7 91.4 101.0 110.9 111.1 108.4
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 43.4 30.6 --- 41.8 73.2 38.5 29.0
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.0 610.1 576.7 816.8 654.1 634.9 627.6 621.0
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 525.0 426.7 368.4 539.1 464.8 434.7 428.0 411.4
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.0 166.1 154.4 196.1 165.3 153.6 155.3 152.7
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 132.0 117.2 93.5 136.1 123.5 111.1 101.2 101.6
Black female
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,795.1 10,966.0 9,429.8 11,863.1 10,662.7 10,012.6 9,475.2 9,282.7
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,020.0 1,665.2 1,563.4 2,189.5 1,756.0 1,636.2 1,534.8 1,541.3
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 987.7 711.9 618.9 1,078.5 762.1 682.3 636.6 611.6
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 600.9 458.3 421.4 656.7 481.2 422.9 419.4 411.2
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,855.8 1,893.9 1,844.9 2,085.5 2,041.9 1,845.0 1,837.9 1,818.3
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 260.3 328.7 331.8 300.2 364.3 323.1 331.8 330.7
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.6 164.4 160.7 179.2 178.3 160.8 153.2 159.1
Breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.8 465.4 468.8 448.6 505.6 484.0 472.7 455.0
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.0 149.0 184.6 116.3 157.4 187.4 172.2 182.8
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 252.3 214.2 178.4 245.2 206.1 177.2 177.9 175.2
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 323.8 193.2 102.8 378.0 203.4 119.8 113.2 98.8
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.3 279.1 315.3 271.6 299.0 329.5 318.3 314.3
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 427.1 454.5 --- 402.5 757.5 492.1 432.1
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898.9 767.7 694.3 876.0 748.3 751.9 734.6 690.0
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 362.9 381.2 364.4 354.7 376.7 396.9 400.4 368.5
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.3 90.0 69.1 91.2 89.0 74.7 74.5 70.0
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 605.3 619.7 395.2 593.1 596.5 470.5 422.2 400.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 169
Extracted source page 179
Table 31 (page 4 of 5). Years of potential life lost before age 75 for selected causes of death, according to
sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Crude Age adjusted1
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and cause of death 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1996 1997 1998
American Indian or
Alaska Native female4 Years lost before age 75 per 100,000 population under 75 years of age
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,077.4 6,086.8 6,606.3 9,126.7 6,192.2 6,797.2 6,563.6 6,765.4
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.8 647.0 653.0 870.8 753.2 738.7 754.3 712.2
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 323.4 299.7 286.0 442.1 381.1 376.3 365.1 329.8
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 158.3 167.1 163.4 204.2 191.7 194.6 218.5 183.7
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.0 860.2 954.8 980.9 1,012.8 1,105.9 1,035.1 1,042.5
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 60.6 138.1 166.5 85.4 176.6 175.2 170.5 190.7
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.8 56.2 80.6 63.9 68.3 85.7 87.0 89.6
Breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.9 150.1 167.1 173.5 178.3 210.0 154.7 179.7
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 80.1 92.0 * 94.2 110.1 119.1 104.8
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 216.4 152.9 206.5 210.9 154.4 141.1 128.1 203.9
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 681.0 381.8 425.5 842.4 415.9 428.0 423.1 435.5
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190.5 186.6 238.3 260.4 233.0 317.8 306.4 270.9
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * --- * * * *
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,170.7 1,185.9 1,341.1 2,056.6 1,155.4 1,350.9 1,302.8 1,336.6
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 1,486.8 778.5 940.8 1,412.6 772.9 924.6 844.2 942.7
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.6 153.9 236.0 212.9 152.8 243.1 164.0 241.1
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 342.9 226.8 216.0 345.9 219.8 211.8 223.4 212.1
Asian or
Pacific Islander female5
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,893.8 3,264.7 2,918.4 3,918.3 3,308.2 2,949.8 2,992.2 2,852.1
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.1 318.1 307.4 420.4 343.0 318.8 322.5 301.3
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . 167.1 148.3 137.1 200.5 164.1 139.0 143.8 134.9
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . 192.2 175.3 145.7 215.6 190.0 158.6 168.0 141.6
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870.0 847.0 903.6 949.9 893.7 886.9 863.2 865.3
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 97.3 106.3 124.0 112.1 117.3 103.9 118.6 120.1
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.7 69.7 76.4 89.9 75.7 77.5 72.5 73.0
Breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.7 173.1 196.2 190.0 182.0 164.1 170.4 183.0
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 47.4 38.9 23.2 50.4 52.8 42.2 38.5
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 59.6 55.0 52.3 60.7 45.8 47.4 54.3
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . 34.0 30.3 21.9 39.6 32.2 18.8 19.1 20.5
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1 44.5 56.4 62.6 50.2 61.4 60.7 56.2
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * --- * 18.2 * *
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486.4 419.6 315.5 481.7 424.0 349.5 412.5 332.2
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . 338.1 325.0 227.0 333.1 328.3 246.4 293.7 239.3
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.2 114.7 107.1 151.0 111.3 116.5 118.6 103.8
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . 131.0 117.9 83.9 124.8 113.0 97.4 94.8 85.2
Hispanic female6
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 4,753.5 3,957.0 --- 4,662.3 4,211.1 4,114.5 3,942.8
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 442.2 396.6 --- 556.9 458.9 466.2 466.1
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . --- 219.8 188.0 --- 297.0 241.9 242.3 234.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . --- 151.9 137.4 --- 182.8 155.1 155.8 155.7
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 828.7 790.7 --- 1,014.7 942.3 936.4 911.3
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . --- 63.3 65.0 --- 85.4 80.6 87.7 80.1
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 54.4 50.8 --- 70.9 64.8 63.7 61.2
Breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 201.4 181.0 --- 254.2 220.2 221.7 210.4
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 50.6 46.7 --- 61.6 58.0 58.4 53.3
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . --- 93.0 68.5 --- 87.7 74.8 79.3 66.9
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . --- 93.1 71.9 --- 115.7 95.5 95.2 83.4
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 103.4 126.7 --- 137.0 164.2 167.9 156.4
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 152.9 86.8 --- 146.0 224.2 114.4 87.9
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 556.5 496.0 --- 526.1 520.7 505.9 485.6
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . --- 382.4 330.9 --- 368.1 355.6 348.6 329.2
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 89.8 70.0 --- 88.4 84.8 66.7 72.3
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . --- 227.5 135.5 --- 214.0 158.8 142.5 130.9
See footnotes at end of table.
170 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 180
Table 31 (page 5 of 5). Years of potential life lost before age 75 for selected causes of death, according to
sex, detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Crude Age adjusted1
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and cause of death 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1996 1997 1998
White, non-Hispanic female6 Years lost before age 75 per 100,000 population under 75 years of age
All causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 5,788.3 5,449.9 --- 5,189.9 4,874.5 4,814.2 4,766.9
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 902.4 816.7 --- 691.9 643.8 636.7 619.0
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . --- 549.4 450.6 --- 402.7 356.9 337.8 323.9
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . --- 205.5 190.4 --- 163.4 155.6 151.2 146.1
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,861.9 1,742.8 --- 1,563.0 1,429.5 1,404.2 1,363.6
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . --- 418.4 424.3 --- 335.7 321.0 314.8 312.7
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 142.6 130.1 --- 112.6 98.6 99.9 98.1
Breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 444.4 371.0 --- 381.3 313.4 303.0 290.4
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 176.9 201.3 --- 132.5 147.0 145.2 144.8
Pneumonia and influenza. . . . . . . . . . . --- 90.2 95.2 --- 78.1 78.0 76.6 79.8
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . --- 95.6 92.6 --- 82.0 74.9 73.5 73.3
Diabetes mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 123.2 133.8 --- 98.9 105.7 105.4 103.5
Human immunodeficiency virus
infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 29.1 21.0 --- 28.2 51.2 27.6 20.0
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 607.4 580.7 --- 661.1 637.3 639.6 635.3
Motor vehicle-related injuries. . . . . . . --- 425.1 369.1 --- 470.9 436.7 436.0 420.6
Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 172.6 165.5 --- 170.9 159.8 165.8 162.4
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . --- 102.3 85.1 --- 108.3 99.5 92.0 94.0
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
2
Male only.
3
Female only.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
5
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
6
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of death are based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, described in Appendix
II, table V. Categories for coding human immunodeficiency virus infection were introduced in the United States in 1987. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 75
provides a measure of the impact of mortality on the population under 75 years of age. These data are presented as YPLL–75 because the average life expectancy in
the United States is over 75 years. YPLL–65 was calculated in Health, United States, 1995 and earlier editions. See Appendix II, YPLL, for method of calculation. The
race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death
rates) and data from the Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under
coverage result in death rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be
understated by 21 percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality
of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). YPLL rates may
also be similarly affected. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years
1950–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, unpublished data; data computed by the Division of Health and Utilization
Analysis from numerator data compiled by the Division of Vital Statistics and denominator data from unrounded national population estimates for race groups from table
1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 171
Extracted source page 181
Table 32 (page 1 of 4). Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, according to sex, detailed race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1980 and 1998
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, 1980 1998
Hispanic origin,
and rank order Cause of death Deaths Cause of death Deaths
All persons
... All causes 1,989,841 All causes 2,337,256
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 761,085 Diseases of heart 724,859
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 416,509 Malignant neoplasms 541,532
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 170,225 Cerebrovascular diseases 158,448
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 105,718 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 112,584
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 56,050 Unintentional injuries 97,835
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 54,619 Pneumonia and influenza 91,871
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 34,851 Diabetes mellitus 64,751
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 30,583 Suicide 30,575
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherosclerosis 29,449 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 26,182
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 26,869 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 25,192
Male
... All causes 1,075,078 All causes 1,157,260
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 405,661 Diseases of heart 353,897
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 225,948 Malignant neoplasms 282,065
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 74,180 Unintentional injuries 63,042
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 69,973 Cerebrovascular diseases 61,145
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 38,625 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 57,018
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 27,574 Pneumonia and influenza 40,979
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 20,505 Diabetes mellitus 29,584
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 19,768 Suicide 24,538
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 19,088 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 16,343
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 14,325 Homicide and legal intervention 14,023
Female
... All causes 914,763 All causes 1,179,996
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 355,424 Diseases of heart 370,962
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 190,561 Malignant neoplasms 259,467
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 100,252 Cerebrovascular diseases 97,303
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 31,538 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 55,566
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 27,045 Pneumonia and influenza 50,892
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 20,526 Diabetes mellitus 35,167
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherosclerosis 17,848 Unintentional injuries 34,793
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 17,425 Alzheimer’s disease 15,671
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 10,815 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 13,621
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 9,815 Septicemia 13,506
White
... All causes 1,738,607 All causes 2,015,984
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 683,347 Diseases of heart 635,549
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 368,162 Malignant neoplasms 470,139
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 148,734 Cerebrovascular diseases 136,855
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 90,122 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 104,061
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 52,375 Unintentional injuries 82,178
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 48,369 Pneumonia and influenza 81,659
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 28,868 Diabetes mellitus 51,706
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherosclerosis 27,069 Suicide 27,648
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 25,240 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 21,771
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 24,829 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 21,369
Black
... All causes 233,135 All causes 278,440
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 72,956 Diseases of heart 78,294
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 45,037 Malignant neoplasms 61,193
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 20,135 Cerebrovascular diseases 18,237
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 13,480 Unintentional injuries 12,801
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 10,283 Diabetes mellitus 11,378
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 6,961 Homicide and legal intervention 8,420
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 5,648 Pneumonia and influenza 8,326
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 5,544 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 7,205
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 4,790 Human immunodeficiency virus infection 7,180
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 3,416 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 4,841
See footnotes at end of table.
172 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 182
Table 32 (page 2 of 4). Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, according to sex, detailed race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1980 and 1998
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, 1980 1998
Hispanic origin,
and rank order Cause of death Deaths Cause of death Deaths
American Indian
or Alaska
Native
... All causes 6,923 All causes 10,845
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 1,494 Diseases of heart 2,383
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 1,290 Malignant neoplasms 1,834
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 770 Unintentional injuries 1,292
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 410 Diabetes mellitus 645
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 322 Cerebrovascular diseases 497
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 257 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 467
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 219 Pneumonia and influenza 389
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 210 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 369
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 199 Suicide 310
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 181 Homicide and legal intervention 228
Asian or Pacific
Islander
... All causes 11,071 All causes 31,987
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 3,265 Diseases of heart 8,633
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 2,522 Malignant neoplasms 8,366
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 1,028 Cerebrovascular diseases 2,859
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 810 Unintentional injuries 1,564
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 342 Pneumonia and influenza 1,497
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 249 Diabetes mellitus 1,022
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 246 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 949
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 227 Suicide 640
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 211 Homicide and legal intervention 383
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 207 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 335
Hispanic
... --- --- All causes 98,406
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Diseases of heart 24,596
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Malignant neoplasms 19,528
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Unintentional injuries 8,248
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Cerebrovascular diseases 5,587
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Diabetes mellitus 4,741
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Pneumonia and influenza 3,277
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Homicide and legal intervention 2,978
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 2,845
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 2,528
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 1,987
White male
... All causes 933,878 All causes 990,190
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 364,679 Diseases of heart 309,952
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 198,188 Malignant neoplasms 244,109
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 62,963 Unintentional injuries 52,398
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 60,095 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 52,172
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 35,977 Cerebrovascular diseases 51,766
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 23,810 Pneumonia and influenza 35,795
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 18,901 Diabetes mellitus 24,249
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 16,407 Suicide 22,174
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 12,125 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 14,096
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherosclerosis 10,543 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 10,406
Black male
... All causes 130,138 All causes 143,417
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 37,877 Diseases of heart 37,662
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 25,861 Malignant neoplasms 32,523
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 9,701 Unintentional injuries 8,788
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 9,194 Cerebrovascular diseases 7,765
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 8,385 Homicide and legal intervention 6,873
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 3,869 Human immunodeficiency virus infection 4,994
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 3,386 Diabetes mellitus 4,511
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 3,020 Pneumonia and influenza 4,178
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 2,429 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 4,039
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 2,010 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 2,732
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 173
Extracted source page 183
Table 32 (page 3 of 4). Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, according to sex, detailed race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1980 and 1998
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, 1980 1998
Hispanic origin,
and rank order Cause of death Deaths Cause of death Deaths
American Indian
or Alaska
Native male
... All causes 4,193 All causes 5,994
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 946 Diseases of heart 1,322
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 917 Malignant neoplasms 941
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 408 Unintentional injuries 867
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 239 Diabetes mellitus 308
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 164 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 278
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 163 Suicide 246
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 148 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 207
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 147 Pneumonia and influenza 197
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 107 Cerebrovascular diseases 194
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 86 Homicide and legal intervention 170
Asian or Pacific
Islander male
... All causes 6,809 All causes 17,659
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 2,174 Diseases of heart 4,961
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 1,485 Malignant neoplasms 4,492
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 556 Cerebrovascular diseases 1,420
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 521 Unintentional injuries 989
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 227 Pneumonia and influenza 809
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 159 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 600
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 158 Diabetes mellitus 516
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 151 Suicide 459
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 128 Homicide and legal intervention 273
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 103 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 172
Hispanic male
... --- --- All causes 55,821
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Diseases of heart 12,932
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Malignant neoplasms 10,465
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Unintentional injuries 6,229
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Cerebrovascular diseases 2,646
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Homicide and legal intervention 2,544
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Diabetes mellitus 2,203
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 2,096
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Pneumonia and influenza 1,657
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Suicide 1,429
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 1,422
White female
... All causes 804,729 All causes 1,025,794
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 318,668 Diseases of heart 325,597
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 169,974 Malignant neoplasms 226,030
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 88,639 Cerebrovascular diseases 85,089
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 27,159 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 51,889
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 24,559 Pneumonia and influenza 45,864
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 16,743 Unintentional injuries 29,780
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherosclerosis 16,526 Diabetes mellitus 27,457
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 16,398 Alzheimer’s disease 14,723
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 8,833 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 10,963
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 6,512 Septicemia 10,741
Black female
... All causes 102,997 All causes 135,023
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 35,079 Diseases of heart 40,632
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 19,176 Malignant neoplasms 28,670
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 10,941 Cerebrovascular diseases 10,472
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 3,779 Diabetes mellitus 6,867
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 3,534 Pneumonia and influenza 4,148
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 3,092 Unintentional injuries 4,013
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 2,262 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 3,166
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 1,898 Septicemia 2,564
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 1,770 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 2,400
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 1,722 Human immunodeficiency virus infection 2,186
See footnotes at end of table.
174 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 184
Table 32 (page 4 of 4). Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, according to sex, detailed race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1980 and 1998
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, 1980 1998
Hispanic origin,
and rank order Cause of death Deaths Cause of death Deaths
American Indian
or Alaska
Native female
... All causes 2,730 All causes 4,851
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 577 Diseases of heart 1,061
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 362 Malignant neoplasms 893
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 344 Unintentional injuries 425
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 171 Diabetes mellitus 337
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 159 Cerebrovascular diseases 303
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 124 Pneumonia and influenza 192
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 109 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 189
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 92 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 162
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 56 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 86
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 55 Septicemia 68
Asian or Pacific
Islander female
... All causes 4,262 All causes 14,328
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 1,091 Malignant neoplasms 3,874
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 1,037 Diseases of heart 3,672
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 507 Cerebrovascular diseases 1,439
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 254 Pneumonia and influenza 688
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 124 Unintentional injuries 575
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 118 Diabetes mellitus 506
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 115 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 349
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomalies 104 Suicide 181
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 90 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 172
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 60 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 156
Hispanic female
... --- --- All causes 42,585
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Diseases of heart 11,664
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Malignant neoplasms 9,063
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Cerebrovascular diseases 2,941
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Diabetes mellitus 2,538
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Unintentional injuries 2,019
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Pneumonia and influenza 1,620
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 1,106
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 864
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 749
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- Congenital anomalies 722
. . . Category not applicable.
- - - Data not available.
NOTES: For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of death are based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, described in Appendix II,
table V. Categories for the coding and classification of human immunodeficiency virus infection were introduced in the United States beginning with mortality data for
1987.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, 1980.
Washington: Public Health Service. 1985; Murphy SL. Deaths: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000; and data
computed by the Division of Health and Utilization Analysis from data compiled by the Division of Vital Statistics.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 175
Extracted source page 185
Table 33 (page 1 of 2). Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, according to age: United States,
1980 and 1998
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
1980 1998
Age and
rank order Cause of death Deaths Cause of death Deaths
Under 1 year
... All causes 45,526 All causes 28,371
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomalies 9,220 Congenital anomalies 6,212
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sudden infant death syndrome 5,510 Disorders relating to short gestation and
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respiratory distress syndrome 4,989 unspecified low birthweight 4,101
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disorders relating to short gestation and Sudden infant death syndrome 2,822
unspecified low birthweight 3,648 Newborn affected by maternal complications
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy 1,343
of pregnancy 1,572 Respiratory distress syndrome 1,295
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia 1,497 Newborn affected by complications
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 1,166 of placenta, cord, and membranes 961
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Birth trauma 1,058 Infections specific to the perinatal period 815
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 1,012 Unintentional injuries 754
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newborn affected by complications of Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia 461
placenta, cord, and membranes 985 Pnuemonia and influenza 441
1–4 years
... All causes 8,187 All causes 5,251
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 3,313 Unintentional injuries 1,935
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomalies 1,026 Congenital anomalies 564
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 573 Homicide and legal intervention 399
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 338 Malignant neoplasms 365
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 319 Diseases of heart 214
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 267 Pneumonia and influenza 146
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meningitis 223 Septicemia 89
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meningococcal infection 110 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 75
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 84 Cerebrovascular diseases 57
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Septicemia 71 Benign neoplasms 53
5–14 years
... All causes 10,689 All causes 7,791
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 5,224 Unintentional injuries 3,254
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 1,497 Malignant neoplasms 1,013
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomalies 561 Homicide and legal intervention 460
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 415 Congenital anomalies 371
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 330 Diseases of heart 326
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 194 Suicide 324
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 142 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 152
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benign neoplasms 104 Pneumonia and influenza 121
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 95 Benign neoplasms 84
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 85 Cerebrovascular diseases 82
15–24 years
... All causes 49,027 All causes 30,627
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 26,206 Unintentional injuries 13,349
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 6,647 Homicide and legal intervention 5,506
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 5,239 Suicide 4,135
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 2,683 Malignant neoplasms 1,699
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 1,223 Diseases of heart 1,057
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomalies 600 Congenital anomalies 450
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 418 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 239
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 348 Pneumonia and influenza 215
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 141 Human immunodeficiency virus infection 194
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anemias 133 Cerebrovascular diseases 178
See footnotes at end of table.
176 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 186
Table 33 (page 2 of 2). Leading causes of death and numbers of deaths, according to age: United States,
1980 and 1998
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
1980 1998
Age and
rank order Cause of death Deaths Cause of death Deaths
25–44 years
... All causes 108,658 All causes 131,382
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 26,722 Unintentional injuries 27,172
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 17,551 Malignant neoplasms 21,407
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 14,513 Diseases of heart 16,800
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 11,136 Suicide 12,202
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 9,855 Human immunodeficiency virus infection 8,658
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 4,782 Homicide and legal intervention 8,132
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 3,154 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 3,876
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 1,472 Cerebrovascular diseases 3,320
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 1,467 Diabetes mellitus 2,521
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomalies 817 Pneumonia and influenza 1,931
45–64 years
... All causes 425,338 All causes 380,203
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 148,322 Malignant neoplasms 132,771
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 135,675 Diseases of heart 100,124
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 19,909 Unintentional injuries 18,286
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 18,140 Cerebrovascular diseases 15,362
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 16,089 Diabetes mellitus 13,091
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 11,514 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 12,990
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 7,977 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 11,023
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . Suicide 7,079 Suicide 8,094
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 5,804 Pneumonia and influenza 6,023
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homicide and legal intervention 4,057 Human immunodeficiency virus infection 4,099
65 years
and over
... All causes 1,341,848 All causes 1,753,220
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . Diseases of heart 595,406 Diseases of heart 605,673
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . Malignant neoplasms 258,389 Malignant neoplasms 384,186
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrovascular diseases 146,417 Cerebrovascular diseases 139,144
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumonia and influenza 45,512 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 97,896
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 43,587 Pneumonia and influenza 82,989
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherosclerosis 28,081 Diabetes mellitus 48,974
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . Diabetes mellitus 25,216 Unintentional injuries 32,975
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . Unintentional injuries 24,844 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 22,640
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 12,968 Alzheimer’s disease 22,416
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 9,519 Septicemia 19,012
. . . Category not applicable.
NOTES: For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of death are based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, described in Appendix II,
table V. Categories for the coding and classification of human immunodeficiency virus infection were introduced in the United States beginning with mortality data for
1987.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, 1980.
Washington: Public Health Service. 1985; Murphy SL. Deaths: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2000.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 177
Extracted source page 187
Table 34 (page 1 of 2). Age-adjusted death rates, according to race, sex, region, and urbanization: United States,
average annual 1984–86, 1989–91, and 1995–97
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
All races White Black
Sex, region, and
urbanization1 1984–86 1989–91 1995–97 1984–86 1989–91 1995–97 1984–86 1989–91 1995–97
Both sexes Deaths per 100,000 resident population2
All regions:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 575.2 556.5 507.9 536.9 510.8 465.4 810.4 826.5 762.1
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 511.5 474.1 447.1 504.0 464.6 437.8 710.5 691.7 655.9
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 538.2 509.2 489.9 517.7 486.0 468.2 785.2 777.8 731.4
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 549.8 529.4 509.9 531.1 509.0 492.2 791.6 793.7 729.6
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.4 534.1 516.7 528.7 511.1 496.5 755.9 758.8 704.6
Northeast:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 592.7 577.4 516.4 552.5 528.1 476.5 799.0 811.6 706.6
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 515.2 472.4 442.6 509.2 464.7 437.5 694.6 670.8 606.0
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 527.4 486.8 461.7 519.0 476.2 451.1 761.4 737.7 703.8
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 543.3 501.2 476.9 542.8 500.6 477.3 726.4 667.9 580.4
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.7 497.5 468.5 528.7 497.8 469.5 * * *
South:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 587.5 577.7 536.1 522.8 500.5 458.5 834.7 857.8 826.2
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 522.6 491.1 464.3 506.8 472.4 445.5 710.9 695.6 658.6
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 559.4 534.7 517.8 522.6 494.6 481.8 797.5 792.2 742.8
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 594.4 579.4 563.0 560.0 542.4 532.2 799.9 803.7 743.9
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.7 583.8 570.1 566.8 553.5 545.7 757.8 759.1 710.2
Midwest:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 600.9 582.4 549.2 544.9 512.1 478.9 824.8 841.3 795.9
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 519.4 478.5 458.8 510.8 467.8 447.5 751.9 727.8 722.8
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 522.1 490.4 473.2 510.0 475.3 457.2 752.8 748.2 733.9
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 503.8 484.4 465.1 501.5 481.1 462.3 718.3 721.0 623.3
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.4 488.0 469.7 493.6 475.4 457.9 704.1 782.8 558.1
West:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 527.5 504.0 453.4 523.4 499.9 451.7 757.8 768.1 689.8
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 475.9 445.2 413.9 479.9 448.0 415.4 661.2 661.8 645.7
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 508.5 487.1 463.1 510.1 488.8 465.6 714.5 710.9 608.8
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 515.3 493.8 467.3 508.7 486.4 462.0 654.1 660.3 477.1
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.6 468.6 435.0 502.1 465.2 433.5 * * *
Male
All regions:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 757.7 733.5 651.5 707.5 671.9 595.4 1,092.0 1,130.3 1,012.3
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 664.1 607.8 555.7 655.4 595.6 543.8 918.7 899.6 830.0
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 709.8 663.5 621.8 685.5 633.7 593.9 1,029.6 1,035.8 952.8
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 729.7 695.0 648.9 707.8 669.7 626.6 1,042.4 1,054.4 952.3
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730.3 704.7 660.9 704.7 675.2 635.1 1,005.9 1,016.6 920.0
Northeast:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 784.9 767.6 664.9 730.3 699.5 611.8 1,095.2 1,127.6 946.5
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 671.2 607.9 554.1 663.8 597.8 547.7 910.3 881.3 772.3
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 697.0 635.0 586.0 686.6 621.3 572.9 996.3 982.0 897.8
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 712.7 652.1 598.9 713.1 652.2 599.9 868.0 808.6 685.9
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.7 651.2 579.1 699.0 651.3 579.8 * * *
South:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 778.7 772.0 694.6 693.6 668.2 593.1 1,124.5 1,179.1 1,105.9
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 683.6 636.4 581.2 664.4 611.9 556.8 926.3 915.0 842.2
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 742.2 702.4 663.3 697.4 649.6 616.4 1,053.6 1,066.2 979.9
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 800.1 772.2 728.3 760.2 725.6 689.0 1,064.3 1,082.9 983.5
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.1 778.8 735.5 764.2 740.2 703.6 1,011.1 1,021.8 933.2
Midwest:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 798.5 769.5 710.2 725.8 674.0 616.9 1,107.7 1,147.9 1,064.0
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 674.9 611.2 568.1 664.9 598.2 554.4 957.4 929.9 900.8
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 689.7 638.2 599.7 675.5 619.2 579.4 974.4 979.6 943.6
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 667.9 635.4 590.5 665.7 632.1 587.7 880.0 874.5 779.0
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666.2 639.7 600.6 653.9 624.4 585.9 891.7 945.5 655.2
West:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 684.5 652.2 573.7 679.9 646.9 570.2 994.0 1,011.4 875.7
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 607.8 561.4 506.2 613.8 565.4 507.6 810.0 812.3 768.1
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 657.4 620.9 574.9 661.6 624.4 577.2 881.1 874.2 727.4
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 661.0 624.5 574.6 653.2 615.4 567.4 782.9 763.5 532.4
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646.2 596.0 538.0 646.4 590.4 537.1 * * *
See footnotes at end of table.
178 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 188
Table 34 (page 2 of 2). Age-adjusted death rates, according to race, sex, region, and urbanization: United States,
average annual 1984–86, 1989–91, and 1995–97
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
All races White Black
Sex, region, and
urbanization1 1984–86 1989–91 1995–97 1984–86 1989–91 1995–97 1984–86 1989–91 1995–97
Female Deaths per 100,000 resident population2
All regions:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 432.6 413.5 389.1 403.7 379.9 356.7 599.4 598.2 571.4
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 391.1 367.3 357.3 384.9 360.2 350.1 544.3 526.3 514.9
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 402.6 385.4 380.4 385.3 367.6 363.6 597.9 580.6 559.6
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 402.6 393.3 391.0 386.4 376.6 376.8 598.1 594.9 556.5
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.6 385.4 386.3 374.8 367.4 370.4 550.4 551.1 528.3
Northeast:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 446.7 428.3 397.8 417.1 392.6 367.2 589.3 585.4 531.9
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 395.3 367.0 352.3 390.5 361.4 348.2 527.6 507.3 474.8
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 398.9 372.8 361.8 392.3 365.1 353.7 575.4 545.3 543.4
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 408.0 379.9 373.9 407.2 379.2 374.3 592.0 532.7 460.4
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.7 366.8 369.9 383.5 367.0 371.2 * * *
South:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 436.5 420.2 405.0 386.9 362.9 345.8 617.0 616.0 614.1
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 392.5 372.4 365.7 379.1 358.2 351.2 539.7 523.9 511.9
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 414.5 399.7 397.6 383.1 368.9 369.4 605.6 587.8 564.4
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 428.4 423.7 424.7 397.2 392.8 399.1 600.1 596.6 563.2
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421.7 417.3 423.9 397.2 392.6 404.2 550.8 549.2 529.9
Midwest:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 451.7 438.3 421.6 410.7 389.0 370.6 610.0 611.5 592.8
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 398.8 375.2 370.9 391.5 366.8 361.8 586.8 565.3 577.0
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 394.0 375.7 372.2 383.8 364.0 360.0 578.4 567.5 565.7
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 371.5 361.9 359.3 369.1 358.9 356.8 575.5 585.1 482.9
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.7 355.1 350.4 353.4 345.2 341.6 * * 493.9
West:
Large core metropolitan . . . . . . . . 398.8 377.2 348.1 395.2 373.3 346.3 564.9 565.2 532.3
Large fringe metropolitan . . . . . . . 368.9 348.9 334.7 371.5 351.0 336.0 525.6 519.5 528.4
Medium/small metropolitan . . . . . . 380.7 370.5 362.1 381.3 371.3 364.5 551.3 552.7 490.9
Urban nonmetropolitan. . . . . . . . . 384.3 376.0 366.4 379.8 370.8 363.2 521.7 566.7 414.1
Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.6 345.9 332.9 363.6 345.2 330.9 * * *
* Data for groups with population under 5,000 in the middle year of a 3-year period are considered unreliable and are not shown.
1
Urbanization categories for county of residence of decedent are based on a modification of the rural-urban continuum codes, a 1993 classification of counties by the
Department of Agriculture. See Appendix II, Urbanization.
2
Average annual death rate.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. Denominators for rates are population estimates for the
middle year of each 3-year period multiplied by 3.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics
System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 179
Extracted source page 189
Table 35. Age-adjusted death rates for persons 25–64 years of age for selected causes of death,
according to sex and educational attainment: Selected States, 1994–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Both sexes Male Female
Years of educational attainment1 Years of educational attainment1 Years of educational attainment1
Cause of death and year Less than 12 12 13 or more Less than 12 12 13 or more Less than 12 12 13 or more
All causes Deaths per 100,000 population
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571.0 486.1 243.4 762.6 679.2 309.9 379.8 327.6 173.3
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581.2 491.7 240.4 770.5 684.9 303.0 391.3 332.4 174.5
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.0 472.4 230.4 733.0 642.6 287.2 379.4 328.9 171.4
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531.7 453.6 221.6 690.9 608.0 270.4 370.3 322.3 171.1
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538.3 445.6 213.1 698.7 599.5 259.3 377.6 315.9 165.5
Chronic and noncommunicable
diseases
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.8 360.0 183.2 529.8 476.5 216.2 307.2 271.6 147.1
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420.4 362.9 181.7 531.6 479.3 212.2 314.2 274.4 147.9
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.6 355.1 178.7 519.3 460.0 209.9 303.8 272.7 145.1
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.9 348.9 177.2 497.3 447.9 207.0 299.1 269.7 145.4
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.8 343.1 171.0 504.9 443.7 199.8 303.9 263.4 140.5
Injury and adverse effects
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.7 75.3 32.1 153.2 121.6 46.0 40.3 32.6 18.1
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.6 76.3 31.8 153.4 122.8 45.6 41.5 33.1 18.0
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.8 74.9 32.1 143.0 118.6 45.7 42.1 33.6 18.5
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.4 75.4 32.0 142.2 118.7 45.7 42.4 34.4 18.5
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 75.4 31.3 143.1 118.2 44.6 44.9 34.7 18.4
Communicable diseases
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.5 50.8 28.1 79.7 81.2 47.9 32.2 23.3 8.1
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 52.5 27.0 85.5 82.9 45.3 35.7 24.8 8.6
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 42.4 19.5 70.7 63.9 31.4 33.4 22.6 7.7
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 29.2 12.4 51.4 41.4 17.6 28.7 18.2 7.2
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 27.1 10.8 50.7 37.7 15.0 28.8 17.8 6.7
HIV infection:
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 36.3 21.0 54.2 62.3 38.9 17.2 12.4 2.9
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.9 37.7 20.1 58.7 63.6 36.9 19.6 13.8 3.4
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 27.5 12.7 44.9 44.8 23.1 17.5 11.2 2.4
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 14.1 5.7 25.9 22.6 9.9 12.0 6.2 1.6
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 11.5 4.1 22.9 17.8 7.2 10.7 5.7 1.1
Other communicable diseases:
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 14.5 7.1 25.5 18.8 8.9 15.0 10.9 5.2
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 14.8 6.9 26.8 19.3 8.4 16.0 11.0 5.2
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 14.9 6.8 25.8 19.1 8.3 16.0 11.4 5.3
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 15.1 6.7 25.4 18.9 7.7 16.8 12.0 5.7
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 15.7 6.7 27.9 19.9 7.8 18.1 12.2 5.7
1
Educational attainment for the numerator is based on the death certificate item ‘‘highest grade completed.’’ Educational attainment for the denominator is based on
answers to the Current Population Survey question ‘‘What is the highest level of school completed or highest degree received?’’ (Kominski R, Adams A. Educational
Attainment in the United States: March 1993 and 1992, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, P20–476, Washington, DC. 1994.)
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. Code numbers for cause of death are based on the
International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. See Appendix II, table V. Based on data from 45 States and the District of Columbia (DC) in 1994–96 and 46
States and DC in 1997–98. See Appendix I. Death records with education not stated are not included in the calculation of age-adjusted death rates shown in this table.
Percent not stated averages 3–9 percent of the deaths comprising the age-adjusted death rates for causes of death in this table. Misreporting of education on the death
certificate tends to overstate the death rate for high school graduates (12 years of education) because there is a tendency for some people who did not graduate from
high school to be reported as high school graduates on the death certificate; by extension, the death rate for the group with less than 12 years of education tends to be
understated. Data for the elderly population are not shown because percent with education not stated is somewhat higher for this group and because of possible bias
due to misreporting of education on the death certificate. (Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ: Validity of education information on the death certificate, Epidemiology 7(4):437–439,
1996.)
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System; denominator data from unpublished
population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census.
180 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 190
Table 36 (page 1 of 4). Death rates for all causes, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 841.5 760.9 714.3 585.8 548.9 520.2 491.6 479.1 471.7 480.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963.8 954.7 945.3 878.3 876.9 863.8 872.5 864.7 864.7 867.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,299.2 2,696.4 2,142.4 1,288.3 1,088.1 971.9 755.7 738.7 751.3 748.5
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.4 109.1 84.5 63.9 51.8 46.8 38.3 35.8 34.6 36.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 46.6 41.3 30.6 26.5 24.0 21.7 20.8 19.9 20.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1 106.3 127.7 115.4 94.9 99.2 89.6 86.2 82.3 86.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.7 146.4 157.4 135.5 124.4 139.2 126.7 115.0 109.6 117.2
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.7 299.4 314.5 227.9 207.7 223.2 221.3 203.2 199.6 207.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.9 756.0 730.0 584.0 519.3 473.4 445.9 430.8 423.5 433.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,901.0 1,735.1 1,658.8 1,346.3 1,294.2 1,196.9 1,094.1 1,063.6 1,030.7 1,062.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,104.3 3,822.1 3,582.7 2,994.9 2,862.8 2,648.6 2,538.4 2,509.8 2,495.1 2,514.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,331.1 8,745.2 8,004.4 6,692.6 6,398.7 6,007.2 5,803.1 5,728.2 5,703.2 5,744.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 20,196.9 19,857.5 16,344.9 15,980.3 15,712.4 15,327.4 15,327.2 15,345.2 15,111.7 15,258.4
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 1,001.6 949.3 931.6 777.2 723.0 680.2 623.7 602.8 589.4 605.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,106.1 1,104.5 1,090.3 976.9 948.6 918.4 896.4 880.8 876.4 884.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,728.0 3,059.3 2,410.0 1,428.5 1,219.9 1,082.8 828.0 812.8 818.2 819.7
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.7 119.5 93.2 72.6 58.5 52.4 42.2 39.7 37.6 39.8
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 55.7 50.5 36.7 31.8 28.5 25.4 24.0 23.4 24.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.9 152.1 188.5 172.3 138.9 147.4 130.6 124.0 119.3 124.6
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216.5 187.9 215.3 196.1 179.6 204.3 178.6 160.1 151.7 163.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.8 372.8 402.6 299.2 278.9 310.4 298.1 265.7 258.5 274.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,067.1 992.2 958.5 767.3 671.6 610.3 573.8 550.5 542.8 555.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,395.3 2,309.5 2,282.7 1,815.1 1,711.4 1,553.4 1,388.7 1,336.6 1,296.9 1,339.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,931.4 4,914.4 4,873.8 4,105.2 3,856.3 3,491.5 3,233.4 3,191.2 3,143.7 3,189.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,426.0 10,178.4 10,010.2 8,816.7 8,501.6 7,888.6 7,249.8 7,116.1 7,019.2 7,126.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 21,636.0 21,186.3 17,821.5 18,801.1 18,614.1 18,056.6 17,547.7 17,461.9 16,763.3 17,242.9
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 688.4 590.6 532.5 432.6 410.3 390.6 381.0 375.7 372.5 376.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823.5 809.2 807.8 785.3 809.1 812.0 849.7 849.2 853.5 850.8
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,854.6 2,321.3 1,863.7 1,141.7 950.6 855.7 680.0 661.1 681.3 674.1
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.7 98.4 75.4 54.7 44.8 41.0 34.3 31.8 31.4 32.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.9 37.3 31.8 24.2 21.0 19.3 17.8 17.4 16.2 17.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.1 61.3 68.1 57.5 49.6 49.0 46.2 46.3 43.5 45.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.7 106.6 101.6 75.9 69.4 74.2 74.7 69.9 68.1 70.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290.3 229.4 231.1 159.3 138.7 137.9 145.4 141.4 141.5 142.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641.5 526.7 517.2 412.9 375.2 342.7 323.3 316.1 309.6 316.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,404.8 1,196.4 1,098.9 934.3 925.6 878.8 826.7 815.2 788.4 809.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,333.2 2,871.8 2,579.7 2,144.7 2,096.9 1,991.2 1,979.0 1,959.0 1,967.7 1,968.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,399.6 7,633.1 6,677.6 5,440.1 5,162.1 4,883.1 4,868.3 4,820.5 4,831.9 4,840.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 19,194.7 19,008.4 15,518.0 14,746.9 14,553.9 14,274.3 14,444.7 14,492.3 14,427.4 14,454.6
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 963.1 917.7 893.4 745.3 693.3 644.3 591.4 573.8 562.4 575.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,089.5 1,098.5 1,086.7 983.3 963.6 930.9 918.1 906.3 904.4 909.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,400.5 2,694.1 2,113.2 1,230.3 1,056.5 896.1 683.3 678.1 673.8 678.4
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.5 104.9 83.6 66.1 52.8 45.9 37.1 35.1 32.5 34.9
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 52.7 48.0 35.0 30.1 26.4 23.2 22.1 21.2 22.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 143.7 170.8 167.0 134.2 131.3 113.9 109.0 107.6 110.2
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 163.2 176.6 171.3 158.8 176.1 154.8 140.3 133.9 143.2
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380.9 332.6 343.5 257.4 243.1 268.2 259.6 235.3 232.7 242.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984.5 932.2 882.9 698.9 611.7 548.7 515.5 495.8 489.6 500.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,304.4 2,225.2 2,202.6 1,728.5 1,625.8 1,467.2 1,305.2 1,252.4 1,215.5 1,256.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,864.9 4,848.4 4,810.1 4,035.7 3,770.7 3,397.7 3,158.3 3,122.7 3,082.3 3,121.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,526.3 10,299.6 10,098.8 8,829.8 8,486.1 7,844.9 7,205.5 7,086.0 6,988.5 7,091.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 22,116.3 21,750.0 18,551.7 19,097.3 18,980.1 18,268.3 17,870.5 17,767.1 17,048.3 17,546.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 181
Extracted source page 191
Table 36 (page 2 of 4). Death rates for all causes, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black male Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 1,373.1 1,246.1 1,318.6 1,112.8 1,053.4 1,061.3 967.0 911.9 884.5 920.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,260.3 1,181.7 1,186.6 1,034.1 989.3 1,008.0 939.9 893.9 877.7 903.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 5,306.8 4,298.9 2,586.7 2,219.9 2,112.4 1,748.2 1,671.6 1,717.8 1,712.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 208.5 150.5 110.5 90.1 85.8 71.4 67.2 69.2 69.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.1 75.1 67.1 47.4 42.3 41.2 38.1 34.8 35.6 36.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289.7 212.0 320.6 209.1 173.6 252.2 233.0 215.8 194.6 214.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.5 402.5 559.5 407.3 351.9 430.8 361.0 308.6 282.0 317.3
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878.1 762.0 956.6 689.8 630.2 699.6 629.2 523.7 483.1 544.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,905.0 1,624.8 1,777.5 1,479.9 1,292.9 1,261.0 1,190.6 1,114.1 1,082.6 1,127.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,773.2 3,316.4 3,256.9 2,873.0 2,779.8 2,618.4 2,395.1 2,320.0 2,269.3 2,327.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,310.3 5,798.7 5,803.2 5,131.1 5,172.4 4,946.1 4,431.5 4,298.3 4,186.0 4,304.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 8,605.1 9,454.9 9,231.6 9,262.3 9,129.5 8,614.9 8,296.8 8,311.4 8,405.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 14,844.8 12,222.3 16,098.8 15,774.2 16,954.9 16,006.3 16,083.5 15,540.9 15,870.3
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 732.5 602.6 573.1 555.9 584.1 564.9 568.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 597.1 492.5 476.4 489.8 519.2 513.2 507.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,598.1 1,080.0 1,056.6 874.4 903.0 1,028.1 935.6
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 82.7 105.3 77.4 72.9 51.6 64.7 63.1
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 43.7 39.2 33.4 37.8 28.7 29.5 32.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 311.1 214.4 219.8 174.7 180.3 166.4 173.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 360.6 275.0 256.1 260.0 245.4 235.1 246.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 556.8 363.5 365.4 370.0 389.3 373.6 377.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 871.3 687.9 619.9 580.2 673.4 664.2 640.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,547.5 1,319.1 1,211.3 1,348.0 1,409.6 1,376.9 1,378.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,968.4 2,692.3 2,461.7 2,640.7 2,847.2 2,682.8 2,723.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5,607.0 5,572.7 5,389.2 4,633.8 4,796.3 4,471.3 4,630.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 12,635.2 8,900.0 11,243.9 7,686.7 7,888.1 8,486.2 8,031.3
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 416.6 396.9 377.8 355.8 350.3 336.2 347.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 375.3 344.6 334.3 350.7 351.7 349.8 350.7
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 816.5 750.0 605.3 457.6 426.3 397.0 426.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 50.9 43.4 45.0 24.6 25.5 17.6 22.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.4 22.5 20.7 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 80.8 76.0 76.0 73.2 67.2 59.9 66.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 83.5 77.3 79.6 75.6 71.8 74.4 73.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 128.3 114.4 130.8 125.0 115.7 108.2 116.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 342.3 284.8 287.1 277.0 274.8 276.2 276.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 881.1 869.4 789.1 726.3 750.8 709.3 728.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,236.1 2,102.0 2,041.4 1,948.4 1,892.6 1,838.7 1,891.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5,389.5 5,551.2 5,008.6 4,844.3 4,749.1 4,534.8 4,700.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13,753.6 12,750.0 12,446.3 11,637.4 11,796.3 11,178.6 11,520.5
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 524.8 531.2 474.8 447.7 442.7 454.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 374.6 411.6 381.3 360.5 366.4 369.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,041.8 921.8 686.2 654.3 678.5 672.9
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 53.8 53.8 37.3 34.1 33.1 34.8
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 23.0 26.0 23.5 18.7 20.2 20.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 147.5 159.3 140.3 129.1 128.8 132.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 202.0 234.0 175.0 154.5 148.4 159.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 290.3 341.8 279.7 235.7 226.6 246.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 495.4 533.9 493.7 456.1 449.3 465.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,129.2 1,123.7 1,032.0 957.8 966.3 984.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2,488.9 2,368.2 2,245.4 2,251.7 2,284.9 2,261.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 5,724.6 5,369.1 4,966.4 4,750.3 4,564.6 4,749.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 11,856.1 12,272.1 10,617.7 10,487.1 9,946.7 10,331.6
See footnotes at end of table.
182 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 192
Table 36 (page 3 of 4). Death rates for all causes, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
White, non-Hispanic male5 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 669.7 643.1 589.5 575.3 563.6 576.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 956.3 985.9 982.1 977.3 974.7 978.0
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,002.5 865.4 654.6 662.4 651.5 656.2
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 48.8 43.8 36.2 34.8 31.8 34.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 28.9 25.7 22.5 22.4 21.0 22.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 125.0 123.4 105.6 102.7 101.2 103.2
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 151.2 165.3 147.2 134.8 128.1 136.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 231.8 257.1 252.3 231.4 229.7 237.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 587.6 544.5 509.0 494.0 487.2 496.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,550.8 1,479.7 1,308.7 1,264.7 1,224.0 1,264.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3,648.0 3,434.5 3,181.1 3,154.6 3,112.5 3,149.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8,364.2 7,920.4 7,274.5 7,154.7 7,072.8 7,165.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 18,637.2 18,505.4 18,110.1 18,066.9 17,363.4 17,831.7
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 645.0 555.0 501.7 411.1 391.0 369.9 361.9 358.0 355.2 358.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.3 800.9 812.6 806.1 840.1 846.9 896.2 897.8 903.7 899.2
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,566.8 2,007.7 1,614.6 962.5 799.3 690.0 558.0 546.0 563.6 555.9
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2 85.2 66.1 49.3 40.0 36.1 28.5 28.0 27.5 28.0
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 34.7 29.9 22.9 19.5 17.9 16.4 15.6 15.0 15.7
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 54.9 61.6 55.5 48.1 45.9 42.7 43.8 41.2 42.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.8 85.0 84.1 65.4 59.4 61.5 62.7 60.0 58.5 60.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.8 191.1 193.3 138.2 121.9 117.4 121.6 120.9 122.0 121.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546.4 458.8 462.9 372.7 341.7 309.3 290.5 285.0 278.3 284.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293.8 1,078.9 1,014.9 876.2 869.1 822.7 779.5 766.3 740.6 761.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,242.8 2,779.3 2,470.7 2,066.6 2,027.1 1,923.5 1,919.8 1,900.5 1,912.9 1,911.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,481.5 7,696.6 6,698.7 5,401.7 5,111.6 4,839.1 4,826.5 4,786.3 4,792.7 4,801.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 19,679.5 19,477.7 15,980.2 14,979.6 14,745.4 14,400.6 14,642.9 14,681.4 14,620.4 14,647.9
Black female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 1,106.7 916.9 814.4 631.1 594.8 581.6 561.0 545.5 540.9 549.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002.0 905.0 829.2 733.3 734.2 747.9 753.5 742.8 746.4 747.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 4,162.2 3,368.8 2,123.7 1,821.4 1,735.5 1,444.0 1,383.9 1,390.1 1,405.8
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 173.3 129.4 84.4 71.1 67.6 63.7 51.0 53.9 56.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.8 53.8 43.8 30.5 28.6 27.5 25.9 27.2 23.1 25.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1 107.5 111.9 70.5 59.6 68.7 66.8 62.0 58.0 62.2
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.3 273.2 231.0 150.0 137.6 159.5 153.8 134.6 130.0 139.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758.1 568.5 533.0 323.9 276.5 298.6 316.4 287.1 284.9 295.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,576.4 1,177.0 1,043.9 768.2 667.6 639.4 610.1 590.4 582.0 593.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,089.4 2,510.9 1,986.2 1,561.0 1,532.5 1,452.6 1,311.7 1,307.3 1,272.2 1,296.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000.2 4,064.2 3,860.9 3,057.4 2,967.8 2,865.7 2,787.0 2,739.7 2,724.6 2,750.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 6,730.0 6,691.5 6,212.1 6,078.0 5,688.3 5,775.9 5,669.3 5,813.8 5,753.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 13,052.6 10,706.6 12,367.2 12,703.0 13,309.5 13,398.5 13,701.7 13,580.5 13,561.5
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 414.1 353.3 335.1 367.7 359.9 363.3 363.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 380.1 342.5 330.4 396.0 392.6 407.0 398.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,352.6 910.5 688.7 718.2 646.1 825.0 730.0
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 87.5 54.8 37.8 67.1 66.8 53.5 62.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 33.5 23.0 25.5 23.7 22.2 19.6 21.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 90.3 72.8 69.0 62.5 57.5 64.1 61.4
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 178.5 121.5 102.3 108.9 116.3 118.3 114.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 286.0 185.6 156.4 196.3 195.6 195.1 195.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 491.4 415.5 380.9 435.4 387.4 388.3 403.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 837.1 851.9 805.9 862.2 866.9 863.6 864.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,765.5 1,630.3 1,679.4 1,878.8 1,920.5 1,932.4 1,910.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3,612.9 3,200.0 3,073.2 3,657.1 3,531.6 3,440.5 3,539.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8,567.4 7,740.0 8,201.1 6,193.5 5,773.6 6,366.9 6,113.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 183
Extracted source page 193
Table 36 (page 4 of 4). Death rates for all causes, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 224.6 228.5 228.9 214.4 214.7 207.4 212.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 222.5 224.9 234.3 257.9 264.3 262.5 261.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 755.8 622.0 518.2 347.4 343.7 380.2 357.4
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 35.4 36.8 32.0 25.6 24.7 19.9 23.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 21.5 19.1 13.0 11.4 13.8 12.4 12.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 32.3 30.7 28.8 30.6 33.4 28.8 30.9
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 45.4 36.5 37.5 35.4 32.4 33.7 33.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 89.7 77.8 69.9 68.7 74.1 61.6 68.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 214.1 184.9 182.7 173.8 166.6 160.5 166.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 440.8 468.0 483.4 417.7 423.4 412.9 417.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,027.7 1,130.8 1,089.2 1,090.8 1,117.3 1,083.1 1,096.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,833.6 2,873.9 3,127.9 3,118.8 3,052.1 2,917.4 3,023.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7,923.3 9,808.3 10,254.0 8,599.1 8,414.1 8,618.4 8,544.9
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 286.6 284.9 268.0 263.4 255.5 262.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 251.9 285.4 289.8 288.0 283.6 287.0
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 793.0 746.6 540.2 572.3 568.7 560.6
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 42.3 42.1 29.6 28.4 27.6 28.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 16.0 17.3 16.9 15.6 14.1 15.5
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 36.3 40.6 39.2 38.3 34.0 37.1
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 56.3 62.9 61.1 54.6 51.0 55.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 100.0 109.3 108.2 101.1 96.7 101.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 251.3 253.3 231.8 228.3 225.8 228.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 620.3 607.5 580.9 580.3 543.6 567.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,449.3 1,453.8 1,400.0 1,381.9 1,384.3 1,388.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3,549.8 3,351.3 3,279.4 3,220.5 3,140.1 3,210.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 10,216.9 10,098.7 8,783.9 8,708.6 8,336.0 8,595.7
White, non-Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 385.3 372.2 364.1 360.9 359.1 361.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 861.7 903.6 965.0 971.2 982.5 973.0
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 762.8 655.3 541.1 519.6 544.6 535.0
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 36.6 34.0 27.8 27.3 27.0 27.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 19.0 17.6 15.9 15.3 14.9 15.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 47.9 46.0 42.4 44.1 41.9 42.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 59.0 60.6 61.7 60.0 58.7 60.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 122.8 116.8 121.1 121.7 123.7 122.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 335.7 312.1 292.0 287.3 280.5 286.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 853.3 834.5 787.6 775.7 751.3 771.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,997.8 1,940.2 1,937.1 1,920.3 1,935.8 1,931.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 5,058.5 4,887.3 4,868.1 4,831.1 4,847.8 4,848.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14,561.4 14,533.1 14,826.1 14,864.0 14,839.2 14,843.3
- - - Data not available.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander,
and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in death
rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau
(denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated
to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American
Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic
origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
184 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 194
Table 37 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for diseases of heart, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 307.2 286.2 253.6 202.0 181.4 152.0 138.3 134.5 130.5 126.6 130.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.5 369.0 362.0 336.0 324.1 289.5 280.7 276.4 271.6 268.2 272.1
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 6.6 13.1 22.8 25.0 20.1 17.1 16.6 16.4 16.1 16.4
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.3 1.7 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 4.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 15.6 11.4 8.3 8.3 7.6 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.4 74.6 66.7 44.6 38.1 31.4 32.0 30.5 30.1 30.5 30.4
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.6 271.8 238.4 180.2 153.8 120.5 111.0 108.2 104.9 101.4 104.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.1 737.9 652.3 494.1 443.0 367.3 322.9 315.2 302.4 286.9 301.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,839.8 1,740.5 1,558.2 1,218.6 1,089.8 894.3 799.9 776.2 753.7 735.5 755.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,310.1 4,089.4 3,683.8 2,993.1 2,693.1 2,295.7 2,064.7 2,010.2 1,943.6 1,897.3 1,949.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9,150.6 9,317.8 7,891.3 7,777.1 7,384.1 6,739.9 6,484.1 6,314.5 6,198.9 6,009.6 6,170.4
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 383.8 375.5 348.5 280.4 250.1 206.7 184.9 178.8 173.1 166.9 172.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.4 439.5 422.5 368.6 344.1 297.6 282.7 277.4 272.2 268.0 272.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 7.8 15.1 25.5 27.8 21.9 17.5 17.4 18.0 16.2 17.2
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.4 1.9 2.8 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 4.2 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 20.1 15.2 11.4 11.6 10.3 11.4 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.4 112.7 103.2 68.7 58.6 48.1 47.2 44.2 43.7 44.0 44.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440.5 420.4 376.4 282.6 237.8 183.0 168.6 161.8 157.7 152.2 157.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,104.5 1,066.9 987.2 746.8 659.1 537.3 465.4 453.8 434.6 411.1 432.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,292.3 2,291.3 2,170.3 1,728.0 1,535.8 1,250.0 1,102.3 1,065.0 1,031.1 997.3 1,031.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,825.0 4,742.4 4,534.8 3,834.3 3,496.9 2,968.2 2,615.0 2,529.4 2,443.6 2,377.2 2,448.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9,659.8 9,788.9 8,426.2 8,752.7 8,251.8 7,418.4 7,039.6 6,834.0 6,658.5 6,330.6 6,598.6
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 233.9 205.7 175.2 140.3 127.4 108.9 100.4 98.2 95.4 93.3 95.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.4 300.6 304.5 305.1 305.2 281.8 278.8 275.5 271.1 268.3 271.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 5.4 10.9 20.0 22.0 18.3 16.7 15.7 14.7 16.1 15.5
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.1 1.6 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 3.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.2
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 11.3 7.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 38.2 32.2 21.4 18.3 15.1 17.1 16.8 16.5 17.3 16.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.2 127.5 109.9 84.5 74.4 61.0 56.0 56.9 54.3 52.8 54.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.0 429.4 351.6 272.1 252.1 215.7 193.9 189.3 182.1 173.9 181.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,419.3 1,261.3 1,082.7 828.6 746.1 616.8 557.8 543.8 529.4 522.6 532.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,872.0 3,582.7 3,120.8 2,497.0 2,220.4 1,893.8 1,715.2 1,674.7 1,616.6 1,579.5 1,623.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 8,796.1 9,016.8 7,591.8 7,350.5 7,037.6 6,478.1 6,267.8 6,108.0 6,013.7 5,876.6 5,997.0
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 381.1 375.4 347.6 277.5 246.2 202.0 179.7 174.5 168.7 162.3 168.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.0 454.6 438.3 384.0 360.3 312.7 297.9 293.3 287.7 283.1 288.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.6 413.2 365.7 269.8 225.5 170.6 155.7 149.8 145.4 140.2 145.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,081.7 1,056.0 979.3 730.6 640.1 516.7 443.0 431.8 411.2 388.1 409.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,308.3 2,297.9 2,177.2 1,729.7 1,522.7 1,230.5 1,080.5 1,049.5 1,015.1 981.3 1,015.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,907.3 4,839.9 4,617.6 3,883.2 3,527.0 2,983.4 2,616.1 2,536.0 2,453.7 2,381.5 2,455.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9,950.5 10,135.8 8,818.0 8,958.0 8,481.7 7,558.7 7,165.5 7,014.5 6,829.7 6,478.8 6,764.6
Black male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 415.5 381.2 375.9 327.3 310.8 275.9 255.9 242.6 236.2 231.8 236.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.4 330.6 330.3 301.0 288.6 256.8 244.2 234.8 230.8 230.5 232.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.1 514.0 512.8 433.4 385.2 328.9 317.1 297.7 293.7 282.7 291.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,434.0 1,236.8 1,135.4 987.2 935.3 824.0 757.8 740.9 727.8 699.9 722.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,140.1 2,281.4 2,237.8 1,847.2 1,839.2 1,632.9 1,482.9 1,381.3 1,335.4 1,312.7 1,342.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 3,533.6 3,783.4 3,578.8 3,436.6 3,107.1 2,881.4 2,762.0 2,641.6 2,649.3 2,683.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 6,037.9 5,367.6 6,819.5 6,393.5 6,479.6 5,985.7 5,675.4 5,538.7 5,446.7 5,550.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 185
Extracted source page 195
Table 37 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for diseases of heart, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 180.9 162.2 144.6 136.7 131.6 136.5 128.7 132.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 130.6 117.9 108.0 110.4 110.7 116.8 113.2 113.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 238.1 209.1 173.8 151.4 157.5 171.8 151.8 160.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 496.3 438.3 411.0 403.2 404.9 427.2 402.5 411.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,009.4 984.6 839.1 918.5 778.0 828.1 793.6 799.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,062.2 2,118.2 1,788.8 1,534.9 1,546.5 1,513.8 1,274.0 1,439.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4,413.7 2,766.7 3,860.3 2,308.7 2,660.1 2,764.2 2,800.9 2,744.2
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 136.7 123.4 102.6 106.2 98.1 95.9 92.3 95.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 119.8 103.5 88.7 96.9 97.3 97.4 98.3 97.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 112.0 81.1 70.4 73.4 75.4 72.1 72.9 73.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 306.7 291.2 226.1 214.3 220.7 218.3 210.8 216.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 852.4 753.5 623.5 605.8 581.2 585.1 522.7 562.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,010.9 2,025.6 1,642.2 1,680.5 1,534.8 1,432.1 1,493.0 1,485.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5,923.0 4,937.5 4,617.8 6,372.3 4,338.0 4,392.5 4,110.7 4,272.2
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 152.3 136.3 121.9 117.6 113.4 109.3 113.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 92.1 91.0 87.5 85.8 83.9 84.9 84.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 128.1 116.4 103.0 98.7 96.2 96.0 96.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 398.8 363.0 306.0 310.0 276.9 274.0 286.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 972.6 829.9 750.0 725.7 737.2 706.6 723.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2,160.8 1,971.3 1,734.5 1,688.6 1,628.7 1,522.0 1,608.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4,791.2 4,711.9 4,699.7 4,078.6 3,844.6 3,641.9 3,843.3
White, non-Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 240.3 204.1 181.2 176.2 171.1 164.6 170.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 362.8 336.5 322.0 318.9 315.0 309.8 314.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 219.9 172.8 157.5 152.1 148.5 142.8 147.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 610.6 521.3 448.0 435.1 418.1 393.5 415.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,471.3 1,243.4 1,088.3 1,056.4 1,025.1 991.7 1,024.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3,514.1 3,007.7 2,635.6 2,559.8 2,477.3 2,411.2 2,481.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8,539.3 7,663.4 7,166.3 7,109.2 6,954.2 6,604.4 6,879.3
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 223.6 197.1 167.8 134.6 121.7 103.1 94.9 92.9 90.4 88.1 90.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289.4 306.5 313.8 319.2 321.8 298.4 297.4 294.2 289.8 286.8 290.3
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.9 103.4 91.4 71.2 62.5 50.2 45.9 46.9 44.9 43.4 45.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460.2 383.0 317.7 248.1 227.1 192.4 173.1 167.8 162.5 153.9 161.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400.9 1,229.8 1,044.0 796.7 713.3 583.6 526.3 515.1 500.7 493.8 503.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,925.2 3,629.7 3,143.5 2,493.6 2,207.5 1,874.3 1,689.8 1,652.9 1,595.9 1,556.3 1,601.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9,084.7 9,280.8 7,839.9 7,501.6 7,170.0 6,563.4 6,352.6 6,211.4 6,108.0 5,971.4 6,094.5
Black female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 349.5 292.6 251.7 201.1 188.3 168.1 156.3 153.4 147.6 146.8 149.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289.9 268.5 261.0 249.7 250.3 237.0 231.1 229.0 224.2 224.6 225.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.8 360.7 290.9 202.4 176.2 155.3 143.1 144.7 134.8 132.9 137.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,210.7 952.3 710.5 530.1 510.7 442.0 384.9 388.4 364.8 361.5 371.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,659.4 1,680.5 1,553.2 1,210.3 1,149.9 1,017.5 933.7 890.0 871.6 858.8 873.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,926.9 2,964.1 2,707.2 2,533.4 2,250.9 2,163.1 2,097.7 2,030.5 2,044.8 2,057.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 5,650.0 5,003.8 5,796.5 5,686.5 5,766.1 5,614.8 5,493.6 5,542.5 5,373.1 5,468.1
See footnotes at end of table.
186 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 196
Table 37 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for diseases of heart, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin,
and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 88.4 83.7 76.6 77.3 74.9 73.9 70.0 72.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 80.3 84.3 77.5 87.0 86.7 88.6 89.0 88.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 65.2 59.2 62.0 69.2 61.1 59.7 49.4 56.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 193.5 230.8 197.0 210.2 192.5 172.8 183.3 182.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 577.2 472.7 492.8 503.3 512.8 473.8 440.3 475.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,364.3 1,258.8 1,050.3 1,045.6 1,030.0 1,115.2 1,019.8 1,054.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,893.3 3,180.0 2,868.7 2,209.8 2,108.8 2,019.5 2,348.9 2,163.9
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 55.8 59.6 58.3 57.7 50.9 49.3 47.7 49.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 57.0 60.3 62.0 68.2 66.8 66.9 67.3 67.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 28.6 23.8 17.5 21.6 17.2 18.8 18.4 18.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 92.9 103.0 99.0 93.0 82.3 80.5 70.5 77.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 313.3 341.0 323.9 294.9 282.0 272.8 282.9 279.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,053.2 1,056.5 1,130.9 1,063.0 1,009.8 944.0 880.9 941.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3,211.0 4,208.3 4,161.2 4,717.9 3,394.7 3,326.2 3,385.5 3,368.7
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 86.5 76.0 68.1 64.7 64.7 63.4 64.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 75.0 79.4 78.9 77.0 78.3 77.7 77.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 46.6 43.5 32.0 31.3 31.5 31.0 31.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 184.8 153.2 137.3 125.1 129.5 122.4 125.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 534.0 460.4 402.4 387.6 391.9 399.8 393.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,456.5 1,259.7 1,150.1 1,152.8 1,102.4 1,071.1 1,107.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4,523.4 4,440.3 4,243.9 3,673.8 3,748.7 3,499.1 3,634.7
White, non-Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 120.2 103.7 95.4 93.6 91.3 89.1 91.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 334.2 320.0 321.4 318.9 315.6 313.6 316.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 61.3 50.2 46.6 47.5 45.7 44.2 45.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 219.6 193.6 173.6 169.0 163.9 155.3 162.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 700.4 584.7 529.1 518.0 504.0 496.2 506.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2,201.5 1,890.2 1,697.8 1,663.5 1,609.4 1,571.1 1,614.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7,164.7 6,615.2 6,384.5 6,285.4 6,176.4 6,054.4 6,169.3
- - - Data not available.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years
1950–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site
at www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 187
Extracted source page 197
Table 38 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for cerebrovascular diseases, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 88.8 79.7 66.3 40.8 32.5 27.7 26.7 26.4 25.9 25.1 25.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.0 108.0 101.9 75.1 64.3 57.9 60.1 60.3 59.7 58.6 59.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.1 5.0 4.4 3.7 3.8 5.8 6.2 7.0 7.8 7.0
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.7 4.5 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 14.7 15.6 8.5 7.2 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 49.2 41.6 25.2 21.3 18.7 17.6 17.9 16.9 16.5 17.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.2 147.3 115.8 65.2 54.8 48.0 46.1 45.3 44.4 42.6 44.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.7 469.2 384.1 219.5 172.8 144.4 137.2 135.5 134.8 130.0 133.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,499.6 1,491.3 1,254.2 788.6 601.5 499.3 481.4 477.0 462.0 455.4 464.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 2,990.1 3,680.5 3,014.3 2,288.9 1,865.1 1,633.9 1,636.5 1,612.7 1,584.6 1,500.0 1,564.3
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 91.9 85.4 73.2 44.9 35.5 30.2 28.9 28.5 27.9 26.6 27.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.5 104.5 94.5 63.6 52.5 46.8 48.0 48.1 47.8 46.3 47.4
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.0 5.8 5.0 4.6 4.4 6.3 6.5 7.6 9.0 7.7
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.5 4.4 2.6 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 14.6 15.7 8.7 7.4 6.8 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 52.2 44.4 27.3 23.2 20.5 19.8 20.0 19.2 18.5 19.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.2 163.8 138.7 74.7 63.5 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.4 49.5 51.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589.6 530.7 449.5 259.2 201.4 166.8 155.9 154.7 153.1 145.7 151.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,543.6 1,555.9 1,361.6 868.3 661.2 552.7 517.1 508.7 488.7 474.7 490.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 3,048.6 3,643.1 2,895.2 2,199.2 1,730.1 1,533.2 1,537.7 1,512.7 1,500.7 1,347.2 1,450.4
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 86.0 74.7 60.8 37.6 30.0 25.7 24.8 24.6 24.2 23.6 24.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.6 111.4 109.0 86.1 75.5 68.6 71.7 71.9 71.2 70.4 71.2
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.8 2.7 3.1 5.2 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.9 4.7 2.6 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 14.8 15.6 8.4 6.9 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.7 5.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.9 46.3 39.0 23.3 19.4 17.0 15.5 15.9 14.8 14.6 15.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.1 131.8 95.3 56.9 47.2 42.2 39.4 38.8 37.9 36.3 37.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.1 415.7 333.3 189.0 150.7 126.9 122.2 120.1 120.1 117.2 119.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,462.2 1,441.1 1,183.1 741.6 566.3 467.4 458.7 456.5 444.4 442.6 447.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 2,949.4 3,704.4 3,081.0 2,328.2 1,918.9 1,672.7 1,675.0 1,652.4 1,618.4 1,563.3 1,610.4
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 87.0 80.3 68.8 41.9 33.0 27.7 26.5 26.3 25.7 24.5 25.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.5 102.7 93.5 63.3 52.7 47.0 48.6 49.1 48.8 47.3 48.4
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.7 40.9 35.6 21.7 18.1 15.4 14.8 15.2 14.6 14.2 14.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.2 139.0 119.9 64.2 54.6 45.8 44.7 43.4 42.3 40.8 42.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.7 501.0 420.0 240.4 186.4 153.2 143.5 142.0 141.8 134.9 139.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,556.3 1,564.8 1,361.6 854.8 650.0 540.7 503.1 500.1 480.3 464.9 481.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 3,127.1 3,734.8 3,018.1 2,236.9 1,765.6 1,549.8 1,550.0 1,537.7 1,530.6 1,365.9 1,474.8
Black male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 146.2 141.2 122.5 77.5 62.7 56.1 52.2 50.9 48.6 46.8 48.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.0 122.9 108.8 73.1 59.2 53.1 51.0 50.1 48.3 47.5 48.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.9 166.1 136.1 82.1 71.1 68.4 64.1 62.1 59.8 55.7 59.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.8 439.9 343.4 189.8 160.7 141.8 134.1 137.5 135.5 129.2 134.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.6 899.2 780.1 472.8 379.7 327.2 291.5 292.2 274.3 255.8 274.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,475.2 1,445.7 1,067.6 814.4 723.7 700.2 653.0 600.5 621.3 624.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,700.0 1,963.1 1,873.2 1,429.0 1,430.5 1,393.9 1,329.5 1,281.6 1,243.1 1,283.7
See footnotes at end of table.
188 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 198
Table 38 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for cerebrovascular diseases, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 30.7 24.9 20.5 23.5 21.4 20.1 18.5 20.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.2 18.5 16.0 20.1 18.7 18.5 16.6 17.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 28.4 19.9 * 17.6 17.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 72.0 * 39.8 45.7 42.9 49.4 53.5 48.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 170.5 200.0 120.3 153.1 139.1 112.5 109.8 120.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 535.1 372.7 325.9 290.1 319.4 324.0 257.8 299.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,384.7 733.3 949.8 748.8 550.4 707.9 450.2 569.6
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 32.3 28.0 26.9 31.2 26.9 28.3 26.5 27.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 28.7 24.0 23.4 28.6 27.0 28.8 28.1 28.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.0 13.9 15.6 17.3 19.5 18.3 16.9 18.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 59.9 48.8 51.8 62.1 55.6 58.0 56.0 56.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 197.9 155.6 167.9 162.3 161.4 160.9 160.9 161.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 619.5 583.7 485.7 571.8 430.0 524.0 456.5 470.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,399.0 1,387.5 1,196.6 1,808.5 1,348.7 1,219.4 1,149.6 1,233.4
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 27.7 22.7 23.1 22.3 22.1 21.8 22.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 17.2 15.6 17.1 16.8 16.7 17.4 16.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 23.6 20.0 20.5 23.1 20.4 22.3 21.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 63.9 49.4 46.1 50.7 52.7 53.0 52.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 163.5 126.4 132.2 114.8 134.9 124.0 124.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 396.7 356.6 349.9 348.6 304.2 296.0 314.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,152.1 866.3 996.3 866.3 787.8 795.7 814.9
White, non-Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 31.6 27.9 26.3 26.1 25.6 24.3 25.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 52.2 50.7 52.3 53.0 53.1 51.3 52.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 16.0 14.9 14.1 14.2 13.9 13.2 13.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 50.5 45.2 43.9 42.0 41.1 39.4 40.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 178.5 154.8 143.1 142.0 141.1 134.7 139.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 637.0 548.8 507.4 505.1 486.0 471.1 487.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,735.1 1,583.6 1,552.4 1,560.6 1,562.9 1,391.9 1,501.7
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 79.7 68.7 56.2 35.2 27.9 23.8 23.1 22.9 22.5 22.0 22.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3 110.1 109.8 88.8 78.4 71.8 76.0 76.3 75.7 75.0 75.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 33.8 30.5 18.7 15.5 13.5 12.7 12.8 11.6 11.3 11.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.9 103.0 78.1 48.7 40.0 35.8 33.6 33.3 31.8 31.3 32.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.1 383.3 303.2 172.8 137.9 116.3 112.6 110.2 111.4 108.6 110.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,471.3 1,444.7 1,176.8 730.3 552.9 457.6 449.5 446.7 437.5 434.2 439.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 3,017.9 3,795.7 3,167.6 2,367.8 1,944.9 1,691.4 1,690.0 1,679.3 1,645.8 1,589.6 1,637.3
Black female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 155.6 139.5 107.9 61.7 50.6 42.7 39.6 39.2 37.9 37.2 38.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.3 127.7 112.2 77.9 68.6 60.7 60.4 59.7 58.0 57.9 58.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.9 166.2 119.4 61.9 50.8 44.1 36.4 38.6 38.6 39.9 39.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.7 452.0 272.4 138.7 113.6 97.0 85.5 82.9 84.0 76.5 81.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.4 830.5 673.5 362.2 285.6 236.8 221.2 216.4 204.8 197.3 206.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,413.1 1,338.3 918.6 753.8 596.0 583.2 586.5 540.0 560.0 562.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,578.9 2,210.5 1,896.3 1,657.1 1,496.5 1,568.8 1,443.6 1,433.1 1,398.4 1,424.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 189
Extracted source page 199
Table 38 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for cerebrovascular diseases, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.3 20.6 18.5 19.9 20.6 19.9 20.2 20.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 22.1 21.8 19.3 23.8 25.5 24.3 25.4 25.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * 24.6 * 18.8 19.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 40.4 40.7 43.5 29.7 49.4 47.5 42.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 128.3 121.2 100.5 112.3 127.7 109.0 126.4 121.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 404.2 317.6 282.0 321.7 354.9 319.7 324.6 332.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,123.6 1,000.0 776.2 697.3 700.0 570.0 618.1 627.3
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 25.9 23.6 23.4 21.6 21.5 21.4 19.6 20.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 26.5 23.3 24.3 24.9 27.5 27.8 26.4 27.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 20.3 15.1 19.7 16.2 16.2 14.2 11.4 13.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 44.5 49.0 42.5 39.1 36.3 40.7 31.0 35.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 136.1 130.8 124.0 103.3 111.2 109.3 113.4 111.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 449.6 387.0 396.6 405.2 409.2 409.8 388.8 402.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,545.2 1,383.3 1,395.0 1,432.5 1,243.3 1,097.8 1,006.4 1,108.7
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 20.6 19.5 18.1 17.1 17.0 16.6 16.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 18.3 20.2 20.1 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 15.8 15.2 15.1 15.3 12.7 14.2 14.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 35.8 38.8 35.7 35.2 32.4 30.1 32.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 108.6 102.9 98.2 90.3 96.8 93.0 93.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 339.8 309.5 287.4 284.3 286.3 279.1 283.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,191.5 1,060.4 932.4 837.8 774.5 756.1 787.2
White, non-Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 27.2 23.9 23.1 23.0 22.6 22.1 22.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 81.0 77.4 82.2 82.9 82.6 82.1 82.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.3 13.2 12.4 12.4 11.3 10.9 11.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 37.8 35.7 33.0 32.7 31.5 31.1 31.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 133.5 117.1 112.4 110.7 111.5 108.9 110.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 551.6 463.1 452.9 450.4 442.0 439.5 443.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,926.2 1,720.4 1,704.8 1,707.4 1,675.3 1,621.5 1,667.0
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
190 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 200
Table 39 (page 1 of 4). Death rates for malignant neoplasms, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 125.4 125.8 129.8 132.8 134.4 135.0 129.9 127.9 125.6 123.6 125.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.8 149.2 162.8 183.9 194.0 203.2 204.9 203.4 201.6 200.3 201.8
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.2 4.7 3.2 3.1 2.3 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 10.9 7.5 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.7
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 6.8 6.0 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 8.3 8.3 6.3 5.4 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 19.5 16.5 13.7 13.2 12.6 11.9 12.0 11.6 11.3 11.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 59.7 59.5 48.6 45.9 43.3 40.3 39.3 38.9 38.2 38.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.1 177.0 182.5 180.0 170.1 158.9 142.2 137.9 135.1 132.3 135.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390.7 396.8 423.0 436.1 454.6 449.6 416.0 406.5 395.7 383.8 395.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698.8 713.9 751.2 817.9 845.5 872.3 868.2 861.6 847.3 841.3 850.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,153.3 1,127.4 1,169.2 1,232.3 1,271.8 1,348.5 1,364.8 1,351.5 1,335.2 1,326.3 1,337.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1,451.0 1,450.0 1,320.7 1,594.6 1,615.4 1,752.9 1,823.8 1,798.3 1,805.0 1,749.4 1,783.6
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 130.8 143.0 157.4 165.5 166.1 166.3 156.8 153.8 150.4 147.7 150.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.9 162.5 182.1 205.3 213.4 221.3 219.5 217.2 214.6 213.6 215.1
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 7.7 4.4 3.7 3.0 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 12.4 8.3 5.2 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.1 2.4 2.9
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 7.6 6.7 4.9 3.9 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 10.2 10.4 7.8 6.4 5.7 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 18.8 16.3 13.4 13.2 12.6 11.7 11.5 11.5 10.9 11.3
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 48.9 53.0 44.0 42.4 38.5 36.5 35.6 34.5 34.4 34.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.2 170.8 183.5 188.7 175.2 162.5 143.7 140.7 138.0 136.5 138.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.1 459.9 511.8 520.8 536.9 532.9 480.5 469.1 453.4 441.1 454.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791.5 890.5 1,006.8 1,093.2 1,105.2 1,122.2 1,089.9 1,080.9 1,058.4 1,045.5 1,061.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,332.6 1,389.4 1,588.3 1,790.5 1,839.7 1,914.4 1,842.3 1,802.7 1,770.2 1,745.6 1,772.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1,668.3 1,741.2 1,720.8 2,369.5 2,451.8 2,739.9 2,837.3 2,733.1 2,712.5 2,562.6 2,666.2
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 120.8 111.2 108.8 109.2 111.7 112.7 110.4 108.8 107.3 105.5 107.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.8 136.4 144.4 163.6 175.7 186.0 191.0 190.2 189.2 187.7 189.0
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 6.8 5.0 2.7 3.2 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 9.3 6.7 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 6.0 5.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 6.5 6.2 4.8 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 20.1 16.7 14.0 13.2 12.6 12.2 12.6 11.7 11.7 12.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 70.0 65.6 53.1 49.2 48.1 44.0 42.9 43.1 42.1 42.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.0 183.0 181.5 171.8 165.3 155.5 140.7 135.2 132.3 128.2 131.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.2 337.7 343.2 361.7 381.8 375.2 357.5 349.6 343.2 331.6 341.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.3 560.2 557.9 607.1 645.3 677.4 690.7 685.2 676.8 675.2 679.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000.7 924.1 891.9 903.1 937.8 1,010.3 1,061.5 1,060.0 1,050.6 1,048.6 1,053.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1,299.7 1,263.9 1,096.7 1,255.7 1,281.4 1,372.1 1,429.1 1,426.8 1,439.2 1,412.5 1,426.0
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 130.9 141.6 154.3 160.5 160.4 160.3 151.8 149.2 145.9 143.6 146.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.2 166.1 185.1 208.7 218.1 227.7 228.1 225.8 223.3 223.0 224.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 18.8 16.2 13.6 13.1 12.3 11.3 11.3 11.2 10.7 11.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 46.3 50.1 41.1 39.8 35.8 34.2 33.5 32.3 32.6 32.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.8 164.1 172.0 175.4 162.0 149.9 134.3 131.8 129.0 126.5 129.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.4 450.9 498.1 497.4 512.0 508.2 460.0 448.9 432.4 422.4 434.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798.7 887.3 997.0 1,070.7 1,076.5 1,090.7 1,064.6 1,057.3 1,038.7 1,030.1 1,042.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,367.6 1,413.7 1,592.7 1,779.7 1,817.1 1,883.2 1,810.9 1,771.0 1,746.1 1,722.4 1,746.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1,732.7 1,791.4 1,772.2 2,375.6 2,449.1 2,715.1 2,805.2 2,723.9 2,695.5 2,554.3 2,654.7
Black male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 126.1 158.5 198.0 229.9 239.9 248.1 226.8 221.9 214.8 208.1 214.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.6 136.7 171.6 205.5 214.9 221.9 209.1 207.3 203.0 199.0 203.1
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 18.4 18.8 14.1 14.9 15.7 15.2 14.0 14.5 12.9 13.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 72.9 81.3 73.8 69.9 64.3 57.5 55.0 54.3 50.0 53.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.7 244.7 311.2 333.0 315.9 302.6 250.7 242.7 235.3 241.0 239.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.8 579.7 689.2 812.5 851.3 859.2 755.3 741.2 723.3 697.4 720.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636.4 938.5 1,168.9 1,417.2 1,532.8 1,613.9 1,509.6 1,473.2 1,412.4 1,344.7 1,409.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,053.3 1,624.8 2,029.6 2,229.6 2,478.3 2,426.8 2,421.8 2,298.4 2,284.5 2,333.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,155.2 1,387.0 2,393.9 2,629.0 3,238.3 3,338.2 3,209.7 3,306.2 3,050.5 3,186.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 191
Extracted source page 201
Table 39 (page 2 of 4). Death rates for malignant neoplasms, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 82.1 87.1 83.5 94.0 94.0 104.0 95.7 97.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 58.1 62.8 61.4 74.2 75.9 84.7 80.6 80.4
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 6.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 28.8 22.8 16.0 18.4 25.0 26.8 23.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 86.9 89.4 86.9 88.0 76.0 109.3 90.6 92.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 213.4 276.6 246.2 300.3 325.5 336.2 286.7 315.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 613.0 584.6 530.6 670.4 680.1 761.6 711.3 717.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 936.4 963.6 1,038.4 1,111.9 1,036.6 1,041.1 1,070.7 1,050.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,471.2 1,133.3 1,654.4 1,081.5 1,284.2 1,011.3 1,067.0 1,116.1
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 96.4 101.0 99.6 98.3 93.8 91.7 91.1 92.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 81.9 82.6 82.7 87.1 87.1 87.0 89.0 87.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 6.3 10.0 9.2 8.8 7.8 9.4 9.4 8.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 29.4 25.7 27.7 27.4 27.4 26.1 26.0 26.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 108.2 98.0 92.6 86.6 85.7 89.0 91.5 88.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 298.5 315.0 274.6 255.4 247.5 261.6 246.5 251.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 581.2 631.3 687.2 640.6 663.6 596.2 630.8 629.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,147.6 1,251.2 1,229.9 1,278.9 1,199.8 1,160.3 1,095.3 1,148.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 1,798.7 1,800.0 1,837.0 2,712.8 1,668.4 1,674.0 1,556.0 1,628.9
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 92.1 99.8 98.6 93.1 91.4 92.6 92.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 56.1 65.5 68.9 65.8 65.4 68.7 66.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.7 8.0 9.2 8.0 8.8 8.5 8.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 23.0 22.5 25.4 22.0 22.5 21.8 22.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 83.4 96.6 85.8 81.6 87.3 87.7 85.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 259.0 294.0 276.8 262.2 256.0 258.7 258.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 599.1 655.5 667.1 647.9 627.2 666.2 647.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,216.6 1,233.4 1,272.1 1,178.3 1,123.5 1,087.5 1,127.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,700.7 2,019.4 1,858.7 1,637.8 1,658.8 1,551.0 1,613.2
White, non-Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 156.0 163.3 154.0 151.7 148.6 146.2 148.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 217.4 246.2 247.1 246.2 244.7 243.9 245.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 13.5 12.8 11.4 11.8 11.5 10.9 11.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 39.1 36.8 34.7 34.4 33.1 33.7 33.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 159.9 153.9 137.0 134.9 131.9 129.1 131.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 496.4 520.6 469.9 458.6 443.3 432.2 444.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,044.2 1,109.0 1,081.1 1,073.6 1,057.8 1,047.5 1,059.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,766.1 1,906.6 1,825.6 1,791.6 1,765.7 1,745.8 1,767.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2,327.6 2,744.4 2,814.6 2,764.3 2,738.3 2,599.8 2,697.5
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 119.4 109.5 107.6 107.7 110.5 111.2 108.9 107.6 106.0 104.1 105.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.9 139.8 149.4 170.3 184.4 196.1 202.4 201.8 200.4 199.1 200.4
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 18.8 16.3 13.5 12.7 11.9 11.5 12.1 11.2 11.2 11.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.5 66.6 62.4 50.9 47.3 46.2 42.0 40.5 40.6 39.3 40.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.8 175.7 177.3 166.4 161.6 150.9 136.1 131.0 128.4 123.3 127.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.5 329.0 338.6 355.5 376.3 368.5 352.6 347.3 339.6 326.5 337.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.5 562.1 554.7 605.2 644.9 675.1 689.6 684.6 674.6 675.7 678.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,026.6 939.3 903.5 905.4 938.2 1,011.8 1,060.2 1,059.9 1,049.7 1,051.1 1,053.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1,348.3 1,304.9 1,126.6 1,266.8 1,285.4 1,372.3 1,428.2 1,430.1 1,435.8 1,415.1 1,426.8
See footnotes at end of table.
192 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 202
Table 39 (page 3 of 4). Death rates for malignant neoplasms, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black female Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 131.9 127.8 123.5 129.7 131.8 137.2 134.1 130.7 131.2 128.9 130.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.8 113.8 117.3 136.5 145.2 156.1 159.1 157.9 160.5 158.5 159.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 31.0 20.9 18.3 17.2 18.7 16.8 16.4 16.2 15.6 16.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119.8 102.4 94.6 73.5 69.0 67.4 62.2 62.8 62.9 64.1 63.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.0 254.8 228.6 230.2 212.4 209.9 192.7 182.8 180.6 180.9 181.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.6 442.7 404.8 450.4 474.9 482.4 443.6 422.2 426.4 419.9 422.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.3 541.6 615.8 662.4 704.2 773.2 799.6 790.6 789.7 770.2 783.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 696.3 763.3 923.9 986.3 1,059.9 1,154.1 1,150.9 1,166.5 1,138.3 1,151.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 728.9 791.5 1,159.9 1,284.2 1,431.3 1,490.3 1,507.2 1,602.3 1,513.5 1,540.8
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 62.1 60.5 69.6 70.7 78.6 72.8 74.3 75.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 50.4 52.5 62.1 69.9 77.1 71.8 74.9 74.6
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 11.1 * 11.0 * 9.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 36.9 23.4 31.0 33.5 38.5 36.8 33.4 36.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 96.9 90.1 104.5 85.2 111.2 88.3 94.9 97.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 198.4 192.3 213.3 223.2 249.2 245.5 255.8 250.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 350.8 378.8 438.9 427.7 487.3 467.5 481.1 478.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 446.4 505.9 554.3 723.9 721.4 613.4 599.9 643.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 786.5 700.0 843.7 736.6 638.0 561.9 649.0 616.3
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 59.8 62.8 63.6 68.4 63.2 63.0 62.4 62.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 54.1 57.5 60.5 71.5 69.7 71.1 71.0 70.6
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.5 9.9 7.3 10.6 9.6 7.0 9.3 8.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 38.7 33.1 29.8 28.6 29.9 31.5 27.7 29.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 99.8 91.3 93.9 98.0 88.7 81.1 83.3 84.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 174.7 195.5 196.2 211.4 179.6 176.7 186.8 181.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 301.9 330.8 346.2 351.2 347.8 376.4 362.7 362.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 522.1 589.1 641.4 722.6 703.6 662.1 639.9 666.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 800.0 908.3 971.7 1,307.7 917.8 1,014.0 908.8 946.4
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 64.1 70.0 66.1 66.7 65.4 63.8 65.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 49.8 60.7 60.5 62.1 61.4 60.4 61.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.7 9.7 9.2 10.3 10.3 9.6 10.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 30.9 34.8 31.2 30.0 30.5 29.8 30.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 90.1 100.5 89.7 85.3 84.7 86.7 85.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 199.4 205.4 197.6 202.4 201.6 189.9 197.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 356.3 404.8 382.3 405.3 388.2 390.4 394.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 599.7 663.0 659.6 637.8 622.4 588.5 615.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 906.1 1,022.7 938.2 913.9 888.6 835.2 876.9
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 193
Extracted source page 203
Table 39 (page 4 of 4). Death rates for malignant neoplasms, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
White, non-Hispanic female5 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 108.9 113.6 111.1 109.8 108.1 106.3 108.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 187.1 210.6 218.4 218.3 217.3 216.9 217.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 12.2 11.9 11.7 12.2 11.2 11.3 11.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 47.2 47.0 42.7 41.2 41.4 40.1 40.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 158.8 154.9 139.3 133.9 131.2 125.7 130.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 372.7 379.5 362.7 356.6 348.5 335.7 346.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 638.3 688.5 703.1 697.9 688.7 691.2 692.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 917.7 1,027.2 1,070.5 1,075.3 1,063.9 1,068.3 1,069.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,241.6 1,385.7 1,438.4 1,448.8 1,452.5 1,435.7 1,445.5
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
194 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 204
Table 40 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung, according
to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 11.1 17.7 26.6 34.8 37.6 39.9 38.3 37.9 37.3 37.0 37.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 20.3 32.1 45.8 51.5 56.8 57.5 57.3 57.3 57.2 57.3
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 6.8 11.0 9.2 7.8 6.8 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 29.6 43.4 54.1 50.9 46.8 38.0 36.8 34.6 33.3 34.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.7 75.3 109.1 138.2 153.8 160.6 142.9 138.7 134.3 131.4 134.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 108.1 164.5 233.3 261.2 288.4 297.1 296.1 295.7 296.7 296.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 91.5 163.2 240.5 282.0 333.3 361.4 364.4 368.5 367.7 366.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 65.6 101.7 176.0 195.2 242.5 284.0 280.9 297.6 289.9 289.6
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 18.4 32.0 47.5 56.9 58.1 58.5 53.0 51.8 50.5 49.5 50.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 35.4 53.4 68.6 72.5 75.1 71.6 70.6 69.7 69.3 69.8
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 * 0.0 0.1 * * 0.0 0.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 10.5 16.1 11.9 10.0 8.5 7.1 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0 50.6 67.5 76.0 67.5 59.7 47.0 45.8 42.7 40.8 43.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.8 139.3 189.7 213.6 223.5 222.9 187.4 181.4 173.7 168.4 174.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.7 204.3 320.8 403.9 416.2 430.4 417.0 409.3 404.0 401.7 405.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6 167.1 330.8 488.8 537.6 572.9 552.1 547.2 543.0 534.7 541.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 107.7 194.0 368.1 433.2 513.2 543.8 520.7 543.8 512.4 525.4
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 3.9 5.7 9.5 17.6 21.8 25.6 26.9 26.9 26.9 27.0 26.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.7 11.9 24.3 31.7 39.4 44.1 44.6 45.4 45.7 45.2
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.0 0.0 * * * * * * * 0.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 5.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 3.2 6.1 6.5 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.3
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 9.2 21.0 33.7 35.2 34.5 29.4 28.2 26.9 26.0 27.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 15.4 36.8 72.0 92.1 105.0 102.6 99.9 98.5 97.6 98.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 24.4 43.1 102.7 141.8 177.6 201.1 204.9 208.2 211.3 208.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 32.8 52.4 94.1 131.7 190.1 240.3 246.4 254.3 257.2 252.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 28.2 38.8 50.0 91.9 100.2 138.1 182.8 185.6 198.4 197.8 194.1
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 18.8 31.9 46.9 55.5 56.4 56.6 51.6 50.5 49.4 48.4 49.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 36.4 37.5 70.2 74.5 77.8 74.9 73.9 73.1 72.7 73.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 49.2 63.3 70.9 62.7 55.2 43.7 42.7 39.6 37.5 39.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 139.2 186.8 205.6 214.2 213.7 180.4 174.4 167.4 162.5 168.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5 207.5 325.0 401.0 409.5 422.1 411.3 404.9 400.4 399.2 401.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 170.4 336.7 493.5 540.3 572.2 548.8 543.7 540.1 531.7 538.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 109.4 199.6 374.1 440.0 516.3 542.4 524.5 549.1 516.6 529.8
Black male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 14.3 33.0 56.6 77.2 82.6 86.2 75.8 73.5 70.6 68.5 70.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 28.1 47.7 66.6 71.2 73.7 67.0 65.8 64.1 63.0 64.3
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 68.4 115.4 133.8 122.5 114.9 87.6 85.3 79.4 78.8 81.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 146.8 234.3 321.1 351.5 358.6 295.3 287.0 270.1 263.2 273.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 168.3 300.5 472.3 539.6 585.4 547.9 520.8 507.9 487.5 505.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 107.3 271.6 472.9 556.4 645.4 660.8 660.8 660.1 647.5 656.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 82.8 137.0 311.3 382.3 499.5 573.2 544.7 553.8 533.1 543.7
American Indian or
Alaska Native male2
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 21.1 26.7 28.1 31.2 33.5 33.8 34.4 33.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 14.2 18.4 20.0 23.9 25.6 26.5 27.8 26.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * 26.6 26.5 24.4 32.1 30.2 29.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 72.0 85.1 97.8 106.1 139.7 124.9 109.9 124.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 202.8 223.1 194.3 256.0 267.9 268.4 294.5 277.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 263.6 356.2 338.4 308.2 339.9 376.7 343.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 201.4
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 195
Extracted source page 205
Table 40 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung, according
to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
Asian or
Pacific Islander male3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 26.7 25.8 25.7 24.8 24.8 24.2 24.7 24.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 22.1 20.4 20.7 21.5 22.4 22.4 23.5 22.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 33.3 21.7 18.8 19.6 15.4 17.4 17.3 16.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 94.4 98.1 74.4 67.1 69.8 72.8 66.6 69.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 174.3 180.8 215.8 191.9 206.9 194.5 215.3 205.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 301.3 295.3 307.5 324.9 341.1 300.4 318.4 319.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 350.0 421.3 572.2 343.0 367.1 332.9 347.1
Hispanic male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 22.4 25.7 23.3 22.0 21.3 21.0 21.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 12.9 16.2 15.6 14.8 14.6 15.0 14.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 16.7 21.5 17.7 18.3 17.3 15.7 17.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 68.6 80.7 68.7 66.3 58.9 58.9 61.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 169.9 195.5 183.5 175.7 176.1 173.4 175.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 292.1 313.4 303.5 277.9 274.0 271.4 274.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 393.8 420.7 352.5 278.9 332.9 264.1 291.3
White, non-Hispanic male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 54.9 58.2 52.9 52.0 51.0 50.1 51.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 74.5 84.7 81.8 81.4 81.2 80.8 81.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 62.6 57.8 45.4 44.4 41.4 39.3 41.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 209.8 221.0 186.8 180.7 175.0 169.6 175.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 398.4 431.4 420.3 414.9 412.1 411.6 412.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 518.2 580.4 554.9 552.1 549.5 542.6 548.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 413.8 520.9 543.4 533.1 557.7 528.7 539.7
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.7 9.5 17.6 22.1 25.9 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 5.9 12.3 25.6 33.9 42.4 48.0 48.6 49.3 49.7 49.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.0 20.9 33.0 35.4 34.6 29.5 28.4 26.8 25.8 27.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 8.8 37.2 71.9 92.4 105.7 104.7 102.9 100.9 99.7 101.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 13.8 42.9 104.6 145.5 181.3 205.0 210.0 213.2 216.6 213.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 20.0 52.6 95.2 134.8 194.6 246.1 251.5 259.7 263.1 258.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 25.4 50.6 92.4 99.3 138.3 184.0 188.2 200.5 200.3 196.5
Black female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.8 10.2 18.5 21.8 26.4 26.9 26.6 27.3 27.5 27.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.3 9.4 18.3 22.5 28.1 30.2 30.5 31.9 32.2 31.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 11.3 23.9 43.4 39.1 41.3 34.9 33.0 33.6 33.4 33.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 17.9 33.5 79.9 103.5 117.9 106.5 99.3 101.8 102.6 101.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 18.1 46.1 88.0 117.2 164.3 195.3 196.1 200.5 202.5 199.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 31.3 49.1 79.4 101.2 148.1 188.6 209.3 220.1 222.4 217.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 34.2 44.8 85.8 114.3 134.9 163.7 162.1 184.2 176.6 174.4
American Indian or
Alaska Native female2
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.5 10.1 13.4 15.9 15.8 16.1 17.6 16.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 6.0 8.2 11.2 15.0 15.2 15.2 16.9 15.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * 22.9 * * * 18.0 15.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 38.5 53.7 47.8 62.3 65.8 62.0 63.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 93.9 78.5 131.8 102.1 130.0 157.0 130.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * 111.8 185.0 192.9 141.3 130.6 154.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 84.9
See footnotes at end of table.
196 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 206
Table 40 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung, according
to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
Asian or
Pacific Islander female3 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.5 8.9 11.1 12.8 10.8 11.3 11.5 11.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.4 7.9 10.5 13.4 12.0 12.9 13.2 12.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.5 12.5 11.3 12.1 11.1 9.8 9.9 10.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 24.6 26.0 38.3 39.1 29.8 32.3 35.9 32.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 62.4 60.7 71.6 86.1 76.1 79.7 82.0 79.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 117.7 97.8 137.9 162.9 149.5 147.3 138.6 144.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * 172.9 281.9 179.0 170.5 176.3 175.2
Hispanic female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 8.7 7.9 8.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.9 7.2 7.3 7.8 8.1 7.5 7.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.8 8.7 7.1 6.1 7.1 7.3 6.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 17.4 25.1 24.8 25.9 27.7 23.9 25.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 49.1 66.8 56.8 65.8 67.2 59.5 64.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 73.6 94.3 103.6 98.8 101.3 95.0 98.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 110.7 118.2 117.0 124.8 116.0 105.5 114.8
White, non-Hispanic female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 22.6 26.9 28.5 28.6 28.6 28.8 28.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 35.6 46.2 52.6 53.5 54.4 55.2 54.4
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 36.6 36.6 31.3 30.1 28.4 27.4 28.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 93.4 111.3 110.5 108.4 106.3 105.6 106.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 149.4 186.4 212.0 217.5 221.3 226.1 221.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 138.1 199.1 250.5 257.2 265.6 270.0 264.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 100.9 139.0 185.1 190.6 203.3 203.9 199.4
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
- - - Data not available.
1
Average annual death rate.
2
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
4
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Starting with Health, United
States, 2000 this table presents trends for malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung, ICD 162, replacing malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system, ICD
160–165, shown in previous editions. Age groups were selected to minimize the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths
and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of
Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between
the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in
the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent
for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics
(Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for
Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 197
Extracted source page 207
Table 41 (page 1 of 2). Death rates for malignant neoplasm of breast for females, according to detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–982
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 22.2 22.3 23.1 22.7 23.3 23.1 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.8 19.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 26.1 28.4 30.6 32.8 34.0 32.6 31.8 30.7 30.2 30.9
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 * * 0.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 20.2 20.4 17.9 17.5 17.8 15.0 14.2 14.0 13.4 13.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 51.4 52.6 48.1 47.1 45.4 41.4 38.8 37.8 35.8 37.5
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 70.8 77.6 80.5 84.2 78.6 69.8 67.4 64.4 62.2 64.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.0 90.0 93.8 101.1 107.8 111.7 103.3 99.1 94.1 93.3 95.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.8 129.9 127.4 126.4 136.2 146.3 142.0 139.8 132.2 131.4 134.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 195.5 191.9 157.1 169.3 178.5 196.8 203.7 204.9 198.5 194.7 199.3
White
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.4 23.4 22.8 23.4 22.9 20.5 19.8 18.9 18.3 19.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 27.2 29.9 32.3 34.7 35.9 34.1 33.3 31.9 31.5 32.2
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 19.7 20.2 17.3 16.8 17.1 14.1 12.9 12.9 12.2 12.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 51.2 53.0 48.1 46.8 44.3 39.2 36.9 36.1 33.8 35.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 71.8 79.3 81.3 84.7 78.5 68.7 67.2 62.8 60.7 63.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.3 91.6 95.9 103.7 109.9 113.3 103.9 99.8 93.6 94.1 95.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.6 132.8 129.6 128.4 138.8 148.2 143.0 140.6 132.3 132.2 135.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 204.2 199.7 161.9 171.7 180.9 198.0 205.9 207.1 199.9 196.4 201.0
Black
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 19.3 21.3 21.5 23.3 25.5 27.5 27.5 26.5 26.7 25.3 26.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 18.7 19.7 22.9 25.9 29.0 30.2 29.9 30.4 29.2 29.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 24.8 24.4 24.1 26.1 25.8 23.1 24.6 23.1 23.0 23.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 54.4 52.0 52.7 55.5 60.5 62.6 59.1 56.4 55.7 57.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 63.2 64.7 79.9 90.4 93.1 88.8 82.9 88.1 82.1 84.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.0 72.3 77.3 84.3 100.7 112.2 117.3 109.9 117.7 104.9 110.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 87.5 101.8 114.1 117.6 140.5 151.6 152.9 154.0 146.5 151.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 92.1 112.1 149.9 159.4 201.5 198.6 206.9 211.2 206.6 208.2
American Indian or
Alaska Native3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.1 8.0 10.0 10.4 12.7 9.4 10.3 10.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 6.1 6.9 8.6 9.8 12.1 9.0 10.1 10.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 7.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * 23.9 24.0 28.0 19.6 21.2 22.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 39.1 43.9 32.9 38.2 38.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 45.4 66.0 48.2 42.8 52.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 59.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 68.5
Asian or
Pacific Islander4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.2 9.6 10.0 11.0 8.9 9.2 9.8 9.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.2 8.6 9.3 11.1 9.6 9.9 10.6 10.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 10.4 7.2 8.4 8.3 8.8 8.2 7.8 8.3
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.4 21.9 26.4 30.2 22.0 23.2 22.9 22.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 35.7 39.5 33.8 39.4 23.0 33.1 40.0 32.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 32.5 38.5 37.4 40.2 34.1 35.0 36.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 50.0 48.0 44.9 51.0 40.6 42.3 44.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * 68.8 54.3 59.4
Hispanic5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 11.8 14.1 12.7 12.8 12.6 12.1 12.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.8 11.5 10.9 11.4 11.2 10.7 11.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 10.4 11.7 9.7 11.0 9.9 9.8 10.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 26.4 32.8 27.7 27.4 26.7 25.3 26.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 43.5 45.8 43.8 39.7 45.4 43.1 42.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 40.9 64.8 55.7 56.5 52.9 54.7 54.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 64.5 67.2 75.5 85.6 71.6 63.6 73.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 85.7 102.8 105.4 104.5 101.9 85.9 96.8
See footnotes at end of table.
198 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 208
Table 41 (page 2 of 2). Death rates for malignant neoplasm of breast for females, according to detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–982
White, non-Hispanic5 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 23.3 23.5 20.9 20.1 19.2 18.7 19.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 35.6 38.5 36.8 35.9 34.4 34.2 34.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 16.9 17.5 14.4 12.9 13.1 12.4 12.8
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 46.8 45.2 39.9 37.5 36.7 34.4 36.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 85.1 80.6 70.2 69.0 63.8 61.7 64.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 108.6 115.7 106.2 102.0 95.7 96.3 98.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 139.4 151.4 145.2 142.6 134.4 135.0 137.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 175.6 201.5 208.3 211.7 203.3 200.6 205.1
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05.
- - - Data not available.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years
1950–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site
at www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 199
Extracted source page 209
Table 42 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, according to sex,
detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 15.9 18.8 19.7 19.9 21.4 21.0 20.8 21.0 21.1 21.3 21.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 31.4 34.9 36.0 39.2 39.0 39.2 40.0 40.7 41.7 40.8
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.1
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 10.2 9.1 8.3 8.7 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.4 8.2 8.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 47.9 48.9 48.3 51.0 49.2 47.3 47.0 46.3 44.8 46.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129.1 149.2 152.5 155.5 167.8 163.8 160.6 161.6 165.3 169.1 165.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.4 289.5 321.1 326.5 357.3 351.9 351.8 358.3 359.6 365.8 361.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 274.0 365.4 433.3 460.9 493.9 509.7 527.8 540.9 561.9 569.3 557.7
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 26.1 28.1 27.2 26.4 27.8 26.9 26.3 25.9 26.1 25.9 26.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 40.3 40.8 40.5 43.2 42.3 42.0 42.0 42.7 43.2 42.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 * 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 11.3 9.4 8.7 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.2 8.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.9 60.8 58.6 56.3 58.1 55.9 52.9 52.2 50.5 49.6 50.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.0 218.9 204.0 199.7 208.4 202.0 196.9 192.6 201.3 201.2 198.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.4 505.2 500.0 478.6 512.1 490.4 482.5 478.8 469.6 471.5 473.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 583.4 758.1 815.1 830.9 883.1 874.9 896.2 878.6 902.8 869.8 883.5
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 8.9 12.5 14.7 15.5 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.6 17.7 18.1 17.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 23.0 29.2 31.8 35.4 35.9 36.4 38.0 38.8 40.2 39.0
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 * 1.2 * 1.2 1.1 * * * * 0.8
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * 0.4 * * * * * * 0.2
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 9.2 8.8 7.9 8.0 8.7 8.8 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.6 36.6 40.3 41.0 44.6 43.1 42.2 42.4 42.6 40.5 41.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 95.5 112.3 120.7 135.6 133.4 131.5 136.7 136.1 143.0 138.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.7 162.7 214.2 233.4 261.5 265.2 268.8 280.4 287.6 295.8 288.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 138.7 208.6 286.0 317.6 344.6 368.8 384.3 406.7 424.5 444.7 425.7
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 26.7 28.7 27.4 26.8 28.2 27.3 26.6 26.3 26.5 26.4 26.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 43.7 44.3 44.4 47.3 46.4 46.1 46.1 47.0 47.7 46.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 10.5 8.6 8.3 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.5 8.3 7.6 8.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.6 58.7 56.6 58.5 56.7 53.2 52.3 51.0 50.0 51.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218.4 225.2 208.1 204.6 213.3 206.9 201.6 198.4 207.5 208.5 204.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459.8 525.5 513.5 494.1 525.2 504.2 496.3 491.1 481.4 485.5 486.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 611.2 798.1 847.0 862.5 917.6 907.7 924.0 917.5 940.1 904.8 920.4
Black male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 20.9 24.8 26.5 24.8 26.6 25.7 25.4 24.8 24.5 24.3 24.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 23.4 25.2 23.8 25.7 24.9 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.7 24.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 5.3 5.3 4.7 5.4 4.9 4.3 5.2 4.8 5.0 5.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 19.5 18.8 15.1 16.9 16.6 17.3 15.4 14.9 15.1 15.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 69.6 67.4 64.8 65.9 61.0 62.0 63.2 56.6 56.6 58.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.0 178.2 184.5 175.1 184.9 181.7 175.1 161.6 170.7 164.2 165.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.8 321.8 390.9 354.5 407.1 374.1 366.5 380.7 374.9 372.1 375.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 271.6 374.2 498.0 559.8 560.6 561.7 613.6 579.5 586.5 570.9 578.8
See footnotes at end of table.
200 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 210
Table 42 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, according to sex,
detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
American Indian or
Alaska Native male2 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 11.2 14.1 18.5 14.7 17.3 16.5 16.4 13.7 20.3 19.7 18.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 10.5 13.8 11.3 13.4 13.4 13.4 11.9 17.9 17.7 15.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * *
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 9.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 46.8 * 39.8 42.4 33.3 39.2 * 54.0 47.5 43.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 135.7 102.9 138.9 130.4 129.3 115.9 127.8 139.8 128.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 272.7 363.8 276.8 313.9 301.8 253.8 229.7 339.9 317.3 297.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * 421.9 488.8 500.2 471.8
Asian or
Pacific Islander male3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 9.8 12.0 13.1 11.6 13.5 12.8 13.5 13.0 12.7 11.0 12.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 10.1 11.3 10.3 11.9 11.5 12.3 12.7 12.9 11.9 12.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 1.0
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 2.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 24.4 22.1 19.6 19.8 15.7 16.4 19.2 16.6 17.1 17.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 72.7 91.4 94.6 94.1 85.5 91.7 89.9 86.2 74.7 83.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.7 246.5 258.6 206.1 278.2 264.2 263.6 294.8 276.3 216.4 260.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 472.4 462.5 615.2 483.8 645.7 660.6 847.8 421.7 568.2 553.5 517.8
Hispanic male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 11.8 12.2 11.3 12.4 12.4 12.7 11.4 11.5 11.4 11.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 7.2 8.4 8.1 9.0 9.0 9.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.3
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 5.9 4.1 4.5 3.1 4.6 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.7
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 21.5 17.2 16.5 21.1 18.2 18.8 18.8 17.6 17.7 18.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 67.5 81.0 76.7 77.1 80.3 78.8 68.4 77.2 73.4 73.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 261.8 252.4 223.9 244.4 253.5 273.8 240.3 220.2 231.7 230.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 462.5 613.9 483.5 666.5 616.2 634.5 579.5 634.3 541.7 583.9
White, non-Hispanic male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 29.1 28.2 27.2 28.5 27.8 27.1 26.9 27.3 27.2 27.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 45.3 48.5 48.2 51.5 50.7 50.4 50.9 52.2 52.9 52.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.7 9.0 8.3 9.2 8.9 8.5 8.7 8.6 7.9 8.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 61.6 61.3 58.5 60.1 58.8 55.2 54.1 53.3 52.3 53.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 229.9 213.4 208.4 217.6 211.5 206.5 204.0 214.2 215.9 211.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 528.7 523.7 498.2 529.8 510.3 501.9 499.5 491.0 495.8 495.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 782.4 860.6 873.1 909.1 908.6 924.5 928.0 951.1 920.4 933.0
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 9.2 12.9 15.2 16.1 17.8 17.8 17.8 18.3 18.5 18.9 18.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 25.5 32.8 35.8 40.0 40.6 41.2 43.0 44.1 45.7 44.3
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 9.1 8.3 7.5 7.6 8.3 8.4 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 37.8 41.9 43.2 47.0 45.2 44.3 44.6 44.8 42.7 44.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 101.1 118.8 127.7 143.8 141.8 139.8 145.3 145.3 153.0 147.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.0 171.0 226.3 246.9 276.1 280.1 282.8 296.4 304.2 312.9 304.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2 217.6 298.4 330.7 361.2 384.9 402.0 423.6 445.0 466.6 445.5
Black female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 6.3 8.8 10.7 11.2 12.2 12.4 12.5 13.1 12.7 13.3 13.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 10.0 12.6 13.7 14.9 15.4 15.8 17.0 16.5 17.5 17.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 2.8 3.8 4.3 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 11.2 14.0 13.3 12.6 13.5 12.9 13.2 12.2 14.2 13.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 30.6 33.4 32.1 35.2 35.8 34.7 34.8 35.8 33.8 34.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 48.3 64.7 73.5 78.3 79.2 78.3 84.3 81.4 84.8 83.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 76.6 96.0 105.6 120.2 122.1 136.6 137.6 136.9 148.9 141.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 94.0 133.0 169.0 163.5 195.0 191.4 236.5 220.9 231.1 229.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 201
Extracted source page 211
Table 42 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, according to sex,
detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
American Indian or
Alaska Native female2 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 4.5 6.5 8.9 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 11.8 11.4 12.6 11.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 5.9 8.7 9.3 12.9 11.5 12.5 13.4 12.2 13.6 13.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * *
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 7.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * 38.1 34.0 40.6 32.6 35.7 31.6 33.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 56.4 62.3 114.6 73.8 77.8 78.7 88.1 118.2 95.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 116.7 128.9 172.2 189.7 168.9 192.9 137.5 165.8 165.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * 265.8 171.0 162.3 197.2
Asian or
Pacific Islander female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 2.5 5.4 5.2 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.6 4.7 5.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 5.1 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.8 6.5 6.5 7.2 6.4 6.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 1.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 3.6 * * * 2.3
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 13.5 15.2 9.2 7.8 9.4 10.0 11.1 9.2 6.7 8.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 35.0 26.5 29.6 31.0 29.4 29.8 32.7 32.2 28.5 31.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 76.1 80.6 79.7 102.4 105.5 120.1 81.1 117.7 92.4 97.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . * 208.3 232.5 190.7 191.8 238.0 272.6 240.9 242.3 252.3 245.5
Hispanic female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 5.7 6.4 5.9 6.9 6.7 7.1 7.2 6.7 6.3 6.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 4.8 6.3 6.3 7.3 7.3 7.9 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.9 1.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * 4.9 4.2 3.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.4 3.2 3.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 13.8 14.4 10.8 12.2 12.1 12.5 13.0 11.7 11.6 12.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 35.0 36.6 34.5 44.8 41.2 41.4 40.9 38.6 38.3 39.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 99.1 101.1 109.2 123.0 114.5 116.7 134.1 119.3 116.6 123.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 175.0 269.0 250.2 290.5 308.4 367.2 342.8 322.6 261.1 306.4
White, non-Hispanic female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 13.6 15.7 16.4 18.2 18.3 18.3 18.9 19.1 19.6 19.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 27.7 35.7 38.7 43.3 44.4 45.0 47.2 48.6 50.7 48.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 9.6 8.5 7.5 7.7 8.5 8.6 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 39.8 43.7 44.8 49.0 47.3 46.6 46.8 47.3 45.1 46.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 107.6 122.8 130.8 147.0 146.2 144.0 150.4 151.2 160.0 153.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 179.4 231.9 250.1 280.1 285.6 288.4 302.5 310.9 320.9 311.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- 221.4 302.1 330.9 358.7 383.6 401.2 426.8 447.9 473.7 450.0
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
- - - Data not available.
1
Average annual death rate.
2
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
4
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years
1980–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site
at www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
202 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 212
Table 43 (page 1 of 2). Death rates for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, according to
sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1987–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1987 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 5.5 8.7 9.8 12.6 13.8 15.4 15.6 11.1 5.8 4.6 7.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 8.9 10.1 13.2 14.5 16.2 16.4 11.7 6.2 5.0 7.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.1 * * 0.6
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 17.9 19.7 24.6 27.0 29.3 29.1 19.9 10.1 7.5 12.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 23.5 27.4 35.6 39.1 44.1 44.4 31.4 16.1 12.9 20.1
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 13.3 15.2 20.3 22.6 25.6 26.3 19.3 10.4 9.0 12.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 5.4 6.2 8.5 8.8 10.4 11.0 8.4 4.9 4.3 5.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.6 2.7 1.8 1.6 2.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 0.3
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 10.0 15.8 17.7 22.3 24.1 26.4 26.2 18.1 9.1 7.2 11.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 16.4 18.5 23.6 25.5 28.0 28.0 19.5 9.8 7.8 12.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.1 * * 0.7
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.3 * 0.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.9
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 31.5 34.5 42.2 46.0 48.5 47.1 31.4 15.1 10.7 19.2
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 43.6 50.2 63.5 68.5 76.2 75.9 51.8 25.5 20.1 32.3
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 25.6 29.1 38.1 41.7 46.3 46.9 33.6 17.4 15.2 21.8
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 10.5 12.0 15.9 16.5 19.1 19.9 14.9 8.5 7.3 10.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.3 3.7 5.3 5.4 5.8 6.4 5.1 3.4 2.9 3.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * *
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.8 2.1 3.2 3.8 4.8 5.2 4.2 2.6 2.2 3.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.8 2.2 3.2 3.9 4.9 5.3 4.3 2.7 2.3 3.1
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.9 1.2 * * * 0.6
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.0 0.4 * 0.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.4 4.9 6.9 8.0 10.1 11.1 8.5 5.1 4.4 6.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 3.9 5.2 8.2 10.2 12.5 13.4 11.3 6.8 5.8 7.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.6 1.9 3.4 4.4 5.8 6.7 5.7 3.8 3.1 4.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.9 1.9 2.6 2.9 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * *
All ages, age adjusted
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 13.2 15.0 18.1 19.0 20.1 19.6 12.5 5.6 4.3 7.5
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4 40.3 44.2 61.8 70.0 81.7 84.3 66.4 38.5 31.2 45.1
American Indian or Alaska
Native male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 2.9 3.3 4.9 8.3 9.3 11.3 6.9 3.6 3.8 4.8
Asian or Pacific Islander male. . . 2.2 3.6 4.0 4.3 5.1 6.6 5.8 4.1 1.6 1.3 2.3
Hispanic male2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 27.0 27.2 33.0 33.6 39.3 39.0 26.0 13.1 9.8 16.1
White, non-Hispanic male2 . . . . . 6.4 12.2 13.4 15.9 16.7 17.7 17.1 10.7 4.6 3.5 6.2
White female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.5 1.8 1.0 0.8 1.2
Black female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 8.1 9.9 14.3 17.3 21.8 24.0 20.2 13.3 11.7 15.0
American Indian or Alaska
Native female . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 2.7 * * * 1.1
Asian or Pacific Islander female . * * * 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 * * 0.3
Hispanic female2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 4.0 3.7 5.6 6.5 7.7 8.5 6.2 3.3 2.6 4.0
White, non-Hispanic female2 . . . . 0.2 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 203
Extracted source page 213
Table 43 (page 2 of 2). Death rates for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, according to
sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1987–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1987 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
Age 25–44 years Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 20.5 23.2 29.9 32.9 36.7 36.9 25.9 13.2 10.4 16.5
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 30.8 35.0 42.8 45.5 48.4 46.9 29.6 13.2 9.9 17.6
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 94.1 102.0 137.4 155.3 178.0 182.0 139.1 76.7 59.4 91.5
American Indian or Alaska
Native male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 7.4 7.7 13.4 20.9 23.6 31.3 18.4 10.7 8.7 12.6
Asian or Pacific Islander male. . . 4.1 7.5 8.1 9.4 10.8 13.8 12.8 8.1 3.6 2.6 4.7
Hispanic male2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 58.2 59.3 68.9 71.0 78.0 78.9 50.5 24.9 18.9 31.3
White, non-Hispanic male2 . . . . . 14.3 28.2 31.6 38.1 40.2 43.4 41.5 25.8 11.0 8.2 15.0
White female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.9 2.3 3.6 4.4 5.5 6.0 4.4 2.4 1.8 2.9
Black female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 20.1 23.6 34.4 40.4 49.8 54.5 46.6 29.3 26.1 33.9
American Indian or Alaska
Native female . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 2.5
Asian or Pacific Islander female . * * * * 1.2 1.5 1.2 * * * 0.7
Hispanic female2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 9.3 8.9 12.5 14.2 17.3 18.0 12.8 6.7 5.0 8.1
White, non-Hispanic female2 . . . . 0.3 1.3 1.5 2.3 2.9 3.9 4.2 3.1 1.7 1.3 2.0
Age 45–64 years
All persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 9.7 11.1 15.2 16.8 19.3 20.1 15.0 8.3 7.2 10.1
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 16.4 18.6 23.4 24.7 26.4 26.3 17.4 8.0 6.8 10.6
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 46.1 53.0 86.4 101.2 127.1 136.6 114.1 71.8 63.5 82.5
American Indian or Alaska
Native male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 4.4
Asian or Pacific Islander male. . . * 6.1 6.5 7.1 9.2 10.6 9.5 8.2 2.4 2.5 4.3
Hispanic male2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8 37.0 37.9 52.5 52.2 69.2 67.1 48.8 24.7 18.5 30.1
White, non-Hispanic male2 . . . . . 8.0 15.3 16.9 20.3 21.5 22.6 22.6 14.3 6.4 5.5 8.6
White female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.1 0.9 1.3
Black female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 5.6 7.5 12.9 16.5 24.1 27.2 24.4 17.6 15.5 19.1
American Indian or Alaska
Native female . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * *
Asian or Pacific Islander female . * * * * * * * * * * *
Hispanic female2 . . . . . . . . . . . . * 3.5 3.1 6.8 8.2 9.9 12.4 9.7 5.3 4.9 6.5
White, non-Hispanic female2 . . . . 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.8
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Average annual death rate.
2
Data shown only for States with an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. Categories for the coding and classification of human
immunodeficiency virus infection were introduced in the United States beginning with mortality data for 1987. Age groups were selected to minimize the presentation of
unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific
Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias
in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau
(denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated
to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American
Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic
origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years
1987–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site
at www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
204 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 214
Table 44. Maternal mortality for complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium, according
to race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Number of deaths
All persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,960 1,579 803 334 295 343 277 294 327 281
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,873 936 445 193 156 177 129 159 179 158
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041 624 342 127 124 153 133 121 125 104
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . --- --- --- 3 7 4 1 6 2 2
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 11 8 9 14 8 21 17
Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 29 47 43 39 57 42
White, non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 60 125 84 114 121 116
All persons Deaths per 100,000 live births
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.7 32.1 21.5 9.4 7.6 7.6 6.3 6.4 7.6 6.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 37.1 21.5 9.2 7.8 8.2 7.1 7.6 8.4 7.1
Under 20 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.7 22.7 18.9 7.6 6.9 7.5 3.9 * 5.7 *
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 20.7 13.0 5.8 5.4 6.1 5.7 5.0 6.6 5.0
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 29.8 17.0 7.7 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.6 7.9 6.7
30–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.7 50.3 31.6 13.6 8.9 9.5 7.3 7.6 8.3 7.5
35 years and over3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.0 104.3 81.9 36.3 25.0 20.7 15.9 19.0 16.1 14.5
White
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1 22.4 14.4 6.7 4.9 5.1 3.6 4.1 5.2 4.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 26.0 14.3 6.6 5.1 5.4 4.2 5.1 5.8 5.1
Under 20 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 14.8 13.8 5.8 * * * * * *
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.7 15.3 8.4 4.2 3.3 3.9 3.5 * 4.2 3.1
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 20.3 11.1 5.4 4.6 4.8 4.0 4.0 5.4 4.9
30–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.9 34.3 18.7 9.3 5.1 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.4 4.9
35 years and over3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.1 73.9 59.3 25.5 17.5 12.6 9.1 14.9 11.5 11.0
Black
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 92.0 65.5 24.9 22.1 21.7 20.9 19.9 20.1 16.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 103.6 60.9 22.4 21.3 22.4 22.1 20.3 20.8 17.1
Under 20 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 54.8 32.3 13.1 * * * * * *
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 56.9 41.9 13.9 14.6 14.7 15.3 15.1 15.3 12.7
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 92.8 65.2 22.4 19.4 14.9 21.0 25.5 24.3 17.2
30–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 150.6 117.8 44.0 38.0 44.2 31.2 28.6 32.9 27.7
35 years and over3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 299.5 207.5 100.6 77.2 79.7 61.4 49.9 40.4 37.2
Hispanic2,4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.1 7.4 5.4 4.8 7.6 5.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.8 7.9 6.3 5.6 8.0 5.7
White, non-Hispanic2
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.0 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.4 4.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.3 4.8 3.5 4.8 5.2 4.9
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Hispanic and White, non-Hispanic data exclude data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death and birth certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital
Statistics System.
3
Rates computed by relating deaths of women 35 years and over to live births to women 35–49 years.
4
Age-specific maternal mortality rates are not calculated because rates based on fewer than 20 deaths are unreliable.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific
Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. For
1950 and 1960, rates are based on live births by race of child; for all other years, rates are based on live births by race of mother. See Appendix I, National Vital
Statistics System. Rates are not calculated for American Indian or Alaska Native and Asian or Pacific Islander mothers because rates based on fewer than 20 deaths
are unreliable. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol I, natality and vol II, mortality,
part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 205
Extracted source page 215
Table 45 (page 1 of 4). Death rates for motor vehicle-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 23.3 22.5 27.4 22.9 18.8 18.5 16.3 16.2 15.9 15.6 15.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 21.3 26.9 23.5 19.3 18.8 16.5 16.5 16.2 16.1 16.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 8.1 9.8 7.0 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.7 4.3 4.3 4.8
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 8.6 10.5 8.2 7.0 6.0 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 10.0 11.5 9.2 7.2 6.3 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.1
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 7.9 10.2 7.9 6.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 38.0 47.2 44.8 35.7 34.1 29.5 29.2 27.9 26.9 28.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 24.3 30.9 29.1 23.0 23.6 19.8 19.1 18.9 18.4 18.8
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 19.3 24.9 20.9 17.2 16.9 15.4 15.6 15.2 15.6 15.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 23.0 26.5 18.0 15.4 15.7 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.7 14.6
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 21.4 25.5 18.6 15.2 15.6 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.4 14.3
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 25.1 27.9 17.4 15.6 15.9 14.6 15.0 15.3 15.1 15.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 34.7 36.2 22.5 21.7 23.1 22.7 23.0 23.6 23.7 23.4
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 31.4 32.8 19.2 17.9 18.6 17.6 18.3 18.2 18.5 18.4
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.7 41.8 43.5 28.1 27.4 29.1 28.6 28.3 29.0 28.9 28.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 45.1 37.9 34.2 27.6 26.5 31.2 31.4 30.1 32.7 31.5 31.4
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 36.4 34.5 41.1 34.3 27.3 26.3 22.7 22.3 21.7 21.6 21.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.4 31.8 39.7 35.3 28.0 26.7 22.7 22.4 22.0 22.0 22.1
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 8.6 9.3 7.3 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.7 4.3 4.6 4.8
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 10.7 13.0 10.0 8.5 7.0 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.7
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 11.5 12.9 10.2 8.3 6.9 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 10.4 13.1 9.9 8.6 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 61.2 73.2 68.4 52.7 49.5 41.4 40.7 38.1 37.3 38.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 40.1 49.4 46.3 35.9 35.7 29.1 27.5 27.5 27.0 27.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 29.9 37.7 31.7 25.2 24.7 21.9 21.8 21.2 21.7 21.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7 33.3 38.9 26.5 22.0 21.9 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.4 20.1
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 31.6 37.2 27.6 21.9 22.0 19.6 19.6 19.9 20.3 20.0
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 35.6 40.9 25.4 22.1 21.7 19.8 20.1 20.2 20.5 20.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 52.1 54.4 33.9 30.4 32.1 30.8 31.4 31.9 32.1 31.8
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 45.8 47.3 27.3 23.0 24.2 22.3 23.9 23.6 23.5 23.7
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.0 66.0 68.2 44.3 41.3 41.2 39.7 38.7 39.7 39.7 39.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 78.1 62.7 63.1 56.1 55.3 64.5 61.9 59.0 60.4 61.2 60.3
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 10.7 11.0 14.4 11.8 10.5 10.7 10.0 10.2 10.2 9.9 10.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 11.0 14.7 12.3 11.0 11.3 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.7
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 7.5 10.4 6.7 4.7 4.9 4.4 5.8 4.4 4.0 4.7
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 6.3 7.9 6.3 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.3
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 8.4 10.0 8.1 6.0 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.7
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.4 7.2 5.7 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 3.8 4.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 15.1 21.6 20.8 18.2 17.9 17.1 17.1 17.1 16.1 16.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 9.2 13.0 12.2 10.1 11.5 10.4 10.7 10.4 9.9 10.3
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 9.1 12.9 10.4 9.4 9.2 9.0 9.4 9.2 9.7 9.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 13.1 15.3 10.3 9.5 10.1 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.5
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 11.6 14.5 10.2 9.0 9.6 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.8
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 15.2 16.2 10.5 9.9 10.8 9.9 10.3 10.8 10.1 10.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 20.3 23.1 15.0 15.8 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.8 17.8 17.6
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 19.0 21.6 13.0 14.0 14.1 13.8 13.9 13.8 14.5 14.1
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 23.0 27.2 18.5 19.2 21.9 21.5 21.5 22.0 21.8 21.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 22.1 22.0 18.0 15.2 15.0 18.3 19.6 18.6 21.5 19.2 19.8
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 35.9 34.0 40.1 34.8 27.6 26.3 22.6 22.2 21.6 21.5 21.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 31.5 39.1 35.9 28.3 26.7 22.6 22.4 21.9 21.9 22.1
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 8.8 9.1 7.0 4.6 4.8 4.3 5.2 3.7 4.6 4.5
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 10.6 12.5 9.8 8.3 6.6 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 62.7 75.2 73.8 56.5 52.5 43.2 42.2 39.8 39.4 40.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 38.6 47.0 46.6 35.8 35.4 28.8 27.0 26.8 26.3 26.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 28.4 35.2 30.7 24.3 23.7 21.1 21.4 20.7 21.2 21.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.2 31.7 36.5 25.2 20.8 20.6 18.9 19.2 19.2 19.6 19.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 52.1 54.2 32.7 29.9 31.4 30.2 31.1 31.8 31.9 31.6
See footnotes at end of table.
206 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 216
Table 45 (page 2 of 4). Death rates for motor vehicle-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black male Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 39.8 38.2 50.1 32.9 28.0 28.9 25.3 24.9 24.9 25.0 25.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.2 33.1 44.3 31.1 27.1 28.1 24.6 24.3 24.2 24.5 24.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * 10.6 7.8 * * 8.3 7.6 7.8 * 6.9
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 11.2 16.3 11.4 9.7 8.9 7.8 7.6 7.6 8.5 7.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 46.4 58.1 34.9 32.0 36.1 34.3 35.2 32.7 30.3 32.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 51.0 70.4 44.9 37.7 39.5 32.9 32.5 33.2 34.5 33.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 43.6 59.5 41.2 34.7 33.5 28.9 26.6 27.0 26.9 26.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.6 47.8 61.7 39.5 32.9 33.3 26.9 26.8 28.9 29.0 28.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 48.2 53.4 42.4 35.2 36.3 36.3 35.6 32.3 36.0 34.6
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 77.4 52.3 49.0 45.4 45.4 43.3 41.0 43.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 74.6 51.7 47.6 43.8 44.2 42.2 39.9 42.1
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 15.1 16.2 11.6 8.5 13.5 8.2 10.1 10.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 126.1 77.3 75.2 76.6 69.6 67.6 60.4 65.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 107.0 84.0 78.2 73.1 70.5 64.3 55.9 63.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 82.8 55.8 57.0 50.4 48.8 54.7 51.3 51.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 77.4 52.2 45.9 42.5 39.8 37.8 44.5 40.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 97.0 * 43.0 * 43.5 50.1 36.2 43.2
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.1 16.2 15.8 13.6 11.9 11.7 10.9 11.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.1 16.0 15.8 13.1 11.5 11.4 10.8 11.2
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.2 5.2 6.3 4.3 2.9 2.7 3.2 3.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 27.2 28.1 25.7 20.6 22.4 15.7 16.3 18.1
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 18.8 18.4 17.0 13.2 13.3 15.7 12.5 13.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.1 12.0 12.2 10.4 9.9 8.5 9.3 9.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.7 13.4 15.1 15.0 9.7 12.1 12.3 11.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 37.3 37.3 33.6 34.4 23.9 31.0 22.9 25.9
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.3 29.1 24.5 23.2 21.4 21.7 22.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.6 29.2 23.5 22.3 20.8 20.8 21.3
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.7 7.2 5.8 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 44.9 48.2 42.4 37.5 35.3 36.0 36.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 31.2 41.0 31.6 28.0 27.4 27.4 27.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 26.3 28.0 23.8 23.9 22.9 21.5 22.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.9 28.9 23.0 23.8 21.3 21.5 22.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 22.9 35.3 35.1 35.2 28.6 31.3 31.7
White, non-Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.3 25.7 21.9 21.7 21.3 21.2 21.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.9 26.0 22.0 21.9 21.7 21.7 21.8
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.8 6.4 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 53.3 52.3 42.3 42.0 40.1 39.4 40.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 33.2 34.0 27.5 26.1 26.2 25.5 25.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 21.6 23.1 20.3 20.5 20.0 20.8 20.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 18.0 19.8 18.2 18.4 18.8 19.2 18.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 27.6 31.1 29.6 30.5 31.7 31.8 31.3
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 10.6 11.1 14.4 12.3 10.8 11.0 10.3 10.4 10.3 10.0 10.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 11.2 14.8 12.8 11.4 11.6 10.8 11.0 10.9 10.7 10.9
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 7.5 10.2 7.1 3.9 4.7 4.5 5.7 4.3 3.3 4.4
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 6.2 7.5 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 15.6 22.7 23.0 20.0 19.5 18.4 18.1 18.4 17.3 18.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 9.0 12.7 12.2 10.1 11.6 10.4 10.8 10.3 10.0 10.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.9 12.3 10.6 9.4 9.2 9.0 9.3 9.0 9.6 9.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 13.1 15.1 10.4 9.5 9.9 8.9 9.3 9.4 9.1 9.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 20.8 23.7 15.3 16.2 17.4 17.7 17.4 17.9 18.1 17.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 207
Extracted source page 217
Table 45 (page 3 of 4). Death rates for motor vehicle-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–982
Black female Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 10.3 10.0 13.8 8.4 8.2 9.3 8.9 9.4 9.8 9.2 9.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 9.7 13.4 8.3 8.3 9.4 9.0 9.5 9.9 9.3 9.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 8.1 11.9 * 8.1 7.0 * 7.8 * 9.4 7.6
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 6.9 10.2 6.3 5.1 5.3 5.1 4.8 5.6 4.8 5.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 9.9 13.4 8.0 9.1 9.9 10.7 13.3 11.3 10.3 11.6
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.8 13.3 10.6 9.3 11.1 10.5 10.9 11.2 8.9 10.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 11.0 16.1 8.3 9.1 9.4 9.8 9.6 10.2 11.1 10.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 12.7 16.7 9.2 9.0 10.7 9.4 8.9 11.0 10.6 10.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.2 15.7 9.5 11.2 13.5 11.5 13.1 14.2 13.8 13.7
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 32.5 20.9 17.8 21.0 22.6 21.3 22.8 22.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 32.0 20.6 17.3 20.4 21.8 20.9 22.3 21.7
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 15.0 9.2 8.1 9.1 9.7 10.0 9.4 9.7
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 42.3 29.5 31.4 32.7 27.1 24.5 30.4 27.4
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 52.5 30.2 18.8 36.7 31.9 27.6 33.4 31.0
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 38.1 27.0 18.2 19.4 23.0 21.5 21.7 22.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 32.6 19.5 17.6 17.1 27.1 22.5 24.1 24.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * 35.7 27.7 28.3
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.4 8.0 9.2 8.2 7.2 8.0 6.6 7.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.2 7.9 9.0 8.0 7.4 8.0 6.6 7.3
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.4 5.0 3.6 3.0 2.3 3.2 2.4 2.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.4 7.4 11.4 12.4 8.3 11.5 9.4 9.8
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.3 8.4 7.3 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.1 5.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.6 7.0 7.5 6.2 7.5 6.9 4.6 6.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.5 8.6 11.8 10.8 8.9 8.6 7.5 8.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 18.6 20.5 24.3 19.7 21.3 20.7 16.7 19.5
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.3 9.2 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.1 8.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.9 8.9 8.3 8.5 8.3 7.8 8.2
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.7 3.9 3.8 4.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 10.1 11.6 12.8 11.8 13.1 11.4 12.1
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.5 9.4 7.7 9.0 8.3 8.5 8.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.8 8.0 8.1 7.7 8.1 7.4 7.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.4 11.4 9.2 9.7 9.0 9.6 9.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.8 14.9 13.9 13.9 14.1 11.2 13.0
See footnotes at end of table.
208 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 218
Table 45 (page 4 of 4). Death rates for motor vehicle-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
White, non-Hispanic female5 Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 10.4 11.1 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.2 10.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 10.9 11.7 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.0 11.1
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.9 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 20.2 20.4 19.0 18.8 19.2 18.3 18.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.8 11.7 10.6 10.8 10.4 10.1 10.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.6 9.3 8.9 9.3 9.0 9.8 9.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8.6 9.7 8.7 9.0 9.4 9.0 9.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 15.3 17.5 17.7 17.4 18.0 18.4 17.9
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 209
Extracted source page 219
Table 46 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for homicide and legal intervention, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.2 9.1 10.8 8.3 10.2 9.4 8.5 8.0 7.3 7.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.7 8.3 10.7 8.4 10.0 8.7 7.9 7.4 6.8 7.4
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.8 4.3 5.9 5.4 8.4 8.1 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.6
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.7 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.6
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.9 11.7 15.6 11.9 19.9 20.3 18.1 16.8 14.8 16.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 8.9 15.2 17.6 13.3 14.9 12.3 11.1 10.5 9.8 10.5
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 9.7 16.6 19.6 14.8 17.7 15.1 13.4 12.8 11.8 12.7
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 8.1 13.7 15.1 11.3 11.8 9.7 9.0 8.4 8.0 8.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.3 8.8 9.1 7.0 6.4 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.8
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.2 10.1 11.1 8.1 7.6 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.0 5.5
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.2 7.1 7.0 5.7 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.7 4.6 5.6 4.3 4.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.9
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.8 5.0 5.7 4.3 3.8 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.8
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.4 4.0 5.2 4.3 4.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.4 4.2 5.3 4.2 4.6 3.3 3.0 3.8 2.5 3.1
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.9 14.9 17.4 12.8 16.3 14.7 13.3 12.5 11.3 12.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.1 13.4 17.3 13.0 16.2 13.8 12.5 11.8 10.6 11.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.7 4.5 6.3 5.6 8.8 8.9 8.7 9.4 8.9 9.0
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.7
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 9.1 19.0 24.5 18.6 32.9 33.9 30.4 28.2 24.8 27.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 13.6 25.0 29.4 21.0 24.0 19.1 17.3 16.3 15.0 16.2
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 14.9 27.6 32.5 23.3 28.3 23.7 21.4 20.5 18.8 20.3
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 12.3 22.2 24.9 17.9 19.0 14.6 13.5 12.5 11.8 12.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 8.3 14.9 15.4 11.1 10.3 8.6 8.0 7.6 6.8 7.4
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 9.6 17.0 18.6 12.9 12.1 9.6 8.9 8.5 7.8 8.4
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 6.6 12.2 11.9 9.2 8.1 7.2 6.6 6.1 5.3 6.0
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.3 7.8 8.9 6.2 5.8 4.3 4.1 4.3 3.6 4.0
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.6 8.6 9.3 6.5 5.8 4.6 4.3 4.3 3.7 4.1
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.7 6.0 8.1 5.8 5.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.6 7.4 7.5 5.0 6.8 4.2 3.7 5.9 3.3 4.3
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.6 3.7 4.5 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 3.4 4.5 4.0 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.9 4.1 5.6 5.2 8.0 7.2 8.9 7.3 8.1 8.1
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.8 4.6 6.6 5.1 6.3 6.0 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.3 5.9 6.4 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.7
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.6 6.0 7.0 6.4 7.2 6.5 5.5 5.1 4.9 5.2
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.1 5.7 5.7 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.3
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.7
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.3 2.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.3 2.2 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.8
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.3 2.7 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.6 2.5 4.3 3.8 3.8 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.2 2.6
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.9 7.3 10.9 8.1 8.9 8.2 7.3 7.0 6.4 6.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.6 6.8 10.9 8.2 9.0 7.8 7.0 6.7 6.1 6.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.8 2.9 4.3 3.8 6.4 7.1 6.5 7.8 6.7 7.0
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 4.4 7.9 15.5 11.0 15.4 16.5 14.0 13.2 12.2 13.1
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 5.9 12.0 17.4 12.9 13.3 11.0 9.9 9.5 8.7 9.4
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 6.2 13.0 18.9 14.0 15.1 12.9 11.5 11.4 10.2 11.0
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.5 11.0 15.5 11.5 11.4 9.2 8.4 7.8 7.5 7.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.7 8.4 9.9 7.5 7.0 5.8 5.5 5.3 4.7 5.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.2 5.5 6.7 4.5 4.1 3.0 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.1
See footnotes at end of table.
210 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 220
Table 46 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for homicide and legal intervention, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black male Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 51.1 44.9 82.1 71.9 50.2 68.7 57.6 52.6 48.3 43.1 48.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 36.6 67.6 66.6 49.0 69.2 56.3 51.5 47.1 42.1 46.8
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.3 14.3 18.6 16.7 21.4 19.4 23.1 18.1 21.8 21.0
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1.5 4.4 4.1 4.2 5.8 6.1 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.9 46.4 102.5 84.3 65.9 138.3 132.0 123.1 113.3 96.5 110.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.8 84.9 143.3 130.1 87.5 106.2 77.9 71.0 65.0 59.0 65.0
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.5 92.0 158.5 145.1 95.6 125.4 98.3 89.5 82.9 75.0 82.5
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.7 77.5 126.2 110.3 74.9 82.3 56.2 52.0 47.1 43.4 47.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 45.4 83.0 70.8 46.3 41.7 34.6 30.5 27.4 25.8 27.9
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 17.9 33.7 31.1 26.2 25.9 19.9 15.6 14.4 11.9 14.0
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.9 20.0 17.5 18.0 15.7 16.7 14.9 15.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.4 19.0 17.3 17.8 15.3 16.4 14.6 15.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 36.0 27.1 27.7 32.2 26.6 27.7 22.8 25.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 39.7 30.2 26.0 28.4 23.6 23.9 21.5 23.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 22.1 21.2 15.5 13.2 12.7 13.3 15.5 13.9
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.5 5.8 7.7 8.3 7.3 6.6 5.5 6.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.3 6.0 7.9 8.0 7.2 6.5 5.4 6.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.3 8.6 14.9 19.4 15.6 13.4 9.6 12.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 11.3 8.9 9.7 8.1 8.4 7.6 6.9 7.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 10.4 5.4 7.0 8.4 7.6 6.5 4.7 6.2
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 26.7 29.8 25.1 20.4 18.2 16.6 18.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 27.6 31.5 25.2 20.9 18.6 16.7 18.7
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- * 8.7 5.9 6.4 8.2 8.7 7.8
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.5 3.1 3.3 2.5 1.8 1.7 2.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 42.9 56.2 63.5 48.9 42.7 41.1 44.2
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 47.3 47.2 31.7 26.4 24.1 21.4 24.0
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 51.4 51.9 37.1 31.2 28.8 27.0 29.0
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 40.1 39.8 24.2 20.2 18.3 15.0 17.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 19.9 20.9 14.8 13.9 11.6 9.0 11.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.3 9.4 5.5 4.0 6.4 4.9 5.1
White, non-Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.2 5.8 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.4 6.0 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.6
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.6 5.4 6.7 6.4 7.4 6.1 6.7
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.7 7.7 7.3 6.4 6.5 5.8 6.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.5 9.0 7.6 6.9 6.9 6.4 6.7
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.6 9.6 8.2 7.3 7.6 6.6 7.2
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.3 8.3 7.1 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.4 5.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.4 3.7 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.0
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.5 2.2 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.4 2.1 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.5 2.9 4.3 4.3 5.1 5.0 6.8 4.6 5.9 5.8
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.5 2.7 4.7 3.6 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.1
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.1 3.3 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.2 1.9 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 211
Extracted source page 221
Table 46 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for homicide and legal intervention, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black female Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 11.7 11.8 15.0 13.7 10.9 13.0 11.0 10.2 9.3 8.6 9.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 10.4 13.3 13.5 11.1 13.5 11.1 10.2 9.3 8.6 9.3
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 13.8 10.7 12.8 10.7 22.8 19.2 21.1 21.6 22.1 21.6
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.7 3.6 3.9 3.0 3.4 3.5
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 11.9 17.7 18.4 14.2 18.9 16.8 14.7 13.3 12.6 13.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.8 25.4 22.3 17.8 20.9 17.4 15.8 14.3 13.0 14.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 10.3 13.4 10.8 7.9 6.5 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.0 5.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.0 7.4 8.0 7.8 9.5 6.9 5.2 4.6 4.0 4.6
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.3 4.8 4.9 5.6 4.5 5.2 4.9 4.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.7 4.5 4.9 5.6 4.4 5.3 4.9 4.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 4.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.7 * 6.9 9.1 * 7.3 10.2 7.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 4.8
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 3.7 3.7 2.8 * 2.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.6 2.9 3.8 3.8 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 2.3 * 2.5 2.2 2.1
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.3 4.7 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.2
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- * * * 7.7 * * 6.0
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 5.7 8.1 6.9 5.1 4.8 4.2 4.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.8 6.1 5.8 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3.2 3.3 3.4 2.7 2.5 2.0 2.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- * * 2.3 * * * 1.4
White, non-Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.1 4.4 4.4 6.0 3.9 5.8 5.2
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3.5 3.3 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.8
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups were selected to minimize
the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black,
Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of
any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the
Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death
rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and 5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21
percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics (Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by
race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
212 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 222
Table 47 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for suicide, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age:
United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 11.0 10.6 11.8 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 10.6 11.6 11.9 12.4 12.4 11.9 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.5
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 5.2 8.8 12.3 12.8 13.2 13.3 12.0 11.4 11.1 11.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 12.2 15.4 15.6 15.0 15.2 15.3 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.8
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 10.0 14.1 16.0 15.3 15.2 15.4 14.5 14.3 13.8 14.2
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 14.2 16.9 15.4 14.6 15.3 15.2 15.5 15.3 15.4 15.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 22.0 20.6 15.9 16.3 15.3 14.1 14.4 14.2 14.1 14.3
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 20.7 20.0 15.9 15.7 14.8 14.6 14.9 14.7 14.8 14.8
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.0 23.7 21.4 15.9 16.8 16.0 13.3 13.7 13.5 13.1 13.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 24.5 20.8 17.6 20.4 20.5 18.1 17.3 16.8 16.9 17.0
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 23.0 20.8 16.9 18.7 17.9 15.8 15.0 14.4 14.1 14.5
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1 27.9 21.2 19.1 23.9 24.9 20.7 20.0 19.3 19.7 19.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 28.8 26.0 19.0 19.2 19.4 22.2 21.6 20.2 20.8 21.0 20.7
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 17.3 16.6 17.3 18.0 18.8 19.0 18.6 18.0 17.4 17.2 17.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 16.5 16.8 18.6 20.0 20.4 19.8 19.3 18.7 18.6 18.8
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 8.2 13.5 20.2 21.0 22.0 22.5 20.0 18.9 18.5 19.2
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 17.9 20.9 24.0 23.7 24.4 24.9 24.3 23.8 23.5 23.8
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 14.7 19.8 25.0 24.7 24.8 25.6 24.0 23.6 22.9 23.5
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 21.0 22.1 22.5 22.3 23.9 24.1 24.6 23.9 24.0 24.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1 34.4 30.0 23.7 25.3 24.3 22.5 23.0 22.5 22.4 22.6
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 31.6 27.9 22.9 23.6 23.2 22.8 23.3 22.5 23.1 22.9
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 38.1 32.7 24.5 27.1 25.7 22.0 22.7 22.4 21.3 22.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 52.8 44.0 38.4 35.0 40.9 41.6 36.3 35.2 33.9 34.1 34.4
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 39.6 36.0 30.4 33.9 32.2 28.7 27.7 26.4 26.2 26.8
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 52.5 42.8 42.3 53.1 56.1 44.8 43.4 40.9 42.0 42.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 58.3 57.4 42.4 50.6 56.2 65.9 63.1 59.9 60.3 57.8 59.3
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.0 6.8 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.9 6.6 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 6.6 10.2 7.7 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.5 8.6 7.1 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 7.7 11.9 8.5 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 10.2 12.0 8.9 8.0 7.1 6.1 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.4
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 10.2 12.6 9.4 8.3 6.9 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.1
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 10.2 11.4 8.4 7.8 7.3 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 8.4 8.1 6.1 6.6 6.4 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 8.4 9.0 6.5 6.9 6.7 5.4 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.6
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.9 7.0 5.5 6.7 6.3 5.5 5.0 5.2 4.9 5.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 8.2 6.0 5.9 5.5 4.7 5.4 5.5 4.4 4.9 5.8 5.0
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 18.1 17.5 18.2 18.9 19.9 20.1 19.7 19.1 18.4 18.3 18.6
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 17.6 18.0 19.9 21.6 22.0 21.4 20.9 20.2 20.3 20.5
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 8.6 13.9 21.4 22.3 23.2 23.5 20.9 19.5 19.3 19.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 18.5 21.5 24.6 24.8 25.4 26.3 25.7 25.3 25.2 25.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 36.5 31.9 25.0 27.0 26.0 24.2 24.9 24.2 24.2 24.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 46.7 41.1 37.2 43.7 44.2 38.7 37.8 36.1 36.6 36.8
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 42.0 38.7 32.5 35.8 34.2 30.3 29.6 28.0 27.9 28.5
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 55.7 45.5 45.5 57.0 60.2 47.5 46.1 43.4 44.7 44.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 61.9 61.3 45.8 52.8 60.9 70.3 68.2 65.4 65.0 62.7 64.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 213
Extracted source page 223
Table 47 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for suicide, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age:
United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black male Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 7.0 7.8 9.9 11.1 11.5 12.4 12.4 11.8 11.2 10.5 11.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 6.4 8.0 10.3 11.0 12.0 11.9 11.4 10.9 10.2 10.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.1 10.5 12.3 13.3 15.1 18.0 16.7 16.0 15.0 15.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 12.6 16.1 19.2 17.8 19.6 18.6 17.8 17.0 15.2 16.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 13.0 12.4 11.8 12.9 13.1 11.8 11.8 10.5 11.1 11.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 9.9 8.7 11.4 15.8 14.9 14.3 12.6 13.6 11.6 12.6
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 11.3 8.7 11.1 16.7 14.7 13.5 12.7 12.9 11.4 12.4
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 6.6 8.9 10.5 15.6 14.4 16.6 12.5 14.1 12.5 13.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . --- 6.9 * * * * * * * * 13.1
American Indian or
Alaska Native male3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 20.8 19.9 21.0 20.1 20.0 21.3 21.4 20.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 20.9 20.3 20.9 19.6 19.9 20.9 21.1 20.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 45.3 42.0 49.1 34.2 32.1 38.4 41.8 37.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 31.2 30.2 27.8 31.8 34.8 32.6 33.3 33.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * 15.0 11.5 15.5 11.3 12.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 14.0
Asian or
Pacific Islander male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.0 8.5 8.8 9.7 8.6 9.4 9.1 9.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 8.8 8.4 8.7 9.4 8.6 9.2 9.1 9.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 10.8 14.2 13.5 16.0 11.9 12.2 10.9 11.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 11.0 9.3 10.6 11.5 11.5 10.6 11.9 11.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.0 10.4 9.7 9.1 8.6 12.3 10.2 10.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 18.6 16.7 16.8 20.3 16.0 21.0 21.0 19.4
Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 10.4 12.4 12.3 11.1 10.4 10.1 10.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.8 11.4 11.5 10.6 9.8 9.4 9.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 13.8 14.7 18.3 15.5 14.4 13.4 14.4
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.8 16.2 15.5 14.6 13.9 13.0 13.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 12.3 16.1 14.2 13.3 11.6 11.5 12.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.7 23.4 19.9 17.7 17.7 20.0 18.5
White, non-Hispanic male5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 20.3 20.8 20.2 19.7 19.3 19.2 19.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 22.3 23.1 22.3 22.0 21.5 21.6 21.7
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 22.6 24.4 23.8 21.4 20.2 20.2 20.6
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.1 26.4 27.3 27.1 26.8 26.7 26.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 27.3 26.8 24.8 25.6 25.1 25.1 25.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 46.4 45.4 39.2 38.6 36.8 37.3 37.5
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.3 7.2 5.7 5.3 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.3 7.1 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.3 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.6
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 7.0 11.0 8.1 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 10.9 13.0 9.6 8.7 7.7 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.1 7.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 8.8 8.5 6.4 6.9 6.8 5.7 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.0
See footnotes at end of table.
214 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 224
Table 47 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for suicide, according to sex, detailed race, Hispanic origin, and age:
United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 19501 19601 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–98 2
Black female Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.9 2.9 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.6 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 * 3.8 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 3.0 4.8 4.3 3.2 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.9 2.6 * 2.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.6
American Indian or
Alaska Native female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5.0 4.4 3.8 4.4 5.9 4.4 5.6 5.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.7 4.4 3.7 4.2 5.6 4.2 5.4 5.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * 10.2 * * 8.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 10.7 * * 7.1 9.0 6.4 8.0 7.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * 5.6
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * * * * * * * *
Asian or
Pacific Islander female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.7 4.4 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.7 4.3 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.5
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 5.8 3.9 5.2 3.0 4.7 2.7 3.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5.4 4.2 3.8 3.8 4.5 3.7 4.0 4.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 7.9 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.6
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- * 13.6 8.5 9.0 8.4 8.9 7.2 8.1
Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.8 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.9 1.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.6 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2.1 3.1 2.6 3.3 2.4 2.8 2.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2.1 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- * * * 2.5 * 2.5 2.3
White, non-Hispanic female5
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 5.7 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.2 5.6 5.1 5.0 5.3 5.2 5.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.7 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9.2 8.0 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.4 7.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.5 7.0 5.8 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2
. . . Category not applicable.
- - - Data not available.
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
1
Includes deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
2
Average annual death rate.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
4
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
5
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups chosen to show data for
American Indians, Asians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites were selected to minimize the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers
of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include
persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification
between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population
groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and
5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics
(Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for
Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Grove RD and Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States,
1940–60. Washington: Public Health Service, 1968; Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years 1950–93. Public Health Service.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 215
Extracted source page 225
Table 48 (page 1 of 3). Death rates for firearm-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1970 1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
All persons Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 14.0 14.8 12.8 14.6 15.1 13.9 12.9 12.2 11.3 12.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 14.9 13.3 14.9 14.8 13.7 12.8 12.1 11.4 12.1
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 0.2
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 20.6 17.2 25.8 30.8 27.2 24.2 22.3 19.9 22.1
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 22.5 17.9 19.3 18.8 17.2 16.1 15.4 14.4 15.3
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 24.3 19.3 21.8 21.9 20.1 18.3 17.8 16.3 17.5
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 20.0 16.0 16.3 15.6 14.4 14.0 13.2 12.8 13.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 15.2 14.3 13.6 12.2 11.8 11.9 11.3 10.7 11.3
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 16.4 14.7 13.9 12.8 12.1 12.3 11.5 10.9 11.6
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 13.9 13.9 13.3 11.4 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.4 10.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 13.5 15.6 16.0 14.3 14.2 13.9 13.2 13.1 13.4
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 13.8 15.1 14.4 12.6 12.9 12.6 11.9 11.3 11.9
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 13.4 17.7 19.4 16.9 16.4 15.9 14.9 15.5 15.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 10.2 11.6 12.2 14.7 15.1 14.6 14.5 14.3 14.3 14.4
Male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 23.8 25.3 21.9 25.4 26.2 24.1 22.4 21.1 19.6 21.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 25.7 22.8 26.2 26.0 23.9 22.5 21.2 19.8 21.2
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * *
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.7
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 34.8 29.1 44.7 54.0 47.6 42.2 38.9 34.7 38.6
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 38.1 29.7 32.6 31.7 28.9 27.0 25.8 24.2 25.7
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 41.4 32.1 37.0 37.4 34.3 31.4 30.5 28.0 30.0
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.6 33.2 26.6 27.4 26.0 23.7 22.9 21.5 20.9 21.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 25.9 24.5 23.4 21.0 20.2 20.4 19.4 18.4 19.4
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 27.3 24.4 23.2 21.3 20.4 20.5 19.3 18.3 19.4
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 24.5 24.6 23.7 20.5 20.0 20.2 19.7 18.4 19.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 29.7 29.7 34.2 35.3 31.2 30.9 30.2 28.5 28.5 29.1
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 27.8 30.0 28.2 24.6 25.3 24.8 23.1 22.2 23.4
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 33.0 42.7 46.9 39.9 37.7 36.4 34.1 35.1 35.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 26.2 34.9 38.2 49.3 49.7 47.4 46.7 45.8 44.9 45.8
Female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.4
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.7 4.2 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.4
Under 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * *
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7
1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4
5–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 6.1 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.2 5.0 4.7 5.0
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.5 6.6 6.7 6.5 5.9 5.2 5.1 4.7 5.0
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 7.2 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.7
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.2 5.6 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.1
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.5
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.7
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.7 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . * 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6
White male
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 18.2 21.1 19.4 20.5 20.4 19.3 18.0 17.1 16.2 17.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 21.8 20.7 21.8 21.1 20.1 19.0 18.1 17.4 18.1
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 28.4 24.1 29.5 34.2 31.4 26.9 24.8 23.1 24.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 29.5 25.0 25.7 24.9 23.6 22.0 21.2 20.3 21.2
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 31.1 26.3 27.8 27.6 26.1 23.6 23.1 21.2 22.7
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 27.1 23.3 23.3 22.3 21.2 20.6 19.5 19.5 19.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 23.3 23.6 22.8 20.6 19.7 20.2 19.4 18.5 19.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 30.1 35.4 36.8 32.5 32.3 31.8 30.0 30.3 30.7
See footnotes at end of table.
216 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 226
Table 48 (page 2 of 3). Death rates for firearm-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1970 1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
Black male Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 73.4 61.8 42.2 61.5 65.1 55.6 52.0 47.4 41.6 47.0
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 57.7 41.3 61.9 63.8 54.0 50.6 46.1 40.3 45.6
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 3.0 2.7 4.4 5.2 4.6 3.6 3.1 2.4 3.0
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 77.9 61.3 138.0 169.6 140.2 131.6 119.9 101.8 117.6
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.2 114.1 71.8 90.3 84.5 71.2 67.0 61.8 55.3 61.3
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.6 128.4 79.8 108.6 109.0 94.4 88.6 84.0 75.3 82.7
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.2 92.3 59.2 66.1 57.7 46.6 44.7 39.5 35.9 40.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1 55.6 36.9 34.5 29.1 29.1 27.0 23.3 22.1 24.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 29.7 26.3 23.9 23.2 21.4 19.1 17.8 14.2 17.0
American Indian or
Alaska Native male2
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 26.5 24.9 20.8 24.6 23.4 19.4 20.7 19.7 19.9
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 27.5 24.4 20.5 24.1 22.9 19.1 20.1 19.3 19.5
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 55.3 39.8 49.1 54.6 45.5 40.0 39.4 43.3 40.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 43.9 40.3 25.4 33.8 34.1 26.7 29.3 25.6 27.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * 21.2 * 13.6 15.6 13.8 13.9 13.4 13.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * * 13.5
Asian or
Pacific Islander male3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 8.1 7.1 9.2 10.9 10.8 8.7 9.0 7.2 8.3
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 8.2 7.3 9.4 10.8 10.4 8.6 8.7 7.0 8.1
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.8 12.6 21.0 26.9 27.1 19.6 19.7 13.9 17.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 12.8 9.8 10.9 13.0 11.3 10.0 9.6 8.7 9.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.4 6.7 8.1 7.4 8.6 7.7 8.7 6.1 7.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * 7.7 8.0 7.0
Hispanic male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- 25.3 28.9 29.9 28.0 22.5 19.9 18.3 20.2
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 26.0 29.9 30.0 27.6 22.6 19.9 18.1 20.2
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.4 2.6 2.3 2.9 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.5
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 42.0 55.5 72.0 70.7 54.4 47.9 44.9 49.0
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 43.2 42.7 38.8 33.5 27.5 24.5 22.6 24.9
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 47.3 47.3 45.5 39.9 32.8 29.3 28.6 30.2
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 35.9 35.4 29.5 24.9 20.8 18.7 15.6 18.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 19.2 21.4 19.2 17.2 16.2 13.7 10.7 13.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 12.4 19.1 14.7 15.6 11.7 12.3 14.2 12.8
White, non-Hispanic male4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- 18.4 18.7 18.1 17.2 16.4 15.9 15.2 15.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 19.9 20.4 19.5 18.6 18.0 17.5 17.0 17.5
1–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 22.0 24.1 26.3 23.3 20.4 19.4 18.1 19.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23.0 23.3 22.4 21.6 20.6 20.3 19.6 20.2
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23.7 24.7 23.9 22.9 21.2 21.4 19.3 20.7
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 22.0 21.6 20.9 20.4 20.1 19.4 19.8 19.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23.0 22.7 20.5 19.7 20.2 19.8 19.0 19.6
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 37.3 37.4 33.2 32.7 32.6 30.8 31.1 31.5
White female
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 5.1 4.4 4.8 4.9 4.6 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.5 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 217
Extracted source page 227
Table 48 (page 3 of 3). Death rates for firearm-related injuries, according to sex, detailed race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and age 1970 1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1996–981
Black female Deaths per 100,000 resident population
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . 11.4 9.1 6.6 7.8 8.0 6.8 6.5 5.6 5.2 5.7
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 8.8 6.5 7.8 7.8 6.6 6.4 5.4 5.0 5.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 12.3 8.3 13.3 15.5 13.5 12.0 10.6 10.2 10.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 16.1 11.4 12.4 11.9 10.0 9.8 8.0 7.5 8.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 8.2 5.8 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.1 3.7 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.2 1.8 2.3
American Indian or
Alaska Native female2
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 6.1 4.3 3.6 4.5 4.5 3.8 3.2 4.3 3.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 5.8 4.1 3.4 4.4 4.4 3.7 3.0 4.2 3.6
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * * 5.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.2 * * 7.5 7.7 5.9 * 6.9 5.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * * 4.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * * *
Asian or
Pacific Islander female3
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.2 * 3.1
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 3.2 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * 2.1 1.9
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- * * * * * * * * *
Hispanic female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.5
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.4
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.1 6.9 6.9 6.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.5 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.1 3.3 3.0 3.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.6 2.0
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- * * * * * * * 1.0
White, non-Hispanic female4
All ages, age adjusted . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.1
All ages, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.2
15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.1 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.4
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.6 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.1 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.4 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6
* Based on fewer than 20 deaths.
- - - Data not available.
1
Average annual death rate.
2
Interpretation of trends should take into account that population estimates for American Indians increased by 45 percent between 1980 and 1990, partly due to better
enumeration techniques in the 1990 decennial census and to the increased tendency for people to identify themselves as American Indian in 1990.
3
Interpretation of trends should take into account that the Asian population in the United States more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, primarily due to
immigration.
4
Excludes data from States lacking an Hispanic-origin item on their death certificates. See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System.
NOTES: Rates are age adjusted to the 1940 U.S. standard million population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of
death are based on the then current International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Age groups chosen to show data for
American Indians, Asians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites were selected to minimize the presentation of unstable age-specific death rates based on small numbers
of deaths and for consistency among comparison groups. The race groups, white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native, include
persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Bias in death rates results from inconsistent race identification
between the death certificate (source of data for numerator of death rates) and data from the Census Bureau (denominator); and from undercounts of some population
groups in the census. The net effects of misclassification and under coverage result in death rates estimated to be overstated by 1 percent for the white population and
5 percent for the black population; and death rates estimated to be understated by 21 percent for American Indians, 11 percent for Asians, and 2 percent for Hispanics
(Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: A summary of current research, 1999. National Center for
Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, vol II, mortality, part A, for data years
1950–93. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office; for 1994–98, data for all persons, white, and black are available on the NCHS Web site
at www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/unpubd/mortabs.htm; numerator data from National Vital Statistics System, annual mortality files; denominator data from national
population estimates for race groups from table 1 and unpublished Hispanic population estimates prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division,
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
218 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 228
Table 49. Deaths from selected occupational diseases for males, according to age: United States, selected
years 1970–98
[Data are based on the National Vital Statistics System]
Age and cause of death 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
25 years and over Number of deaths1
Malignant neoplasm of peritoneum
and pleura (mesothelioma) . . . . . . . . . . . 602 591 552 571 629 607 618 551 511 546 574 557 563
Coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis . . . . . . . . . . 1,155 973 977 947 727 692 631 564 491 531 533 483 415
Asbestosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 43 96 130 282 247 270 308 325 342 345 387 439
Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 243 202 138 146 150 110 123 113 110 95 93 90
25–64 years
Malignant neoplasm of peritoneum
and pleura (mesothelioma) . . . . . . . . . . . 308 280 241 210 199 190 193 164 161 163 146 154 156
Coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis . . . . . . . . . . 294 188 136 89 49 48 32 34 21 40 20 25 19
Asbestosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 22 30 29 50 35 34 32 35 32 33 33 36
Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 64 49 30 35 29 25 25 25 15 19 19 14
65 years and over
Malignant neoplasm of peritoneum
and pleura (mesothelioma) . . . . . . . . . . . 294 311 311 361 430 417 425 387 350 383 428 403 407
Coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis . . . . . . . . . . 861 785 841 858 678 644 599 530 470 491 513 458 396
Asbestosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 21 66 101 232 212 236 276 290 310 312 354 403
Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 179 153 108 111 121 85 98 88 95 76 74 76
1
This table classifies deaths according to underlying cause. Additional deaths for which occupational diseases are classified as nonunderlying causes can be identified
from multiple cause of death data from the National Vital Statistics System. The numbers of such deaths are shown below for males 25 years of age and over.
Nonunderlying cause of death 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Malignant neoplasm of peritoneum
and pleura (mesothelioma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 102 105 96 87 84 103 83 74 81 82
Coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,587 1,652 1,248 1,227 1,130 1,052 974 876 874 800 678
Asbestosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 382 619 660 653 661 701 796 778 741 738
Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 187 152 155 130 145 109 122 111 96 84
NOTES: Selection of occupational diseases based on definitions in D. Rutstein et al.: Sentinel health events (occupational): A basis for physician recognition and public
health surveillance, Am. J. Public Health 73(9):1054–1062, Sept. 1983. For data years shown, the code numbers for cause of death are based on the then current
International Classification of Diseases, which are described in Appendix II, tables IV and V. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 219
Extracted source page 229
Table 50. Occupational injury deaths by industry: United States, 1992–98
[Data are compiled from various Federal, State, and local administrative sources]
Industry1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 19982
Deaths per 100,000 employed workers3
Total work force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.5
Private sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.8
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. . . . . . . . . 24.0 26.7 23.9 22.3 22.4 23.5 23.3
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 26.0 26.9 25.0 27.0 25.0 23.6
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 13.8 14.8 14.7 14.0 14.1 14.5
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.3
Transportation and public utilities . . . . . . . . 13.4 13.0 13.4 12.6 13.4 13.3 11.8
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.5 4.9 4.5
Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.6
Finance, insurance, and
real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0
Government4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.9 3.1 3.2 3.0
Number of deaths
Total work force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,217 6,331 6,632 6,275 6,202 6,238 6,026
Private sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,497 5,643 5,959 5,495 5,597 5,616 5,428
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. . . . . . . . . 808 864 852 800 806 833 831
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 174 180 156 153 158 146
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 932 1,028 1,055 1,047 1,107 1,171
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 767 789 709 725 744 694
Transportation and public utilities . . . . . . . . 895 894 949 901 970 1,008 909
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 252 271 256 270 241 228
Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 795 808 687 681 670 569
Finance, insurance, and
real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 118 113 125 116 97 92
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 774 853 749 776 727 757
Not classified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 73 116 57 53 31 31
Government4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 688 673 780 605 622 598
1
Classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 (see Appendix II, table VII).
2
Preliminary data.
3
Excludes deaths to workers under the age of 16 years. Employment data in denominators are annual average estimates of employed civilians 16 years of age and
over from the Current Population Survey (CPS) plus resident military figures from the Bureau of the Census.
4
Includes fatalities to workers employed by governmental organizations regardless of industry.
NOTES: Fatalities and rates are based on revised data and may differ from originally published data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). See
Appendix I. CFOI began collecting fatality data in 1992. For data for prior years, see CDC. Fatal Occupational Injuries—United States, 1980–1994. MMWR
1998;47(15):297–302, which reports trend data from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system. NTOF was established at the National
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 1980 to monitor occupational injury deaths through death certificates.
SOURCE: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI).
220 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 230
Table 51. Occupational injuries with lost workdays in the private sector, according to industry: United States,
selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on employer records from a sample of business establishments]
Industry 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Number of injuries with lost workdays in thousands
Total private sector1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,491.0 2,484.7 2,987.3 2,794.0 2,776.1 2,772.5 2,848.3 2,767.6 2,646.3 2,682.6 2,612.0
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry1 . . . . . . . 39.3 45.2 57.2 54.3 52.3 51.2 48.5 51.7 49.0 53.8 53.8
Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 43.9 35.6 31.4 25.6 24.2 24.0 22.8 19.5 22.6 16.9
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.6 272.8 296.3 239.9 226.8 226.5 241.7 217.9 216.8 227.4 217.0
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,009.5 825.1 975.0 886.0 833.7 819.5 859.4 838.1 782.9 785.4 782.6
Transportation, communication, and
public utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.0 243.5 293.3 283.5 266.1 284.1 301.5 289.2 293.0 281.3 261.3
Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.1 188.4 211.5 204.1 205.3 205.3 214.0 214.7 203.9 200.7 211.1
Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330.2 399.9 483.9 457.0 476.7 480.4 477.7 459.6 433.9 456.9 434.7
Finance, insurance, and
real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.1 45.5 63.7 62.2 64.4 61.7 58.8 52.2 49.5 47.6 39.6
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.1 420.6 570.8 575.6 625.1 619.6 622.8 621.4 597.8 606.9 594.9
Injuries with lost workdays per 100 full-time equivalents2
1
Total private sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.9
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry1 . . . . . . . 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.8
Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.7 2.7
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.4 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.0
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.2
Transportation, communication, and
public utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 4.9 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.2
Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.2
Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.6
Finance, insurance, and
real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3
1
Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
2
Incidence rate calculated as (N/EH) x 200,000, where N = total number of injuries with lost workdays in a calendar year, EH = total hours worked by all full-time and
part-time employees in a calendar year, and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent employees working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.
NOTES: Industry is coded based on various editions of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual as follows: data for 1980–87 are based on the 1972 edition, 1977
supplement; and data for 1988–98 are based on the 1987 edition (see Appendix II, Industry). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Workplace injuries and illnesses, 1980–98 editions. 1982–99.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 221
Extracted source page 231
Table 52. Selected notifiable disease rates, according to disease: United States, selected years 1950–98
[Data are based on reporting by State health departments]
Disease 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Cases per 100,000 population
Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.83 0.51 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 0.01 0.01 0.00
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive. . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44
Hepatitis A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 27.87 12.84 10.03 12.64 12.13 11.70 11.22 8.59
Hepatitis B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 4.08 8.39 11.50 8.48 4.19 4.01 3.90 3.80
Lyme disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.49 6.21 4.79 6.39
Meningococcal disease . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1.23 1.25 1.04 0.99 1.25 1.30 1.24 1.01
Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 55.55 3.86 1.30 2.17 0.35 0.29 0.27 0.25
Pertussis (whooping cough). . . . . . . . 79.82 8.23 2.08 0.76 1.50 1.84 1.97 2.94 2.46 2.74
Poliomyelitis, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.02 1.77 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
Paralytic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1.40 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
Rocky Mountain spotted fever . . . . . . --- --- 0.19 0.52 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.32 0.16 0.14
Rubella (German measles) . . . . . . . . --- --- 27.75 1.72 0.26 0.45 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.13
Rubeola (measles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.01 245.42 23.23 5.96 1.18 11.17 0.12 0.20 0.06 0.04
Salmonellosis, excluding typhoid
fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 3.85 10.84 14.88 27.37 19.54 17.66 17.15 15.66 16.17
Shigellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.45 6.94 6.79 8.41 7.14 10.89 12.32 9.80 8.64 8.74
Tuberculosis2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 30.83 18.28 12.25 9.30 10.33 8.70 8.04 7.42 6.79
Sexually transmitted diseases:3
Syphilis4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.02 68.78 45.26 30.51 28.39 54.52 26.39 20.07 17.43 14.19
Primary and secondary. . . . . . . . 16.73 9.06 10.89 12.06 11.40 20.34 6.30 4.29 3.20 2.61
Early latent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.71 10.11 8.08 9.00 9.11 22.27 10.15 7.61 6.21 4.71
Late and late latent5 . . . . . . . . . . 70.22 45.91 24.94 9.30 7.74 10.35 9.25 7.68 7.62 6.56
Congenital6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.97 2.48 0.97 0.12 0.11 1.53 0.70 0.49 0.40 0.30
Chlamydia7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 17.42 160.83 190.42 192.87 206.95 236.57
Gonorrhea8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.50 145.40 297.22 445.10 382.98 277.45 149.44 123.24 122.02 132.88
Chancroid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.34 0.94 0.70 0.30 0.87 1.69 0.23 0.15 0.09 0.07
Number of cases
Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,796 918 435 3 3 4 – 2 4 1
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive. . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 1,180 1,170 1,162 1,194
Hepatitis A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 56,797 29,087 23,210 31,441 31,582 31,032 30,021 23,229
Hepatitis B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 8,310 19,015 26,611 21,102 10,805 10,637 10,416 10,258
Lyme disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 11,700 16,455 12,801 16,801
Meningococcal disease . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2,505 2,840 2,479 2,451 3,243 3,437 3,308 2,725
Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 104,953 8,576 2,982 5,292 906 751 683 666
Pertussis (whooping cough). . . . . . . . 120,718 14,809 4,249 1,730 3,589 4,570 5,137 7,796 6,564 7,405
Poliomyelitis, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,300 3,190 33 9 8 6 7 5 5 1
Paralytic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,525 31 9 8 6 7 5 5 1
Rocky Mountain spotted fever . . . . . . --- --- 380 1,163 714 651 590 831 409 365
Rubella (German measles) . . . . . . . . --- --- 56,552 3,904 630 1,125 128 238 181 364
Rubeola (measles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319,124 441,703 47,351 13,506 2,822 27,786 309 508 138 100
Salmonellosis, excluding typhoid
fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 6,929 22,096 33,715 65,347 48,603 45,970 45,471 41,901 43,694
Shigellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,367 12,487 13,845 19,041 17,057 27,077 32,080 25,978 23,117 23,626
Tuberculosis2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 55,494 37,137 27,749 22,201 25,701 22,860 21,337 19,851 18,361
Sexually transmitted diseases:3
Syphilis4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,558 122,538 91,382 68,832 67,563 135,043 69,345 53,226 46,642 37,977
Primary and secondary. . . . . . . . 23,939 16,145 21,982 27,204 27,131 50,578 16,543 11,388 8,556 6,993
Early latent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,256 18,017 16,311 20,297 21,689 55,397 26,657 20,187 16,631 12,613
Late and late latent5 . . . . . . . . . . 113,569 81,798 50,348 20,979 18,414 25,750 24,295 20,356 20,385 17,570
Congenital6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,377 4,416 1,953 277 329 3,865 1,850 1,295 1,070 801
Chlamydia7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25,848 323,663 478,577 490,615 531,529 607,602
Gonorrhea8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286,746 258,933 600,072 1,004,029 911,419 690,042 392,651 326,805 326,564 355,642
Chancroid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,977 1,680 1,416 788 2,067 4,212 607 386 246 189
0.00 Rate greater than zero but less than 0.005.
– Quantity zero.
- - - Data not available.
1
Data beginning in 1986 may be updated due to retrospective case evaluations or late reports.
2
Case reporting for tuberculosis began in 1953. Data prior to 1975 are not comparable with subsequent years’ data because of changes in reporting criteria effective in
1975.
3
Newly reported civilian cases prior to 1991; includes military cases beginning in 1991 and adjustments to the number of cases through June 15, 1999, for states
submitting hardcopy reports and through July 19, 1999, for states reporting electronically. For 1950, data for Alaska and Hawaii not included.
4
Includes stage of syphilis not stated.
5
Includes cases of unknown duration.
6
Data reported for 1989 and later years reflect change in case definition introduced in 1988. Through 1994, all cases of congenitally acquired syphilis; as of 1995,
congenital syphilis less than 1 year of age.
7
Chlamydia was non-notifiable in 1994 and earlier years (see Appendix I). For 1998, cases for New York based exclusively on those reported by New York City.
8
Data for 1994 do not include cases from Georgia.
NOTES: The total resident population was used to calculate all rates except sexually transmitted diseases, for which the civilian resident population was used prior to
1991. For sexually transmitted diseases, 1997 population estimates were used to calculate 1998 rates. Population data from those States where diseases were not
notifiable or not available were excluded from rate calculation. See Appendix I for information on underreporting of notifiable diseases. Some numbers for 1990–97 have
been revised and differ from the previous edition of Health, United States. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1998. Morbidity and mortality weekly report; 47(53). Atlanta,
Georgia: Public Health Service. 1999; National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1998.
Atlanta, Georgia: Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999.
222 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 232
Table 53. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases, according to age at diagnosis, sex,
detailed race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1985–99
[Data are based on reporting by State health departments]
12 months
January– ending
Age at diagnosis, sex, All All June June 30,
race, and Hispanic origin years1 years1 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999
Cases per
Percent 100,000
distribution2 Number, by year of report population3
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 687,863 8,164 41,502 76,982 70,715 66,247 58,016 46,247 23,238 16.9
Male
All males, 13 years and over . . . . . . 100.0 570,211 7,511 36,249 62,725 56,957 52,461 45,111 35,404 17,781 32.8
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.9 284,410 4,754 20,856 29,451 26,141 23,130 17,465 13,955 6,629 17.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 191,919 1,710 10,261 22,417 20,915 20,054 18,736 14,654 7,681 125.7
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 86,988 990 4,758 10,071 9,157 8,559 8,233 6,213 3,212 55.2
American Indian or Alaska Native5 . . 0.3 1,670 8 81 206 199 167 168 116 72 18.4
Asian or Pacific Islander5 . . . . . . . . 0.8 4,475 49 263 527 491 479 380 324 131 7.6
13–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 2,036 28 107 227 226 202 182 140 57 0.8
20–29 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 92,540 1,504 6,938 9,678 8,408 7,062 5,771 4,298 2,093 22.9
30–39 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 259,917 3,589 16,698 28,898 25,793 23,808 20,117 15,292 7,597 67.7
40–49 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.9 153,154 1,634 8,844 17,183 16,249 15,441 13,554 10,947 5,573 54.0
50–59 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 46,314 597 2,651 5,049 4,716 4,424 4,112 3,528 1,829 26.3
60 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 16,250 159 1,011 1,690 1,565 1,524 1,375 1,199 632 6.2
Female
All females, 13 years and over. . . . . 100.0 109,459 523 4,529 13,287 13,012 13,134 12,459 10,475 5,328 9.2
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 25,383 142 1,224 3,074 3,052 2,846 2,462 2,011 989 2.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 65,131 279 2,544 7,843 7,610 8,077 7,817 6,728 3,431 49.5
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 17,868 99 730 2,275 2,233 2,064 2,037 1,607 851 14.6
American Indian or Alaska Native5 . . 0.3 335 2 8 41 37 45 36 31 21 4.5
Asian or Pacific Islander5 . . . . . . . . 0.5 583 1 19 50 72 78 63 57 23 1.2
13–19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1,368 4 66 174 158 174 176 143 80 1.1
20–29 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 23,850 178 1,115 2,933 2,676 2,670 2,417 1,928 1,002 10.8
30–39 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 49,539 232 2,076 5,996 5,954 5,887 5,463 4,446 2,224 20.4
40–49 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 24,487 45 780 3,075 3,071 3,249 3,236 2,876 1,413 13.7
50–59 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 6,762 26 272 766 819 828 816 793 452 5.8
60 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3,453 38 220 343 334 326 351 289 157 1.2
Children
All children, under 13 years . . . . . . . 100.0 8,193 130 724 970 746 652 446 368 129 0.6
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 1,499 26 158 140 117 96 63 58 16 0.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 5,007 86 389 634 484 429 290 235 79 2.7
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 1,598 18 168 180 135 123 86 72 32 0.8
American Indian or Alaska Native5 . . 0.4 29 – 5 3 2 3 2 – 1 0.2
Asian or Pacific Islander5 . . . . . . . . 0.6 46 – 4 11 5 1 3 2 – 0.0
Under 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.4 3,224 63 317 351 270 219 132 96 49 2.4
1–12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 4,969 67 407 619 476 433 314 272 80 0.5
. . . Category not applicable.
– Quantity zero.
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05.
1
Includes cases prior to 1985 and through June 30, 1999.
2
Percents may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.
3
Computed using official postcensus resident population estimates for 1998 from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
4
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
5
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin.
NOTES: The AIDS case reporting definitions were expanded in 1985, 1987, and 1993. See Appendix II, AIDS. Excludes data for U.S. dependencies and possessions
and independent nations in free association with the United States. Data for all years have been updated through June 30, 1999, to include temporally delayed case
reports and may differ from previous editions of Health, United States. Similar data as of December 31, 1999, are available in the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Year-end edition Vol 11 No 2. 1999.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention—Surveillance and
Epidemiology, 1999 special data run.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 223
Extracted source page 233
Table 54 (page 1 of 2). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases, according to race, Hispanic
origin, sex, and transmission category for persons 13 years of age and over at diagnosis: United States,
selected years 1985–99
[Data are based on reporting by State health departments]
January–
Race, Hispanic origin, All All June
sex, and transmission category years1 years1 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Percent
Race and Hispanic origin distribution2 Number, by year of report
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 679,670 8,034 40,778 76,012 69,969 65,595 57,570 45,879 23,109
Men who have sex with men . . . . . . 48.6 330,193 5,356 23,705 35,244 31,009 27,657 21,391 16,659 7,790
Injecting drug use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 167,543 1,390 9,275 21,115 18,780 16,704 14,404 10,494 4,878
Men who have sex with men and
injecting drug use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 43,529 656 2,911 4,711 4,005 3,392 2,510 2,027 890
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder. . . . 0.7 4,947 71 349 521 467 347 217 174 79
Heterosexual contact3 . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 65,362 151 2,249 8,232 8,364 9,073 8,220 6,634 3,286
Sex with injecting drug user . . . . . 3.7 25,210 107 1,483 2,970 2,774 2,746 2,280 1,800 841
Transfusion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 8,224 165 772 655 580 507 380 271 128
Undetermined5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 59,872 245 1,517 5,534 6,764 7,915 10,448 9,620 6,058
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 309,793 4,896 22,080 32,525 29,193 25,976 19,927 15,966 7,618
Men who have sex with men . . . . . . 68.6 212,661 3,982 16,505 21,695 18,893 16,448 11,873 9,165 4,179
Injecting drug use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 36,837 246 2,052 4,530 4,137 3,694 2,966 2,347 1,079
Men who have sex with men and
injecting drug use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 23,237 409 1,627 2,373 2,046 1,710 1,182 967 438
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder. . . . 1.2 3,776 59 281 373 327 223 140 104 59
Heterosexual contact3 . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 15,058 34 649 1,934 1,924 1,892 1,651 1,284 631
Sex with injecting drug user . . . . . 1.9 5,949 19 349 747 689 648 503 385 189
Transfusion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 4,891 125 504 312 276 206 141 104 46
Undetermined5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 13,333 41 462 1,308 1,590 1,803 1,974 1,995 1,186
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 257,050 1,989 12,805 30,260 28,525 28,131 26,553 21,382 11,112
Men who have sex with men . . . . . . 28.0 72,078 785 4,462 8,246 7,455 7,009 6,003 4,675 2,245
Injecting drug use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 94,656 742 5,172 12,078 10,645 9,575 8,394 6,087 2,787
Men who have sex with men and
injecting drug use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 14,508 162 932 1,672 1,429 1,240 993 751 337
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder. . . . 0.3 651 5 34 80 84 75 44 37 13
Heterosexual contact3 . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 38,323 91 1,214 4,750 4,766 5,551 4,985 4,142 2,078
Sex with injecting drug user . . . . . 5.6 14,420 65 849 1,676 1,525 1,586 1,332 1,084 495
Transfusion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 2,203 29 163 230 208 206 167 121 58
Undetermined5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 34,631 175 828 3,204 3,938 4,475 5,967 5,569 3,594
Hispanic6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 104,856 1,089 5,488 12,346 11,390 10,623 10,270 7,820 4,063
Men who have sex with men . . . . . . 39.0 40,876 546 2,454 4,764 4,169 3,757 3,145 2,536 1,239
Injecting drug use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.5 35,099 395 2,016 4,404 3,875 3,332 2,919 1,963 975
Men who have sex with men and
injecting drug use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5,329 83 328 602 483 395 304 280 106
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder. . . . 0.4 412 7 28 55 48 39 25 25 6
Heterosexual contact3 . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 11,323 26 376 1,484 1,590 1,527 1,480 1,141 546
Sex with injecting drug user . . . . . 4.4 4,634 23 280 522 539 484 424 316 147
Transfusion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 899 6 82 89 76 81 58 36 22
Undetermined5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 10,918 26 204 948 1,149 1,492 2,339 1,839 1,169
See footnotes at end of table.
224 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 234
Table 54 (page 2 of 2). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases, according to race, Hispanic
origin, sex, and transmission category for persons 13 years of age and over at diagnosis: United States,
selected years 1985–99
[Data are based on reporting by State health departments]
January–
Race, Hispanic origin, All All June
sex, and transmission category years1 years1 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Percent
Sex distribution2 Number, by year of report
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 570,211 7,511 36,249 62,725 56,957 52,461 45,111 35,404 17,781
Men who have sex with men . . . . . . 57.9 330,193 5,356 23,705 35,244 31,009 27,657 21,391 16,659 7,790
Injecting drug use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 120,981 1,104 6,943 15,133 13,406 11,908 10,132 7,343 3,443
Men who have sex with men and
injecting drug use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 43,529 656 2,911 4,711 4,005 3,392 2,510 2,027 890
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder. . . . 0.8 4,686 68 333 488 439 322 184 151 72
Heterosexual contact3 . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 22,782 32 713 2,779 2,884 3,240 3,100 2,547 1,290
Sex with injecting drug user . . . . . 1.4 7,853 25 452 927 877 841 785 622 301
Transfusion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 4,716 102 440 357 323 249 212 146 69
Undetermined5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 43,324 193 1,204 4,013 4,891 5,693 7,582 6,531 4,227
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 109,459 523 4,529 13,287 13,012 13,134 12,459 10,475 5,328
Injecting drug use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.5 46,562 286 2,332 5,982 5,374 4,796 4,272 3,151 1,435
Hemophilia/coagulation disorder. . . . 0.2 261 3 16 33 28 25 33 23 7
Heterosexual contact3 . . . . . . . . . . . 38.9 42,580 119 1,536 5,453 5,480 5,833 5,120 4,087 1,996
Sex with injecting drug user . . . . . 15.9 17,357 82 1,031 2,043 1,897 1,905 1,495 1,178 540
Transfusion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3,508 63 332 298 257 258 168 125 59
Undetermined5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 16,548 52 313 1,521 1,873 2,222 2,866 3,089 1,831
1
Includes cases prior to 1985 and through June 30, 1999.
2
Percents may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.
3
Includes persons who have had heterosexual contact with a person with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or at risk of HIV infection.
4
Receipt of blood transfusion, blood components, or tissue.
5
Includes persons for whom risk information is incomplete (because of death, refusal to be interviewed, or loss to followup), persons still under investigation, men
reported to have had heterosexual contact only with prostitutes, and interviewed persons for whom no specific risk is identified.
6
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
NOTES: The AIDS case reporting definitions were expanded in 1985, 1987, and 1993. See Appendix II, AIDS. Excludes data for U.S. dependencies and possessions
and independent nations in free association with the United States. Data for all years have been updated through June 30, 1999, to include temporally delayed case
reports and may differ from previous editions of Health, United States. Similar data as of December 31, 1999, are available in the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Year-end edition Vol 11 No 2. 1999.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention—Surveillance and
Epidemiology, 1999 special data run.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 225
Extracted source page 235
Table 55 (page 1 of 2). Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for selected cancer sites, according to sex and race:
Selected geographic areas, selected years 1973–96
[Data are based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program’s population-based registries in Atlanta, Detroit, Seattle-Puget Sound, San Francisco-Oakland,
Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and Hawaii]
Race, sex, and site 1973 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
All races, both sexes Number of new cases per 100,000 population1
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.0 332.7 345.8 372.5 399.7 425.6 412.1 403.8 395.2 388.6
Oral cavity and pharynx . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.9 10.4 10.0 10.0
Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 4.0
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 9.2 8.9 8.1 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.6
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 47.4 50.4 52.8 48.3 46.4 45.3 44.3 42.9 42.7
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 32.6 35.5 37.7 34.6 33.3 32.8 32.1 31.1 30.3
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 14.8 14.9 15.1 13.7 13.1 12.5 12.3 11.8 12.5
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 9.5 9.3 9.6 9.0 9.3 8.7 9.0 8.7 8.6
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 45.3 52.3 56.1 58.6 59.6 57.9 57.1 56.2 54.2
Urinary bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 15.5 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.2 17.3 16.9 16.6 16.2
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 8.6 9.4 10.5 12.9 15.3 15.3 15.6 16.3 16.2 15.5
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 10.6 10.7 11.1 10.5 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.5 9.7
Male
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.0 378.8 409.2 431.4 479.6 536.3 510.0 483.5 464.9 454.6
Oral cavity and pharynx . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 18.0 17.4 17.1 17.0 16.1 16.5 15.7 14.7 14.8
Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.3 7.1 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.0 6.8
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 13.5 13.5 11.9 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.9 9.9 9.8
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1 54.1 58.7 63.0 58.9 56.3 54.5 53.1 50.5 51.1
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 35.5 39.3 43.2 40.5 39.0 38.4 37.1 35.1 34.9
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 18.6 19.4 19.7 18.4 17.3 16.1 16.0 15.3 16.1
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 12.5 11.4 11.3 10.4 10.7 10.0 10.6 9.9 10.0
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 76.2 84.4 83.8 81.7 81.7 78.7 75.6 74.1 70.0
Prostate gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 70.6 79.8 88.3 132.5 190.8 171.1 148.4 139.3 135.7
Urinary bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 27.1 29.4 28.9 29.8 29.7 29.9 29.2 28.4 27.7
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 10.0 11.0 12.4 15.2 18.9 18.9 19.3 20.3 20.5 19.2
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 13.7 14.2 14.4 13.9 14.0 13.3 13.0 13.5 12.3
Female
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.5 307.6 307.1 337.3 348.7 349.3 343.2 347.8 346.3 342.0
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 42.7 44.5 45.3 40.5 38.9 38.2 37.6 37.0 36.2
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 30.8 33.0 33.6 30.3 29.1 28.5 28.2 28.0 26.6
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 11.9 11.5 11.7 10.1 9.8 9.7 9.3 9.0 9.6
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.0 8.2 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.4
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 21.5 28.1 35.3 41.5 43.2 42.3 43.4 42.7 42.3
Melanoma of skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 6.3 8.2 9.4 9.9 10.4 10.3 10.5 11.3 11.4
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6 88.1 85.4 104.1 110.4 111.1 108.9 110.8 111.6 110.7
Cervix uteri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 12.4 10.2 8.5 8.9 8.3 8.1 7.9 7.4 7.7
Corpus uteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 32.1 24.2 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.0 21.8 21.9 21.1
Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 14.1 13.3 14.3 15.2 15.0 15.0 14.5 14.5 14.1
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 7.4 8.0 8.9 10.9 12.3 12.2 12.4 13.0 12.4 12.2
White
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319.7 333.9 346.4 375.4 405.1 428.7 412.2 404.2 396.4 387.3
Oral cavity and pharynx . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.4 10.9 10.4 10.6 10.0 9.8 9.5
Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 8.4 8.1 7.1 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.8 5.6
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 47.8 50.4 53.3 48.2 46.2 44.9 44.0 42.5 42.2
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 32.9 35.4 37.9 34.4 33.1 32.3 31.8 30.7 29.9
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 14.9 15.0 15.4 13.8 13.1 12.6 12.2 11.8 12.3
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 9.4 8.9 9.2 8.8 9.1 8.3 8.6 8.3 8.2
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 45.1 51.2 55.5 58.8 59.1 57.9 57.2 56.4 54.2
Urinary bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 16.3 17.4 17.9 18.3 18.5 18.5 18.3 18.0 17.4
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 8.8 9.8 10.8 13.5 16.0 16.0 16.2 16.9 16.6 15.9
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.4 10.9 10.9 10.6 10.6 11.0 9.8
Black
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.1 356.6 390.7 408.6 427.1 470.9 471.8 465.4 442.4 430.9
Oral cavity and pharynx . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 11.7 15.3 14.1 14.2 13.3 14.2 14.6 12.2 13.5
Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 9.6 11.1 11.3 11.3 9.3 8.9 8.2 7.5 8.3
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 13.8 12.4 12.9 11.7 11.0 11.3 12.1 10.5 11.5
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 45.4 55.7 52.1 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.7 48.5 45.7
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 33.7 43.2 40.7 40.7 40.1 40.7 39.6 37.9 34.6
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 11.8 12.5 11.5 11.7 12.0 11.0 12.0 10.6 11.2
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 13.5 14.8 14.7 12.1 14.1 13.6 14.2 14.2 13.1
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 56.5 76.0 79.0 75.3 81.9 74.7 75.9 73.1 69.9
Urinary bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 8.7 10.6 10.6 10.3 9.9 10.9 9.7 9.4 9.2
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.6 7.4 8.3 11.3 11.4 11.6 12.0 13.6 12.0
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 9.3 10.0 9.7 8.9 8.9 9.2 7.7 7.9 8.1
See footnotes at end of table.
226 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 236
Table 55 (page 2 of 2). Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for selected cancer sites, according to sex and race:
Selected geographic areas, selected years 1973–96
[Data are based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program’s population-based registries in Atlanta, Detroit, Seattle-Puget Sound, San Francisco-Oakland,
Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and Hawaii]
Race, sex, and site 1973 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
White male Number of new cases per 100,000 population1
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.3 379.7 407.5 431.4 483.0 535.6 502.6 476.7 458.1 445.8
Oral cavity and pharynx . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 18.3 17.0 16.8 16.4 15.7 16.0 14.8 14.3 14.0
Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.3 6.1 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.5 6.2
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 12.5 12.3 10.5 9.4 9.4 9.1 9.4 8.9 8.4
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 55.1 58.7 63.5 59.1 56.4 54.2 52.9 49.9 50.7
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 36.1 39.3 43.4 40.4 39.1 38.1 37.0 34.7 34.9
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 19.0 19.4 20.1 18.7 17.3 16.1 15.8 15.2 15.8
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 12.5 11.1 10.7 10.1 10.4 9.6 9.8 9.5 9.5
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 75.9 82.2 82.0 80.9 79.3 77.1 74.5 72.3 68.4
Prostate gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 69.0 78.8 87.2 133.4 188.7 163.9 141.0 132.3 127.8
Urinary bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 28.8 31.5 31.2 32.4 31.9 32.0 31.7 30.8 29.9
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 10.4 11.5 12.6 15.9 19.7 19.6 20.0 20.7 20.9 19.7
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 14.3 14.6 14.8 14.5 14.7 13.8 13.5 14.1 12.4
Black male
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441.4 438.2 510.4 533.0 561.4 657.2 664.4 636.5 594.8 563.1
Oral cavity and pharynx . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 17.2 23.1 22.6 24.5 22.6 22.9 25.0 20.3 21.9
Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 17.6 16.4 19.4 19.5 15.7 15.2 13.2 12.4 14.0
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 19.9 21.4 18.8 17.8 15.9 18.5 19.4 14.6 17.6
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.8 47.6 63.7 60.8 58.1 61.8 62.0 59.6 54.6 50.9
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 34.7 46.0 47.0 45.0 46.7 47.1 44.2 41.4 36.7
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 12.9 17.7 13.8 13.1 15.1 14.8 15.3 13.2 14.2
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 15.6 17.6 19.7 15.0 15.9 15.4 17.3 16.4 15.9
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.6 101.0 131.0 131.3 115.9 127.6 114.8 112.8 115.2 101.4
Prostate gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.3 111.5 126.6 133.8 168.4 258.0 271.6 246.9 218.3 211.3
Urinary bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 13.5 14.5 16.3 15.1 16.6 18.1 15.7 14.3 14.0
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 8.8 7.0 9.3 10.0 14.0 15.3 15.7 17.7 19.1 15.0
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 12.5 13.1 13.0 11.7 11.4 12.2 9.8 10.2 10.1
White female
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 310.6 311.3 343.9 356.9 356.3 349.6 354.5 354.5 347.1
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 42.9 44.7 46.0 40.2 38.4 37.7 36.9 36.7 35.5
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 30.9 32.9 34.0 30.1 28.7 27.9 27.7 27.6 25.9
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 12.0 11.8 12.0 10.1 9.8 9.8 9.2 9.1 9.6
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 7.1 7.3 8.1 7.8 8.0 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.1
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 21.8 28.2 35.9 42.6 44.3 43.8 44.4 44.5 43.7
Melanoma of skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 6.9 9.4 10.5 11.4 11.9 11.8 12.1 13.2 13.2
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 90.0 87.8 107.3 114.5 114.2 112.0 114.6 115.3 113.3
Cervix uteri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 11.1 9.1 7.6 8.3 7.9 7.6 7.3 6.6 7.0
Corpus uteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 33.7 25.3 23.2 23.1 22.7 22.1 22.7 22.8 21.8
Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 14.4 14.0 15.1 16.1 15.8 15.7 15.0 15.4 15.3
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 7.6 8.5 9.2 11.4 12.9 12.9 12.8 13.5 12.8 12.7
Black female
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.7 296.3 305.0 323.7 337.5 343.5 337.1 344.8 333.0 336.1
Colon and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 43.5 49.6 45.8 48.6 45.8 44.4 46.5 44.2 41.8
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 32.7 41.2 35.9 37.9 36.0 36.2 36.8 35.7 32.9
Rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 10.8 8.5 9.9 10.7 9.8 8.2 9.7 8.5 8.9
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 11.6 13.0 11.3 10.0 12.8 12.0 11.9 12.4 10.8
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 20.6 33.8 40.2 46.3 48.7 45.7 49.0 42.7 47.2
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 78.5 74.5 92.7 96.5 102.2 100.8 102.1 102.4 100.3
Cervix uteri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 27.9 19.0 15.9 13.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.3 10.6
Corpus uteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 17.0 14.1 15.4 14.4 14.6 14.7 15.7 15.8 15.7
Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.6 11.1 12.4 9.9 8.5
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . . . . . . . 5.5 4.2 6.0 7.0 9.2 8.2 8.1 7.2 9.1 9.5
1
Age adjusted by the direct method to the 1970 U.S. population. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
NOTE: Numbers have been revised and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Cancer Statistics Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 227
Extracted source page 237
Table 56. Five-year relative cancer survival rates for selected cancer sites, according to race and sex:
Selected geographic areas, 1974–79, 1980–82, 1983–85, 1986–88, and 1989–95
[Data are based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program’s population-based registries in Atlanta, Detroit, Seattle-Puget Sound, San
Francisco-Oakland, Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and Hawaii]
White Black
Sex and site 1974–79 1980–82 1983–85 1986–88 1989–95 1974–79 1980–82 1983–85 1986–88 1989–95
Both sexes Percent of patients
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 52.0 53.8 56.6 60.9 39.1 39.7 39.8 42.5 47.7
Oral cavity and pharynx. . . . . 54.8 55.4 55.1 55.1 55.5 36.6 30.8 35.1 34.8 33.8
Esophagus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 7.4 9.3 10.8 13.3 3.3 5.4 6.3 7.3 8.9
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 16.5 16.3 19.1 19.3 15.8 19.4 18.6 18.9 21.6
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 55.6 58.4 61.5 62.4 47.1 49.2 49.2 52.5 51.8
Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 52.9 55.8 59.1 60.2 40.3 38.2 43.8 51.0 51.2
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.1 3.2 4.7 5.4 6.2 3.6
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . 13.1 13.5 13.9 13.5 14.2 11.2 12.2 11.5 11.8 11.3
Urinary bladder. . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 78.8 78.2 80.6 81.8 51.6 58.3 59.0 62.0 62.2
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . 48.2 51.7 54.3 52.8 51.9 49.9 50.0 44.8 49.8 41.3
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 39.3 41.6 43.4 44.4 30.7 33.2 33.4 36.8 33.5
Male
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 46.6 48.4 51.6 59.2 32.0 34.2 34.6 37.6 46.5
Oral cavity and pharynx. . . . . 54.2 54.3 54.3 52.0 51.7 31.2 26.2 29.9 29.6 28.4
Esophagus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 6.6 7.8 11.4 13.2 2.3 4.6 5.2 7.1 8.0
Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 15.5 14.6 16.1 16.7 15.2 18.5 17.8 14.5 20.6
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.9 55.9 58.9 62.4 63.0 45.1 46.5 48.3 51.9 51.5
Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.0 51.4 55.2 58.8 60.0 36.7 36.1 42.7 47.0 52.0
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.8 2.4 3.6 4.8 6.6 3.2
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . 11.6 12.2 12.1 12.1 12.7 10.0 11.0 10.4 11.9 9.9
Prostate gland . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 74.5 76.2 82.6 93.0 60.6 64.7 64.1 69.0 83.6
Urinary bladder. . . . . . . . . . . 75.9 79.8 79.5 82.2 83.9 58.9 62.6 64.2 67.5 66.6
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . 47.2 50.8 53.3 50.1 47.7 44.2 47.3 43.6 46.6 37.6
Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.6 39.4 41.2 44.8 45.5 30.9 30.2 32.3 35.8 29.7
Female
All sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 57.0 58.8 61.3 62.6 46.8 45.9 45.4 47.6 49.1
Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 55.3 58.0 60.6 61.9 48.7 51.3 49.9 53.0 52.1
Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 54.5 56.6 59.4 60.6 43.7 40.8 44.8 55.0 50.3
Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 4.4 4.1 5.7 5.8 5.9 3.9
Lung and bronchus . . . . . . . . 16.7 16.2 17.0 15.8 16.4 15.4 15.4 14.1 11.7 14.0
Melanoma of skin . . . . . . . . . 85.8 88.2 89.2 91.0 91.0 69.9 --- 70.1 --- 75.2
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 77.1 79.2 83.8 86.0 63.2 65.9 63.5 69.2 71.0
Cervix uteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.6 67.9 70.3 71.6 71.4 62.9 61.0 59.9 55.4 58.8
Corpus uteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.6 82.8 84.5 84.3 85.4 59.1 54.1 54.0 56.5 56.1
Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1 38.6 40.2 41.9 49.9 40.4 38.6 41.7 38.6 47.1
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . . . 49.2 52.7 55.4 55.9 57.3 57.3 53.3 46.3 53.9 47.5
- - - Data not available.
NOTES: Rates are based on followup of patients through 1996. The rate is the ratio of the observed survival rate for the patient group to the expected survival rate for
persons in the general population similar to the patient group with respect to age, sex, race, and calendar year of observation. It estimates the chance of surviving the
effects of cancer. Numbers have been revised and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Cancer Statistics Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
228 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 238
Table 57 (page 1 of 3). Limitation of activity caused by chronic conditions, according to selected
characteristics: United States, 1997
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Percent with any activity
Characteristic limitation1
All ages
Total2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6
Under 5 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5
5–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0
18–24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
25–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2
Sex3
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4
Race3,4
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5
Race and Hispanic origin3
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8
Mexican4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5
Poverty status3,5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status3,5
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7
Hispanic:4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8
Geographic region3
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0
Location of residence3
6
Within MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7
Outside MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 229
Extracted source page 239
Table 57 (page 2 of 3). Limitation of activity caused by chronic conditions according to selected
characteristics: United States, 1997
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Percent with ADL Percent with IADL
Characteristic limitation7 limitation7
65 years of age and over
All adults 65 years of age and over2,8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 13.7
Age
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 6.9
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 21.2
Sex8
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 9.1
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 16.9
Race4,8
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 13.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 21.3
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *9.1
Race and Hispanic origin8
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 13.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 21.2
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 16.3
Mexican4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 18.8
Poverty status5,8
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 26.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 16.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 10.1
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status5,8
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 27.2
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 15.8
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 10.0
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 27.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 21.4
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *10.6 *13.0
Hispanic:4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 25.8
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 16.5
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *9.7
See footnotes at end of table.
230 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 240
Table 57 (page 3 of 3). Limitation of activity caused by chronic conditions according to selected
characteristics: United States, 1997
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Percent with ADL Percent with IADL
Characteristic limitation7 limitation7
Geographic region8
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 12.2
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 13.1
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 15.8
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 12.4
Location of residence8
6
Within MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 13.5
Outside MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 14.4
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
1
Limitation of activity is assessed by asking respondents a series of questions about limitations in their ability to perform activities usual for their age group because of
a physical, mental, or emotional problem. Respondents are asked about limitations in activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, play, school, work,
and difficulty in walking and remembering. For reported limitations the condition causing the limitation is determined and respondents are considered limited if the
causal conditions are chronic in nature. See Appendix II, Limitation of activity, Activity of daily living, Instrumental activity of daily living.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty status.
3
Estimates for all persons are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using six age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years,
and 75 years and over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
4
The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
5
Beginning in 1997 poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and, for families with two or fewer adults, the age of the
adults in the family. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than 200 percent of poverty
threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. In 1997 poverty status was unknown for
20 percent of persons in the sample.
6
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
7
These estimates are for elderly noninstitutionalized persons. To determine activities of daily living (ADL) limitations respondents were asked ‘‘Because of a physical,
mental, or emotional problem, does ____ need the help of other persons with personal care needs, such as eating, bathing, dressing, or getting around inside this
home?’’ Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were determined by asking respondents ‘‘Because of a physical, mental, or emotional problem, does ____ need the
help of other persons in handling routine needs, such as everyday household chores, doing necessary business, shopping, or getting around for other purposes?’’ See
Appendix II, Activities of daily living, Instrumental activities of daily living.
8
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core questionnaire.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 231
Extracted source page 241
Table 58 (page 1 of 2). Respondent-assessed health status according to selected characteristics: United States,
1991, 1995, 1997, and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Percent with fair or poor health1
Characteristic 1991 1995 19972 19982
Total3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 10.6 9.2 9.1
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.6 2.1 1.8
Under 6 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.7 1.9 1.5
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.9
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.6 5.3 5.3
18–24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.5 3.4 3.2
25–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 7.2 5.9 5.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 13.4 11.7 11.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 21.4 18.2 18.0
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 28.3 26.7 26.7
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.0 25.6 23.1 23.9
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 32.2 31.5 30.4
Sex3
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 10.1 8.8 8.8
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 11.1 9.7 9.4
Race3,5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 9.7 8.3 8.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 17.2 15.8 15.7
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 18.7 17.3 17.6
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 9.3 7.8 7.1
Race and Hispanic origin3
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 9.1 8.0 7.8
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 17.3 15.8 15.8
Hispanic5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 15.1 13.0 13.1
Mexican5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 16.7 13.1 13.5
Poverty status3,6
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 23.7 21.4 22.2
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 15.5 14.6 15.6
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 6.7 6.1 5.7
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status3,6
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 22.8 20.6 21.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 14.8 14.1 15.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.2 5.7 5.3
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8 27.7 25.6 26.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 19.3 19.5 19.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 9.9 9.6 9.0
Hispanic:5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 22.7 19.8 21.7
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 16.9 14.0 15.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 8.7 8.8 7.9
See footnotes at end of table.
232 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 242
Table 58 (page 2 of 2). Respondent-assessed health status according to selected characteristics: United States,
1991, 1995, 1997, and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Percent with fair or poor health1
Characteristic 1991 1995 19972 19982
Geographic region3
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 9.1 8.0 7.9
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 9.7 8.1 8.0
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 12.3 10.8 10.9
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 10.1 8.8 8.4
Location of residence3
7
Within MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 10.1 8.7 8.5
Outside MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 12.6 11.1 11.4
1
See Appendix II, Health status, respondent-assessed.
2
Data starting in 1997 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years due to the 1997 questionnaire redesign. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey.
3
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using six age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and
over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
4
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty status.
5
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
6
Prior to 1997 poverty status is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Beginning in 1997 poverty status is based on
family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family. Poor persons are defined as
below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than 200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200
percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Missing family income data were imputed for 16–18 percent of persons in 1991 and 1995.
See Appendix II, Family income for information on imputation process. Poverty status was unknown for 20 percent of persons in the sample in 1997 and 25 percent in
1998.
7
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, family core questionnaire.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 233
Extracted source page 243
Table 59. Current cigarette smoking by persons 18 years of age and over according to sex, race, and age:
United States, selected years 1965–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Sex, race, and age 1965 1974 1979 1983 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 19971 19981
18 years and over, age adjusted2 Percent of persons
All persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 37.0 33.3 31.9 29.9 25.3 26.3 24.8 25.3 24.6 24.6 24.0
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 42.8 37.0 34.8 32.2 28.0 28.1 27.3 27.6 26.5 27.1 25.9
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 32.2 30.1 29.4 27.9 22.9 24.6 22.6 23.1 22.7 22.2 22.1
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.4 41.7 36.4 34.2 31.3 27.6 27.7 26.6 27.1 26.2 26.8 26.0
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 53.6 43.9 41.7 40.2 32.8 33.3 33.7 34.3 29.4 32.4 29.0
White female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 32.0 30.3 29.6 27.9 23.5 25.3 23.4 24.0 23.4 22.8 23.0
Black female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 35.6 30.5 31.3 30.9 20.8 24.5 20.6 21.6 23.5 22.5 21.1
18 years and over, crude
All persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 37.1 33.5 32.1 30.1 25.5 26.5 25.0 25.5 24.7 24.7 24.1
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.9 43.1 37.5 35.1 32.6 28.4 28.6 27.7 28.2 27.0 27.6 26.4
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 32.1 29.9 29.5 27.9 22.8 24.6 22.5 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.9
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1 41.9 36.8 34.5 31.7 28.0 28.2 27.0 27.7 26.6 27.2 26.3
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 54.3 44.1 40.6 39.9 32.5 32.2 32.7 33.7 28.5 32.2 29.0
White female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 31.7 30.1 29.4 27.7 23.4 25.1 23.1 23.7 23.1 22.5 22.6
Black female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 36.4 31.1 32.2 31.0 21.2 24.2 20.8 21.7 23.5 22.5 21.0
All males
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 42.1 35.0 32.9 28.0 26.6 28.0 28.8 29.8 27.8 31.7 31.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 50.5 43.9 38.8 38.2 31.6 32.8 30.2 31.4 29.5 30.3 28.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 51.0 41.8 41.0 37.6 34.5 32.9 32.0 33.2 31.5 32.1 30.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.9 42.6 39.3 35.9 33.4 29.3 28.6 29.2 28.3 27.1 27.6 27.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 24.8 20.9 22.0 19.6 14.6 16.1 13.5 13.2 14.9 12.8 10.4
White male
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.0 40.8 34.3 32.5 28.4 27.4 30.0 30.4 31.8 28.4 34.0 34.1
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 49.5 43.6 38.6 37.3 31.6 33.5 29.9 32.5 29.9 30.4 29.2
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 50.1 41.3 40.8 36.6 33.5 30.9 31.2 32.0 31.2 32.1 29.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 41.2 38.3 35.0 32.1 28.7 28.1 27.8 26.9 26.3 26.5 27.0
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 24.3 20.5 20.6 18.9 13.7 14.9 12.5 11.9 14.1 11.5 10.0
Black male
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 54.9 40.2 34.2 27.2 21.3 *16.2 *19.9 *18.7 *14.6 23.5 19.7
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 58.5 47.5 39.9 45.6 33.8 29.5 30.7 29.8 25.1 31.6 25.2
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.3 61.5 48.6 45.5 45.0 42.0 47.5 36.9 44.5 36.3 33.9 36.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 57.8 50.0 44.8 46.1 36.7 35.4 42.4 41.2 33.9 39.4 37.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.4 29.7 26.2 38.9 27.7 21.5 28.3 *27.9 25.6 28.5 26.0 16.3
All females
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.1 34.1 33.8 35.5 30.4 22.5 24.9 22.9 25.2 21.8 25.7 24.5
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 38.8 33.7 32.6 32.0 28.2 30.1 27.3 28.8 26.4 24.8 24.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 39.8 37.0 33.8 31.5 24.8 27.3 27.4 26.8 27.1 27.2 26.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 33.4 30.7 31.0 29.9 24.8 26.1 23.0 22.8 24.0 21.5 22.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 12.0 13.2 13.1 13.5 11.5 12.4 10.5 11.1 11.5 11.5 11.2
White female
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 34.0 34.5 36.5 31.8 25.4 28.5 26.8 28.5 24.9 29.4 28.0
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 38.6 34.1 32.2 32.0 28.5 31.5 28.4 30.2 27.3 26.1 26.9
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 39.3 37.2 34.8 31.0 25.0 27.6 27.3 27.1 27.0 27.5 26.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 33.0 30.6 30.6 29.7 25.4 25.8 23.4 23.2 24.3 20.9 22.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 12.3 13.8 13.2 13.3 11.5 12.6 10.5 11.1 11.7 11.7 11.2
Black female
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1 35.6 31.8 32.0 23.7 10.0 10.3 *8.2 11.8 *8.8 11.5 8.3
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 42.2 35.2 38.0 36.2 29.1 26.9 24.7 24.8 26.7 22.5 21.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.8 46.4 37.7 32.7 40.2 25.5 32.4 31.5 28.2 31.9 30.1 30.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 38.9 34.2 36.3 33.4 22.6 30.9 21.3 23.5 27.5 28.4 25.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 *8.9 *8.5 *13.1 14.5 11.1 *11.1 *10.2 13.6 13.3 10.7 11.5
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent.
1
See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey, for discussion of 1997 redesign.
2
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using five age groups: 18–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–64 years, 65 years and over. See Appendix
II, Age adjustment.
NOTES: The definition of current smoker was revised in 1992 and 1993. See Appendix II, Current smoker. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey. Data are from the core questionnaire
(1965) and the following questionnaire supplements: hypertension (1974), smoking (1979), alcohol and health practices (1983), health promotion and disease
prevention (1985, 1990–91), cancer control and cancer epidemiology (1992), and year 2000 (1993–95). Starting in 1997 data are from the sample adult questionnaire.
234 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 244
Table 60. Age-adjusted prevalence of current cigarette smoking by persons 25 years of age and over, according
to sex, race, and education: United States, selected years 1974–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Sex, race, and education 1974 1979 1983 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 19971 19981
25 years and over, age adjusted2 Percent of persons
3
All persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 33.1 31.6 30.0 25.4 26.3 24.7 24.9 24.5 24.0 23.4
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 43.7 40.7 40.7 40.8 36.7 36.6 35.6 37.5 35.6 33.5 34.4
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . 36.2 33.6 33.5 32.0 29.1 30.5 28.4 29.1 29.1 29.9 28.9
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . 35.9 33.2 30.3 29.5 23.4 24.4 24.3 24.5 22.6 23.7 23.5
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 22.6 20.5 18.5 13.9 15.2 13.5 11.9 13.6 11.4 10.9
All males3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 37.3 35.1 32.8 28.2 28.1 27.1 27.3 26.4 26.4 25.1
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 52.3 47.6 47.1 45.7 42.0 41.4 40.8 43.8 39.7 39.1 37.5
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 38.9 37.4 35.5 33.1 33.1 30.4 31.7 32.7 32.2 32.0
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . 41.8 36.5 33.3 32.9 25.9 25.9 27.2 26.8 23.7 25.5 25.4
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3 22.7 21.7 19.6 14.5 15.8 14.5 13.4 13.8 12.5 11.0
White males3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 36.7 34.4 31.7 27.6 27.3 26.1 26.4 25.9 25.8 24.8
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 51.5 47.6 47.7 45.0 41.8 41.5 39.5 42.6 38.7 38.5 37.4
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 38.5 37.0 34.8 32.9 32.8 29.7 31.6 32.9 31.8 32.2
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . 41.6 36.4 32.9 32.2 25.4 25.5 26.6 26.4 23.3 25.6 25.2
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 22.5 21.0 19.1 14.4 14.9 14.1 12.8 13.4 12.0 10.9
Black males3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.4 44.4 42.8 42.1 34.5 35.8 35.7 36.6 31.6 33.8 30.4
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 58.1 49.7 46.0 50.5 41.6 45.3 46.7 51.7 41.9 44.6 42.9
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . *50.7 48.6 47.7 41.8 37.4 38.4 36.3 37.8 36.6 39.0 33.0
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . *45.3 39.2 44.9 41.8 28.1 28.1 29.7 *29.2 26.4 27.0 28.4
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . *41.4 *36.8 *31.7 *32.0 *20.8 28.5 *16.1 *26.8 *17.3 14.5 15.3
All females3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 29.5 28.5 27.5 22.9 24.6 22.5 22.8 22.9 21.7 21.7
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 36.6 34.8 35.2 36.5 31.8 32.2 30.9 31.5 31.7 28.2 31.3
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 29.8 30.7 29.5 26.1 28.4 26.8 27.2 26.4 27.9 26.2
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . 30.1 30.0 27.3 26.3 21.0 23.1 21.7 22.4 21.6 22.0 21.9
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 22.5 18.9 17.1 13.3 14.4 12.2 10.2 13.3 10.3 10.7
White females3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 29.7 28.6 27.3 23.3 24.9 22.9 23.3 23.1 21.9 22.2
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 36.8 35.8 35.6 36.7 33.4 33.0 31.5 33.0 32.4 29.7 33.0
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 29.9 30.8 29.4 26.5 29.2 27.7 28.3 26.8 28.3 27.1
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . 30.4 30.7 27.8 26.7 21.2 23.4 21.6 22.1 22.2 22.1 22.2
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 21.9 18.7 16.5 13.4 14.1 12.4 10.7 13.5 10.5 11.4
Black females3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.6 30.3 31.2 32.0 22.4 26.6 22.4 23.0 25.7 24.1 23.0
No high school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . 36.1 31.6 36.5 39.4 26.3 32.7 29.8 29.9 32.3 27.1 32.8
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 32.6 34.6 32.1 24.1 25.8 24.4 22.6 27.8 29.1 24.3
Some college, no bachelor’s degree . . . . . 32.3 *28.9 *27.1 23.9 22.7 27.2 23.1 28.3 20.8 24.3 21.7
Bachelor’s degree or higher . . . . . . . . . . . *36.3 *43.3 *36.8 26.6 17.0 25.5 *12.7 *11.1 17.3 12.5 9.0
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent.
1
See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey, for discussion of 1997 redesign.
2
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using four age groups: 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–64 years, 65 years and over. See Appendix II, Age
adjustment. For age groups where percent smoking was 0 or 100, the age-adjustment procedure was modified to substitute the percent smoking from the next lower
education group.
3
Includes unknown education. Education categories shown are for 1997 and subsequent years. GED stands for general equivalency diploma. In 1974–95 the following
categories based on number of years of school completed were used: less than 12 years, 12 years, 13–15 years, 16 years or more. See Appendix II, Education.
NOTES: The definition of current smoker was revised in 1992 and 1993. See Appendix II, Current smoker. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey. Data are from the following
questionnaire supplements: hypertension (1974), smoking (1979), alcohol and health practices (1983), health promotion and disease prevention (1985, 1990–91),
cancer control and cancer epidemiology (1992), and year 2000 (1993–95). Starting in 1997 data are from the sample adult questionnaire.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 235
Extracted source page 245
Table 61 (page 1 of 2). Current cigarette smoking by adults according to sex, race,
Hispanic origin, age, and education: United States, average annual 1990–92 and 1995–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Male Female
Characteristic 1990–92 1995–981 1990–92 1995–981
18 years of age and over, age adjusted2 Percent of persons
All persons3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 26.5 23.7 22.1
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 26.4 24.3 22.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 30.7 23.1 21.8
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 34.2 40.5 36.7 28.9
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 18.1 6.3 11.0
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 26.9 25.2 24.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 30.8 23.2 21.9
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 24.4 15.8 13.7
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 24.5 14.8 11.9
18 years of age and over, crude
All persons3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 27.0 23.6 22.0
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 26.7 24.1 22.6
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 30.6 23.3 21.8
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 35.5 39.2 37.3 31.2
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.9 20.0 6.3 11.1
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 27.0 24.8 23.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 30.6 23.3 21.8
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 25.5 16.6 13.8
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 25.2 15.0 11.6
18–24 years:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.9 35.5 28.7 31.6
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 21.3 10.8 9.8
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 26.5 12.8 12.0
25–34 years:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 30.5 30.9 28.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 28.5 29.2 22.0
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 25.9 19.2 12.6
35–44 years:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 31.5 27.3 28.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 34.8 31.3 30.2
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 26.2 19.9 17.6
45–64 years:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 26.8 26.1 22.3
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.0 38.9 26.1 26.9
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 26.8 17.1 14.7
65 years and over:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 10.6 12.3 11.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 20.9 10.7 11.2
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 14.7 6.6 9.4
See footnotes at end of table.
236 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 246
Table 61 (page 2 of 2). Current cigarette smoking by adults according to sex, race,
Hispanic origin, age, and education: United States, average annual 1990–92 and 1995–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Male Female
Characteristic 1990–92 1995–981 1990–92 1995–981
Education4, race, and Hispanic origin Percent of persons
5
25 years of age and over, age adjusted
No high school diploma or GED:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 43.9 40.4 40.6
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.4 44.6 31.3 30.0
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 27.6 15.8 13.2
High school diploma or GED:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 32.8 28.4 28.8
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 35.8 25.4 26.6
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.6 26.7 18.4 16.4
Some college or more:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 18.3 18.1 17.2
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 23.3 22.8 18.9
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 16.6 14.3 13.5
1
Smoking data are for years 1995, 1997, and 1998 (smoking data were not collected in 1996). See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey, for discussion of 1997
redesign.
2
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using five age groups: 18–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–64 years, 65 years and over. See Appendix
II, Age adjustment.
3
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
4
Education categories shown are for 1997 and subsequent years. GED stands for general equivalency diploma. In 1990–92 the following categories based on number
of years of school completed were used: less than 12 years, 12 years, 13 years or more. See Appendix II, Education.
5
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using four age groups: 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–64 years, 65 years and over. See Appendix II, Age
adjustment.
NOTES: The definition of current smoker was revised in 1992 and 1993. See Appendix II, Current smoker. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey. Data are from the following
questionnaire supplements: health promotion and disease prevention (1990–91), cancer control and cancer epidemiology (1992), and year 2000 (1995). Starting in
1997 data are from the sample adult questionnaire.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 237
Extracted source page 247
Table 62 (page 1 of 2). Use of selected substances in the past month by persons 12 years of age and
over, according to age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1979–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the population 12 years of age and over]
Substance, age, sex, race,
and Hispanic origin 1979 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Alcohol Percent of population
12 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 60 53 52 49 51 54 52 51 51 52
12–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 41 33 27 21 24 22 21 19 21 19
12–13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 9 8 5 7 5
14–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 22 21 19 21 21
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 36 34 31 33 32
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 70 63 63 59 59 63 61 60 58 60
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 71 64 63 62 64 65 63 62 60 61
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 58 50 50 47 50 54 53 52 53 53
12–17 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 44 34 30 22 24 22 22 19 21 19
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 38 31 24 19 23 21 20 18 20 19
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 53 46 37 27 22 26 24 23 20 22 21
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . --- 30 21 28 18 18 18 15 15 16 13
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 27 24 28 20 22 18 19 20 19 19
18–25 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 71 68 67 66 68
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 55 55 54 51 52
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 68 67 65 64 65
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 52 48 50 47 50
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 54 49 50 49 51
Binge alcohol2
12 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 20 14 16 15 15 17 16 15 15 16
12–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 22 15 13 10 11 8 8 7 8 8
12–13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 2 2 1 1 1
14–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 8 8 6 8 8
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 16 15 15 16 15
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 34 30 31 30 29 34 30 32 28 32
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 28 21 22 23 22 24 24 23 23 22
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 13 8 10 9 10 12 12 11 12 12
12–17 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 29 19 17 13 15 9 9 9 10 9
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 14 12 9 7 7 7 6 6 7 7
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- 26 18 16 11 13 10 9 8 9 9
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . --- 6 * 6 6 3 3 3 4 4 3
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 15 11 11 9 12 5 7 8 7 6
18–25 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 47 41 44 39 43
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 21 19 21 17 21
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 40 34 37 33 38
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 17 16 19 13 16
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 26 23 25 22 25
See footnotes at end of table.
238 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 248
Table 62 (page 2 of 2). Use of selected substances in the past month by persons 12 years of age and
over, according to age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1979–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the population 12 years of age and over]
Substance, age, sex, race,
and Hispanic origin 1979 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Marijuana Percent of population
12 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
12–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10 4 4 3 4 6 8 7 9 8
12–13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 2 2 1 3 2
14–15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 5 10 7 9 9
16–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 12 13 13 16 15
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 22 13 13 11 11 12 12 13 13 14
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 19 10 8 9 8 7 7 6 6 6
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
12–17 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11 5 4 4 4 7 9 8 10 9
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9 4 3 3 4 5 7 7 8 8
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 16 12 5 4 4 4 6 8 7 10 9
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . 10 6 2 3 2 3 6 8 7 9 8
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 3 3 3 4 6 8 7 8 8
18–25 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 16 15 17 17 17
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 9 9 9 8 10
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 13 13 14 13 15
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 12 12 14 14 15
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 8 7 8 8 9
Cocaine
12 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
12–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.8
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 8.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.3 2.0 1.2 2.0
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 6.3 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.2
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
12–17 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.9 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.6
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.0
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.9
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . * 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 *
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.4
18–25 years:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 1.9 1.7 2.7 1.9 2.6
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.6 0.9 1.4 0.5 1.3
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 1.2 1.5 2.3 1.2 2.2
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.6
Hispanic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.2 1.1 2.1 1.5 2.7
- - - Data not available.
* Estimates with relative standard error greater than 17.5 percent of the log transformation of the proportion are not shown.
1
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
2
Five or more drinks on the same occasion at least once in the past month.
NOTES: In 1994 the survey underwent major changes. Estimates for 1993 and earlier years are adjusted to be comparable with data from the redesigned survey. See
Appendix I, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Estimates of the use of substances from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and
the Monitoring the Future Study differ because of different methodologies, sampling frames, and tabulation categories. Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III).
SOURCES: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. H–9 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population
Estimates 1998; H–10 Summary of Findings from the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse; and H–11 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Main
Findings 1998.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 239
Extracted source page 249
Table 63 (page 1 of 2). Use of selected substances by high school seniors and eighth-graders, according to sex
and race: United States, selected years 1980–99
[Data are based on a survey of high school seniors and eighth-graders in the coterminous United States]
Substance, sex, race,
and grade in school 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Cigarettes Percent using substance in the past month
All seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 30.1 29.4 28.3 27.8 29.9 31.2 33.5 34.0 36.5 35.1 34.6
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 28.2 29.1 29.0 29.2 30.7 32.9 34.5 34.9 37.3 36.3 35.4
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 31.4 29.2 27.5 26.1 28.7 29.2 32.0 32.4 35.2 33.3 33.5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 31.7 32.5 31.8 31.8 34.6 35.9 37.3 38.9 42.5 41.0 39.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 18.7 12.0 9.4 8.2 10.9 11.0 15.0 13.5 14.9 14.9 14.9
All eighth-graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 14.3 15.5 16.7 18.6 19.1 21.0 19.4 19.1 17.5
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 15.5 14.9 17.2 19.3 18.8 20.6 19.1 18.0 16.7
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 13.1 15.9 16.3 17.9 19.0 21.1 19.5 19.8 17.7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 15.0 17.4 18.1 19.8 21.7 23.8 22.0 21.1 19.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 5.3 5.3 7.7 9.6 8.2 11.3 10.4 10.8 10.7
Marijuana
All seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 25.7 14.0 13.8 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 21.9 23.7 22.8 23.1
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 28.7 16.1 16.1 13.4 18.2 23.0 24.6 25.1 26.4 26.5 26.3
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 22.4 11.5 11.2 10.2 12.5 15.1 17.2 18.3 20.3 18.8 19.7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 26.4 15.6 15.0 13.1 16.7 20.1 21.5 22.5 24.6 24.2 23.4
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 21.7 5.2 6.5 5.6 10.8 15.9 17.8 18.8 18.2 18.3 20.4
All eighth-graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3.2 3.7 5.1 7.8 9.1 11.3 10.2 9.7 9.7
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3.8 3.8 6.1 9.5 9.8 12.1 11.4 10.3 10.5
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2.6 3.5 4.1 6.0 8.2 10.2 8.9 8.8 8.8
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 3.0 3.5 4.6 6.7 9.0 11.0 10.2 8.9 8.5
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2.1 1.9 3.7 6.2 7.0 9.3 8.7 9.4 10.0
Cocaine
All seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 6.7 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.6
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 7.7 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 5.6 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 7.0 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.8
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5
All eighth-graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.4
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.2
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3
Inhalants
All seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.8 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.5
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 2.4 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.7 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.4
All eighth-graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.4 4.7 5.4 5.6 6.1 5.8 5.6 4.8 5.0
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.1 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.6 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.6
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.7 4.9 6.0 5.8 6.6 6.6 5.8 4.7 5.3
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4.5 5.0 5.8 6.1 7.0 6.6 6.4 5.3 5.6
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2.3 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.3
See footnotes at end of table.
240 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 250
Table 63 (page 2 of 2). Use of selected substances by high school seniors and eighth-graders, according to sex
and race: United States, selected years 1980–99
[Data are based on a survey of high school seniors and eighth-graders in the coterminous United States]
Substance, sex, race,
and grade in school 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Alcohol1 Percent using substance in the past month
All seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.0 65.9 57.1 54.0 51.3 48.6 50.1 51.3 50.8 52.7 52.0 51.0
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 69.8 61.3 58.4 55.8 54.2 55.5 55.7 54.8 56.2 57.6 55.3
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 62.1 52.3 49.0 46.8 43.4 45.2 47.0 46.9 48.9 46.9 46.8
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.8 70.2 62.2 57.7 56.0 53.4 54.8 54.8 54.7 57.9 57.6 54.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 43.6 32.9 34.4 29.5 35.1 33.1 37.4 35.7 33.1 33.6 30.8
All eighth-graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 25.1 26.1 24.3 25.5 24.6 26.2 24.5 23.0 24.0
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 26.3 26.3 25.3 26.5 25.0 26.6 25.2 24.0 24.8
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 23.8 25.9 28.7 24.7 24.0 25.8 23.9 21.9 23.3
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 26.0 27.3 25.1 25.4 25.4 27.7 25.7 24.0 25.6
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 17.8 19.2 17.7 20.2 17.3 19.0 16.9 15.4 16.8
Binge drinking2 Percent in last 2 weeks
All seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 36.7 32.2 29.8 27.9 27.5 28.2 29.8 30.2 31.3 31.5 30.8
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 45.3 39.1 37.8 35.6 34.6 37.0 36.9 37.0 37.9 39.2 38.1
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 28.2 24.4 21.2 20.3 20.7 20.2 23.0 23.5 24.4 24.0 23.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 40.1 36.2 32.9 31.3 31.3 31.7 32.9 34.0 36.1 36.6 34.8
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 16.7 11.6 11.8 10.8 14.6 14.2 15.5 15.1 12.0 12.7 11.9
All eighth-graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.9 13.4 13.5 14.5 14.5 15.6 14.5 13.7 15.2
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 14.3 13.9 14.8 16.0 15.1 16.5 15.3 14.4 16.4
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 11.4 12.8 12.3 13.0 13.9 14.5 13.5 12.7 13.9
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 12.6 12.9 12.4 13.4 14.5 15.7 14.6 13.5 15.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 9.9 9.3 11.9 11.8 10.0 10.9 8.8 9.1 10.8
- - - Data not available.
1
In 1993 the alcohol question was changed to indicate that a ‘‘drink’’ meant ‘‘more than a few sips.’’ 1993 data based on a half sample.
2
Five or more alcoholic drinks in a row at least once in the prior 2-week period.
NOTES: Monitoring the Future Study excludes high school dropouts (see Appendix I) and absentees (about 16–17 percent of high school seniors, about 9–10 percent
of eighth-graders). High school dropouts and absentees have higher drug usage than those included in the survey. Estimates of the use of substances from the
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and the Monitoring the Future Study differ because of different methodologies, sampling frames, and tabulation categories.
See Appendix I. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future Study. Annual surveys.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 241
Extracted source page 251
Table 64. Cocaine-related emergency department episodes, according to age, sex, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1990–97
[Data are weighted national estimates based on a sample of emergency departments]
Age, sex, race,
and Hispanic origin 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
All races, both sexes1 Number of episodes
2
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,355 101,189 119,843 123,423 142,878 135,801 152,433 161,087
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,877 2,210 1,546 1,578 2,068 2,058 2,595 3,642
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,614 21,766 23,883 22,159 25,392 21,116 22,065 25,220
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,639 46,137 52,760 52,658 60,500 54,953 58,732 57,143
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,054 30,582 41,288 46,614 54,238 57,348 68,723 74,602
White, non-Hispanic male
All ages2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,512 19,385 21,360 21,193 27,216 25,634 28,647 32,780
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 486 264 371 409 493 604 898
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,810 5,284 5,297 5,155 5,877 5,458 4,968 6,466
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,724 8,777 9,175 8,828 11,908 10,426 11,406 11,697
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,432 4,747 6,585 6,818 8,985 9,228 11,647 13,465
Black, non-Hispanic male
All ages2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,745 36,597 46,064 46,218 51,622 48,875 51,687 54,257
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 244 246 213 273 304 348 388
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,104 5,743 6,308 5,661 6,698 4,735 3,886 4,725
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,160 16,232 19,952 18,542 20,978 18,756 18,559 18,052
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,202 14,110 19,416 21,709 23,533 25,019 28,742 30,850
Hispanic male3
2
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,821 6,571 8,683 9,195 9,566 7,889 12,577 11,540
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 201 336 206 518 181 431 402
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,774 1,831 2,535 2,184 2,165 1,892 3,725 3,467
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,758 2,723 3,457 3,893 3,652 2,904 4,342 3,575
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 1,801 2,332 2,885 3,222 2,907 4,056 4,077
White, non-Hispanic female
All ages2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,331 9,541 10,132 11,263 13,230 13,634 15,594 17,595
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 529 204 323 357 495 542 1,021
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,663 2,765 2,817 2,832 3,400 2,966 3,344 3,742
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,636 4,427 4,571 5,472 5,905 6,041 6,540 6,771
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,539 1,808 2,531 2,562 3,566 4,126 5,156 6,045
Black, non-Hispanic female
All ages2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,833 19,149 22,687 22,186 25,066 24,138 25,713 27,298
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 210 100 134 102 153 89 100
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,820 3,892 4,247 3,674 3,908 3,307 2,803 3,407
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,418 9,481 11,078 10,381 11,551 10,831 11,082 11,004
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,369 5,512 7,198 7,953 9,472 9,823 11,712 12,752
Hispanic female3
2
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,719 2,356 3,074 3,466 3,595 3,519 5,044 5,063
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 183 193 166 79 131 250 675
18–25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 616 815 697 955 901 1,297 1,287
26–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 1,044 1,324 1,529 1,559 1,280 2,116 1,698
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 513 732 1,072 998 1,203 1,378 1,402
1
Includes other races and unknown race, Hispanic origin, and/or sex.
2
Includes unknown age.
3
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
SOURCE: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, Drug Abuse Warning Network.
242 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 252
Table 65 (page 1 of 2). Alcohol consumption by persons 18 years of age and over, according to sex, race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Both sexes Male Female
Alcohol consumption, race,
Hispanic origin, and age 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Drinking status1 Percent distribution
All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Lifetime Abstainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 21.8 14.0 14.5 27.7 28.5
Former drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 15.9 15.6 16.2 15.4 15.7
Infrequent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 9.0 7.5 7.4 10.1 10.5
Regular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.9 8.1 8.8 5.2 5.1
Current drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 62.3 70.5 69.3 57.0 55.8
Infrequent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 14.6 11.7 11.0 18.1 17.8
Regular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 47.7 58.8 58.3 38.8 38.0
Race, Hispanic origin, and age2 Percent current drinkers among all persons
All persons:
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 68.7 74.8 74.4 64.2 63.1
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 60.6 66.7 67.6 57.7 53.5
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 71.2 77.2 76.5 66.1 66.0
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 54.5 64.7 62.7 48.5 47.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 61.7 70.8 68.4 56.2 55.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 41.8 52.7 51.2 36.6 35.0
White, non-Hispanic:
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 74.5 78.5 78.1 71.4 70.9
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.6 68.2 72.8 73.6 66.5 62.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.4 76.2 80.1 79.4 72.8 73.1
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 57.2 66.4 64.1 52.2 51.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.9 65.1 72.9 70.1 61.2 60.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 44.3 54.6 52.8 39.5 38.0
Black, non-Hispanic:
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 53.7 60.9 60.7 49.8 47.9
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 38.5 51.4 46.6 42.1 31.6
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.7 59.1 64.3 65.8 52.4 53.6
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 41.3 53.7 53.6 30.8 32.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.4 48.1 58.7 60.5 38.3 38.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 26.6 41.7 37.4 16.4 19.7
Hispanic:2
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 58.3 71.7 71.1 46.5 44.1
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.6 53.2 61.6 64.5 40.1 40.4
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 60.3 75.7 73.6 48.9 45.5
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 46.2 58.7 61.2 37.8 33.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.9 52.1 65.5 65.5 43.2 39.4
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 30.9 39.2 48.5 25.7 18.1
Level of alcohol consumption in
past year for current drinkers3 Percent distribution of current drinkers
All drinking levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 69.8 59.6 59.5 81.4 81.4
Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 22.8 31.7 32.4 11.7 12.0
Heavier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 7.4 8.8 8.1 6.9 6.6
Number of days in the past year
with 5 or more drinks Percent distribution of current drinkers
All current drinkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
No days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 67.2 54.7 56.3 78.6 79.3
At least 1 day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 32.8 45.3 43.7 21.4 20.7
1–11 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 18.5 22.0 22.3 14.6 14.2
12 or more days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 14.3 23.4 21.4 6.8 6.4
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 243
Extracted source page 253
Table 65 (page 2 of 2). Alcohol consumption by persons 18 years of age and over, according to sex, race,
Hispanic origin, and age: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Both sexes Male Female
Alcohol consumption, race,
Hispanic origin, and age 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent of persons with 5 or more drinks
Race, Hispanic origin, and age2 on at least one day among current drinkers
All persons:
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 41.0 54.6 52.7 28.7 27.9
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.6 53.2 61.5 62.0 40.2 42.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 37.8 52.8 50.1 25.7 24.5
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 20.4 31.0 30.0 10.3 9.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 24.5 36.1 35.6 12.9 12.0
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 9.7 17.8 15.4 4.4 3.6
White, non-Hispanic:
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 43.2 57.5 55.4 30.8 30.2
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 59.1 65.1 69.1 44.2 47.4
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 39.2 55.6 51.8 27.5 26.3
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 19.7 30.6 29.7 9.4 9.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 24.2 36.0 35.6 12.0 11.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 9.1 17.6 14.8 3.8 3.2
Black, non-Hispanic:
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1 28.2 36.4 38.3 15.8 17.8
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 22.6 29.0 30.5 15.2 13.4
Hispanic:2
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 39.5 55.4 49.9 27.2 21.5
45 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 30.4 39.9 40.5 17.8 14.3
1
Drinking status categories are based on self-reported responses to questions about alcohol consumption. See Appendix II, Current drinker. Lifetime abstainers had
fewer than 12 drinks in their lifetime. Former drinkers had at least 12 drinks in their lifetime and none in the past year. Former infrequent drinkers are former drinkers
who had fewer than 12 drinks in any one year. Former regular drinkers are former drinkers who had at least 12 drinks in any one year. Current drinkers had 12 drinks
in their lifetime and at least one drink in the past year. Current infrequent drinkers are current drinkers who had fewer than 12 drinks in the past year. Current regular
drinkers are current drinkers who had at least 12 drinks in the past year.
2
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
Level of alcohol consumption categories are based on self-reported responses to questions about average alcohol consumption and defined as follows: light drinkers:
up to 3 drinks per week; moderate drinkers: 4–14 drinks per week for men and 4–7 drinks per week for women; heavier drinkers: more than 14 drinks per week for
men and more than 7 drinks per week for women. (In 2000 most drinking guidelines consider more than 7 drinks per week to be a heavier level of consumption for
women.)
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, sample adult questionnaire.
244 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 254
Table 66. Hypertension among persons 20 years of age and over, according to sex, age, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1960–62, 1971–74, 1976–80, and 1988–94
[Data are based on physical examinations of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Sex, age, race,
and Hispanic origin1 1960–62 1971–74 1976–802 1988–94
20–74 years, age adjusted3 Percent of population
Both sexes4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 38.3 39.0 23.1
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 42.4 44.0 25.3
Female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 34.3 34.0 20.8
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 41.7 43.5 24.3
White female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 32.4 32.3 19.3
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 51.8 48.7 34.9
Black female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 50.3 47.5 33.8
White, non-Hispanic male . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 43.9 24.4
White, non-Hispanic female4 . . . . . . . . --- --- 32.1 19.3
Black, non-Hispanic male. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 48.7 35.0
Black, non-Hispanic female4 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 47.6 34.2
Mexican male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 25.0 25.2
Mexican female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 21.8 22.0
20–74 years, crude
Both sexes4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 39.7 39.7 23.1
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 43.3 44.0 24.7
Female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6 36.5 35.6 21.5
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 42.8 43.8 24.3
White female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 34.9 34.2 20.4
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 52.1 47.4 31.5
Black female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.0 50.2 46.1 30.6
White, non-Hispanic male . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 44.3 25.0
White, non-Hispanic female4 . . . . . . . . --- --- 34.4 20.9
Black, non-Hispanic male. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 47.5 31.6
Black, non-Hispanic female4 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 46.1 31.2
Mexican male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 18.8 18.0
Mexican female4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 16.7 15.8
Male
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 24.8 28.9 8.6
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7 39.1 40.5 20.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 55.0 53.6 34.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 62.5 61.8 42.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 67.2 67.1 57.3
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 64.2
Female4
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 11.2 11.1 3.4
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.0 28.2 28.8 12.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 43.6 47.1 25.1
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.4 62.5 61.1 44.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 78.3 71.8 60.8
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 77.3
- - - Data not available.
1
The race groups, white and black, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
2
Data for Mexicans are for 1982–84. See Appendix I.
3
See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
4
Excludes pregnant women.
NOTES: A person with hypertension is defined by either having elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure of at least 90
mmHg) or taking antihypertensive medication. Percents are based on a single measurement of blood pressure to provide comparable data across the 4 time periods. In
1976–80, 31.3 percent of persons 20–74 years of age had hypertension, based on the average of 3 blood pressure measurements, in contrast to 39.7 percent when a
single measurement is used.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Examination Statistics. Unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 245
Extracted source page 255
Table 67. Serum cholesterol levels among persons 20 years of age and over, according to sex, age, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, 1960–62, 1971–74, 1976–80, and 1988–94
[Data are based on physical examinations of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Percent of population with Mean serum cholesterol
high serum cholesterol level, mg/dL
Sex, age, race,
and Hispanic origin1 1960–62 1971–74 1976–802 1988–94 1960–62 1971–74 1976–802 1988–94
20–74 years, age adjusted3
Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 27.2 26.3 18.9 220 214 213 203
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 25.8 24.6 17.5 217 213 211 202
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 28.2 27.6 20.0 222 215 214 204
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 25.9 24.6 17.8 218 213 211 202
White female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 28.1 28.0 20.2 223 215 214 205
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 25.1 24.1 15.7 210 212 208 199
Black female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 29.2 24.9 19.4 216 217 213 203
White, non-Hispanic male . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.7 17.3 --- --- 211 202
White, non-Hispanic female . . . . . . . . . --- --- 28.3 20.2 --- --- 214 205
Black, non-Hispanic male. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.0 15.7 --- --- 208 200
Black, non-Hispanic female . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.9 19.8 --- --- 214 203
Mexican male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 18.8 17.8 --- --- 207 204
Mexican female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 20.0 17.5 --- --- 207 203
20–74 years, crude
Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 28.2 26.8 18.7 222 216 213 203
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 26.8 24.9 17.6 220 214 211 202
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 29.6 28.5 19.9 225 217 215 204
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 26.9 25.0 18.1 221 215 211 203
White female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 29.8 29.2 20.5 227 217 216 205
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.7 25.1 23.9 14.4 214 212 208 198
Black female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 28.8 23.7 16.8 216 216 212 199
White, non-Hispanic male . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 25.1 17.9 --- --- 211 203
White, non-Hispanic female . . . . . . . . . --- --- 29.8 20.9 --- --- 216 206
Black, non-Hispanic male. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23.7 14.5 --- --- 208 198
Black, non-Hispanic female . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23.7 17.2 --- --- 212 200
Mexican male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 16.6 15.5 --- --- 203 200
Mexican female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 16.5 14.0 --- --- 202 197
Male
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 12.4 11.9 8.2 198 194 192 186
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 31.8 27.9 19.4 227 221 217 206
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.2 37.5 36.9 26.6 231 229 227 216
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 36.2 36.8 28.0 233 229 229 216
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.0 34.7 31.7 21.9 230 226 221 212
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 20.4 --- --- --- 205
Female
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 10.9 9.8 7.3 194 191 189 184
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 19.3 20.7 12.3 214 207 207 195
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 38.7 40.5 26.7 237 232 232 217
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 53.1 52.9 40.9 262 245 249 235
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 57.7 51.6 41.3 266 250 246 233
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 38.2 --- --- --- 229
- - - Data not available.
1
The race groups, white and black, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
2
Data for Mexicans are for 1982–84. See Appendix I.
3
See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
NOTES: High serum cholesterol is defined as greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL (6.20 mmol/L). Risk levels have been defined by the Second report of the National
Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
National Institutes of Health. September 1993. (Summarized in JAMA 269(23):3015–23. June 16, 1993.)
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Examination Statistics. Unpublished data.
246 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 256
Table 68. Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity among persons 20 years of age and over, according
to sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1960–62, 1971–74, 1976–80, and 1988–94
[Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Healthy weight2 Overweight3 Obesity4
Sex, age, race,
and Hispanic origin1 1960–62 1971–74 1976–805 1988–94 1960–62 1971–74 1976–805 1988–94 1960–62 1971–74 1976–805 1988–94
20–74 years, age adjusted6 Percent of population
Both sexes7,8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 48.2 49.1 41.7 43.5 46.0 46.0 54.6 12.8 14.1 14.5 22.6
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 44.0 46.0 39.1 48.4 52.7 51.3 59.4 10.4 11.8 12.2 19.9
Female7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 52.2 52.1 44.3 38.6 39.7 40.8 49.9 14.9 16.1 16.5 25.1
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 43.5 45.2 38.0 49.1 53.4 52.3 60.5 10.1 11.5 12.0 20.3
White female7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 54.3 54.3 46.2 36.1 37.6 38.3 48.0 13.6 14.7 14.9 23.5
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.6 47.4 48.4 40.2 42.7 49.1 48.4 57.0 13.6 15.9 15.1 20.9
Black female7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 34.4 34.0 28.9 56.9 57.6 60.6 66.6 24.8 28.6 30.2 37.6
White, non-Hispanic male . . . . --- --- 45.5 38.7 --- --- 52.0 59.9 --- --- 11.9 20.1
White, non-Hispanic female7 . . --- --- 54.9 48.0 --- --- 37.6 45.7 --- --- 14.8 22.5
Black, non-Hispanic male. . . . . --- --- 48.5 40.0 --- --- 48.3 57.2 --- --- 15.0 21.1
Black, non-Hispanic female7 . . . --- --- 34.4 29.2 --- --- 60.2 66.8 --- --- 29.9 37.7
Mexican male . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 38.3 31.6 --- --- 59.6 67.0 --- --- 15.5 23.1
Mexican female7 . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 37.0 29.8 --- --- 60.1 67.8 --- --- 25.4 34.6
20–74 years, crude
Both sexes7,8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.0 47.5 48.7 41.4 45.2 47.0 46.4 55.0 13.5 14.4 14.7 22.7
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 43.3 45.8 38.8 49.4 53.5 51.5 59.6 10.7 12.0 12.3 19.9
Female7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 51.3 51.5 43.9 41.2 41.0 41.6 50.5 16.1 16.7 16.8 25.5
White male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3 42.6 45.0 37.5 50.2 54.3 52.5 61.1 10.4 11.7 12.1 20.4
White female7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.0 53.3 53.6 45.4 38.9 39.1 39.4 49.0 14.7 15.4 15.3 24.0
Black male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.0 47.3 48.3 40.6 43.9 49.3 48.5 56.7 14.1 16.0 15.0 20.9
Black female7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 34.2 34.5 29.7 58.8 58.2 60.0 65.9 26.6 28.7 29.8 37.0
White, non-Hispanic male . . . . --- --- 45.3 37.9 --- --- 52.2 60.8 --- --- 12.0 20.3
White, non-Hispanic female7 . . --- --- 54.0 46.9 --- --- 38.9 47.1 --- --- 15.2 23.1
Black, non-Hispanic male. . . . . --- --- 48.4 40.4 --- --- 48.4 57.0 --- --- 14.9 21.1
Black, non-Hispanic female7 . . . --- --- 35.0 29.9 --- --- 59.4 66.2 --- --- 29.5 37.2
Mexican male . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 41.0 34.4 --- --- 57.0 64.0 --- --- 14.6 20.7
Mexican female7 . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 39.4 31.2 --- --- 57.4 66.2 --- --- 23.8 33.6
Male
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 53.9 55.7 50.3 42.7 42.8 41.2 47.5 9.2 9.7 8.9 14.1
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 34.5 40.5 33.3 53.5 63.2 57.2 65.5 12.1 13.5 13.5 21.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 36.7 37.9 33.5 53.9 59.7 60.2 66.1 12.5 13.7 16.7 23.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.5 38.1 37.9 28.1 52.2 58.5 60.2 70.5 9.2 14.1 14.1 27.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 41.4 41.1 29.8 47.8 54.6 54.2 68.5 10.4 10.9 13.2 24.1
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 40.6 --- --- --- 56.5 --- --- --- 13.2
Female7
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 61.7 61.0 54.3 21.2 25.8 27.9 37.0 7.2 9.7 11.0 18.5
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 53.5 53.4 45.5 37.2 40.5 40.7 49.6 14.7 17.7 17.8 25.5
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 47.7 47.2 35.6 49.3 49.0 48.7 60.3 20.3 18.9 19.6 32.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.2 39.2 42.7 31.2 59.9 54.5 53.7 66.3 24.4 24.1 22.9 33.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.5 39.6 36.5 36.0 60.9 55.9 59.5 60.3 23.2 22.0 21.5 26.9
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 41.0 --- --- --- 52.3 --- --- --- 19.2
- - - Data not available.
1
The race groups, white and black, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
2
Body mass index (BMI) of 19 to less than 25 kilograms/meter2 (see Appendix II, Body mass index).
3
BMI greater than or equal to 25.
4
BMI greater than or equal to 30.
5
Data for Mexicans are for 1982–84. See Appendix I.
6
See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
7
Excludes pregnant women.
8
Includes persons of all races and Hispanic origins, not just those shown separately.
NOTES: Percents do not sum to 100 because the percent of persons with BMI less than 19 is not shown and the percent of persons with obesity is a subset of the
percent with overweight. Height was measured without shoes; two pounds are deducted from data for 1960–62 to allow for weight of clothing.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Examination Statistics. Unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 247
Extracted source page 257
Table 69. Overweight children and adolescents 6–17 years of age, according to sex, age, race, and
Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1963–65 through 1988–94
[Data are based on physical examinations of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Age, sex, race, 1963–65
and Hispanic origin1 1966–702 1971–74 1976–803 1988–944
6–11 years of age, age adjusted Percent of population
Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.5 7.6 13.6
Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 6.5 8.1 14.7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 6.6 8.1 14.6
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 5.6 8.6 15.1
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7.4 13.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 8.6 14.7
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 14.5 18.8
Girls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.4 7.1 12.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.4 6.5 11.7
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.5 11.5 17.4
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.2 11.9
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 11.6 17.7
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 10.7 15.8
12–17 years of age, age adjusted
Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 6.2 5.6 11.4
Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.3 5.3 12.4
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.5 5.3 13.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.4 6.0 12.1
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 4.5 11.8
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6.1 12.5
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 7.7 14.8
Girls5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 7.2 6.0 10.5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 6.6 5.4 10.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 10.5 10.2 16.1
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 5.4 9.3
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 10.5 16.0
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 9.3 14.1
Boys
6–8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 6.3 8.1 15.4
9–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 6.7 8.1 14.0
12–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.4 5.4 11.5
15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.2 5.1 13.1
Girls5
6–8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.1 7.1 14.6
9–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.7 7.1 10.8
12–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 8.6 7.8 13.9
15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 6.0 4.5 7.5
- - - Data not available.
1
The race groups, white and black, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
2
Data for children 6–11 years of age are for 1963–65; data for adolescents 12–17 years of age are for 1966–70.
3
Data for Mexicans are for 1982–84. See Appendix I.
4
Excludes one non-Hispanic white adolescent boy age 12–14 years with an outlier sample weight.
5
Excludes pregnant women starting with 1971–74. Pregnancy status not available for 1963–65/1966–70.
NOTES: Overweight is defined as body mass index (BMI) at or above the sex- and age-specific 95th percentile BMI cutoff points calculated at 6-month age intervals for
children 6–11 years of age from the 1963–65 National Health Examination Survey (NHES) and for adolescents 12–17 years of age from the 1966–70 NHES. Age is at
time of examination at mobile examination center. See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Examination Statistics. Unpublished data.
248 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 258
Table 70. Persons residing in counties that met national ambient air quality standards throughout
the year, by race and Hispanic origin: United States, 1988–96
[Data are based on air quality measurements in counties with monitoring devices]
Type of pollutant,
race, and Hispanic origin 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
All pollutants Percent of population
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 65.3 71.0 65.2 78.4 76.5 75.1 67.9 81.3
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 71.8 66.0 79.1 76.9 76.4 69.7 81.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 71.5 63.4 76.5 75.2 70.4 59.4 80.8
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 76.8 75.2 83.0 82.4 80.0 77.9 83.2
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 49.6 46.7 64.4 62.8 55.6 48.2 64.4
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 49.3 45.2 56.8 57.7 54.8 44.5 56.3
Ozone
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.6 72.6 76.3 71.9 81.9 79.5 79.9 71.6 83.3
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 76.9 72.7 82.7 79.9 80.0 73.0 83.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 77.0 69.7 79.8 79.3 75.4 66.1 82.9
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 83.0 84.8 88.4 85.5 84.3 81.2 99.9
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 58.0 55.2 67.0 64.5 58.5 51.4 65.6
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 57.1 53.4 61.2 60.2 58.3 48.5 59.7
Carbon monoxide
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.8 86.2 90.8 92.0 94.3 95.4 93.9 95.2 94.9
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 91.0 92.3 94.4 95.6 94.3 96.4 95.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 93.4 93.5 95.5 96.0 92.6 96.1 96.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 88.7 89.9 92.9 95.1 93.2 94.2 93.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 73.7 78.0 84.7 85.8 84.6 85.9 85.5
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 72.5 75.6 79.8 82.2 81.4 82.6 80.9
Particulates (PM–10)1
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.4 88.8 92.6 91.9 89.6 97.5 94.8 90.2 97.1
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 92.7 92.1 90.2 97.6 95.6 91.0 97.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 94.2 93.6 87.9 96.8 94.0 87.1 96.8
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 92.4 90.6 89.9 97.4 96.2 90.4 96.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 82.7 80.8 79.3 98.5 93.2 80.7 96.9
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 76.1 76.3 71.3 97.4 91.0 75.2 92.7
Sulfur dioxide
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.3 99.9 99.4 97.9 100.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 99.9
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 99.4 98.3 100.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 99.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 99.5 95.6 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 99.8 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 99.8 97.4 100.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 99.9 96.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Nitrogen dioxide
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.6 96.5 96.4 96.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 96.8 96.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 96.6 96.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 97.2 97.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 86.7 86.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 85.0 85.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Lead
All persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.3 99.4 94.1 94.1 98.1 97.8 98.3 98.1 98.3
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 94.9 94.8 98.5 98.2 98.7 98.3 98.6
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 91.5 91.1 95.3 94.8 95.9 96.2 96.1
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 96.4 96.4 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.4
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 85.5 85.5 99.0 98.9 99.1 98.9 99.1
Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 83.6 84.0 99.4 99.5 99.5 98.9 99.0
- - - Data not available.
1
Particulate matter smaller than 10 microns.
NOTES: The race groups, white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander, include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
Conversely, persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Standard is met if the concentration of the pollutant does not exceed the criterion value more than once per
calendar year. See Appendix II, National ambient air quality standards. 1988–89 data based on 1987 county population estimates; 1990–96 data based on 1990 county
population estimates.
SOURCES: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Aerometric Information Retrieval System; data computed by the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of
Health Promotion Statistics from data compiled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Standards.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 249
Extracted source page 259
Table 71 (page 1 of 2). Health care visits to doctor’s offices, emergency departments, and home visits within the
past 12 months, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Number of health care visits1
1–3 4–9 10 or more
None visits visits visits
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent distribution
2,3
All persons ...................... 16.5 15.9 46.2 46.8 23.6 23.8 13.7 13.5
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 11.7 54.1 54.5 25.2 25.6 8.9 8.2
Under 6 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.9 44.9 46.7 37.0 36.6 13.0 11.8
6–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 15.0 58.7 58.4 19.3 20.3 6.8 6.3
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 21.6 46.7 47.7 19.0 18.6 12.6 12.2
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 22.6 46.8 47.7 20.0 18.5 11.2 11.2
Utilization of Health Resources
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 21.3 46.7 47.6 18.7 18.6 13.0 12.5
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 15.9 42.9 43.6 24.7 24.3 15.5 16.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 17.2 43.9 44.9 23.4 22.5 14.8 15.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 13.8 41.3 41.6 26.7 27.1 16.7 17.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 7.3 34.7 34.1 32.5 35.3 23.8 23.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 8.4 36.9 36.6 31.6 34.3 21.6 20.8
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 6.0 31.8 30.8 33.8 36.5 26.6 26.7
Sex3
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 20.7 47.1 47.3 20.6 21.2 11.0 10.8
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 11.3 45.4 46.4 26.5 26.3 16.3 16.0
Race3,4
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 15.5 46.1 46.8 23.9 24.1 14.0 13.6
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 16.4 46.1 46.5 23.2 23.3 13.9 13.8
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 17.1 20.0 38.0 39.0 24.2 25.1 20.7 15.9
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 21.0 49.1 48.2 19.7 21.3 8.3 9.5
Race and Hispanic origin3
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 14.2 46.6 47.1 24.4 24.6 14.3 14.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 16.5 46.1 46.5 23.1 23.2 13.8 13.8
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.9 24.0 42.3 44.8 20.3 19.7 12.5 11.5
Mexican4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.9 28.5 40.8 41.9 18.5 18.6 11.8 11.0
Respondent-assessed health status3
Fair or poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 9.7 23.3 23.4 29.0 25.3 39.9 41.6
Good to excellent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 16.6 48.4 49.0 23.3 23.7 11.1 10.8
Poverty status3,5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.9 37.1 37.8 22.7 22.8 19.9 18.5
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 20.0 42.8 41.4 21.8 22.4 15.5 16.2
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 13.4 48.0 48.6 25.0 25.3 13.0 12.7
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status3,5
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 17.0 37.7 38.2 24.0 24.0 22.1 20.7
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 17.1 43.7 41.7 22.3 23.2 17.0 18.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 12.8 47.6 48.1 25.7 25.7 13.4 13.4
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 18.0 37.4 37.9 23.3 25.1 21.5 19.1
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 20.7 43.0 41.6 23.4 22.5 14.7 15.2
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 13.9 50.5 51.0 23.3 24.6 10.6 10.5
Hispanic:4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 30.8 33.8 36.6 20.0 17.5 15.6 15.1
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 26.3 39.0 42.4 20.9 20.4 11.0 11.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 17.1 48.6 51.4 20.3 22.0 12.3 9.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 251
Extracted source page 260
Table 71 (page 2 of 2). Health care visits to doctor’s offices, emergency departments, and home visits within the
past 12 months, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Number of health care visits1
1–3 4–9 10 or more
None visits visits visits
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Health insurance status6,7 Percent distribution
Under 65 years of age:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 --- 49.0 --- 23.6 --- 13.1 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 --- 50.8 --- 23.0 --- 11.4 ---
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 --- 35.0 --- 27.1 --- 28.2 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 --- 42.8 --- 15.3 --- 8.2 ---
65 years of age and over:
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 --- 36.0 --- 33.7 --- 22.9 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 --- 21.0 --- 28.1 --- 40.7 ---
Medicare only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 --- 35.0 --- 31.0 --- 21.1 ---
Poverty status and
health insurance status5,6
Under 65 years of age:
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 --- 38.8 --- 24.5 --- 22.9 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 --- 38.8 --- 14.9 --- 9.5 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 --- 45.5 --- 22.3 --- 16.6 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 --- 41.8 --- 15.6 --- 8.1 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 --- 50.3 --- 24.2 --- 12.1 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 --- 45.4 --- 17.0 --- 8.4 ---
Geographic region3
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 12.1 45.9 47.8 26.0 25.4 14.9 14.7
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 15.6 47.7 46.9 22.8 24.2 13.6 13.3
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 17.0 46.1 46.7 23.3 23.1 13.5 13.2
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 18.3 44.8 46.0 22.8 22.9 13.3 12.9
Location of residence3
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 15.7 46.4 46.9 23.7 23.9 13.7 13.4
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 16.7 45.4 46.2 23.3 23.4 13.9 13.7
- - - Data not available as of publication date.
1
This table presents a summary measure of ambulatory and home health care visits during a 12-month period based on the following questions: ‘‘During the past 12
months, how many times have you gone to a hospital emergency room about your own health?’’; ‘‘During the past 12 months, did you receive care at home from a
nurse or other health care professional? What was the total number of home visits received?’’; ‘‘During the past 12 months, how many times have you seen a doctor or
other health care professional about your own health at a doctor’s office, a clinic, or some other place? Do not include times you were hospitalized overnight, visits to
hospital emergency rooms, home visits, or telephone calls.’’ For each question respondents were shown a flashcard with response categories of: 0, 1, 2–3, 4–9, 10–12,
or 13 or more visits. For this tabulation responses of 2–3 were recoded to 2 and responses of 4–9 were recoded to 6. The summary measure was constructed by
adding recoded responses for these questions and categorizing the sum as: none, 1–3, 4–9, or 10 or more health care visits in the past 12 months. See Appendix II,
Health care contacts, Emergency department visits, Home visits.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
3
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using six age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and
over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
4
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
5
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was unknown for 20 percent of persons in the sample in 1997 and 25 percent in 1998.
6
Estimates for persons under 65 years of age are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using four age groups: Under 18 years,18–44 years, 45–54 years, and 55–64
years of age. Estimates for persons 65 years of age and over are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over.
See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
7
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. See
Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
8
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
NOTES: In 1997 the National Health Interview Survey questionnaire was redesigned. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey. Data presented in this table are
not comparable with data on physician contacts presented in previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core and sample adult
questionnaires.
252 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 261
Table 72 (page 1 of 2). Interval since last health care contact among adults 18 years of age and over,
according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
More than
1 year to More than
1 year or less 3 years 3 years
Characteristic Total 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent distribution1
2,3
All adults 18 years of age and over .... 100.0 82.4 83.1 12.0 11.1 5.6 5.8
Age
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.8 79.0 14.6 14.1 6.6 6.9
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.2 78.9 16.1 14.4 5.7 6.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 78.9 79.1 14.2 14.0 6.9 6.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.6 84.6 11.0 9.6 5.4 5.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.8 83.8 11.7 10.4 5.5 5.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.9 86.0 9.8 8.5 5.3 5.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 91.6 93.3 5.4 4.2 3.0 2.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.4 92.2 6.1 4.8 3.5 3.0
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 93.1 94.7 4.5 3.5 2.3 1.8
Sex3
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.3 76.5 16.3 14.7 8.4 8.8
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 89.3 89.5 7.8 7.6 2.9 2.9
Race3,4
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.8 83.3 11.8 11.0 5.4 5.7
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.3 84.7 11.2 10.3 5.4 5.0
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 100.0 80.4 77.2 11.4 13.0 *8.1 9.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 76.8 78.0 15.9 13.6 7.3 8.4
Race and Hispanic origin3
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.9 84.3 11.5 10.8 4.6 5.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.2 84.6 11.4 10.4 5.4 4.9
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 74.3 76.1 14.2 12.9 11.5 11.0
Mexican4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.7 70.8 15.3 14.5 15.0 14.7
Poverty status3,5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.4 78.4 12.0 12.6 8.6 9.0
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.0 79.0 12.8 12.7 8.2 8.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.5 85.3 11.3 10.3 4.2 4.4
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status3,5
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.3 81.1 10.8 12.3 5.8 6.6
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.4 81.4 12.0 11.7 6.7 7.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.1 85.8 10.9 10.1 4.0 4.2
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.7 84.2 10.2 10.2 6.1 5.6
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.7 80.3 11.8 13.6 6.4 *6.1
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.5 86.1 11.2 9.8 4.3 4.1
Hispanic:4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 67.4 68.4 15.7 15.2 16.9 16.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.6 73.1 15.5 14.5 14.9 12.4
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.8 82.0 13.7 11.6 6.5 6.4
Health insurance status6,7
18–64 years of age:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.2 --- 11.7 --- 4.1 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.5 --- 12.3 --- 4.2 ---
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 91.5 --- 5.2 --- 3.3 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 63.5 --- 20.8 --- 15.8 ---
65 years of age and over:
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 93.3 --- 4.6 --- 2.2 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 91.2 --- 5.6 --- *3.1 ---
Medicare only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.9 --- 7.8 --- 5.3 ---
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 253
Extracted source page 262
Table 72 (page 2 of 2). Interval since last health care contact among adults 18 years of age and over,
according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
More than
1 year 1 year to More than
or less 3 years 3 years
Characteristic Total 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Poverty status and
health insurance status5,6 Percent distribution1
18–64 years of age:
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 86.5 --- 9.3 --- 4.1 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 62.4 --- 19.2 --- 18.4 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 83.8 --- 10.6 --- 5.6 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 61.4 --- 21.9 --- 16.6 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.5 --- 11.8 --- 3.7 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 66.8 --- 20.0 --- 13.3 ---
Geographic region3
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 85.6 86.0 10.1 9.3 4.4 4.6
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.8 83.2 12.3 11.4 4.8 5.4
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.9 82.7 12.3 11.3 5.9 6.0
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.7 81.0 12.8 12.0 7.5 7.0
Location of residence3
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 82.7 83.4 11.7 10.9 5.6 5.7
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 81.4 82.4 12.9 11.7 5.7 5.9
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent.
- - - Data not available as of publication date.
1
Respondents were asked ‘‘About how long has it been since you last saw or talked to a doctor or other health care professional about your own health? Include
doctors seen while a patient in a hospital.’’ See Appendix II, Health care contacts.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
3
Estimates are for persons 18 years of age and over and are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using five age groups: 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years,
65–74 years, and 75 years and over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
4
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
5
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was unknown for 22 percent of adults in the sample in 1997 and 27 percent in 1998.
6
Estimates for persons 18–64 years of age are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using three age groups: 18–44 years, 45–54 years, and 55–64 years of age.
Estimates for persons 65 years of age and over are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over. See
Appendix II, Age adjustment.
7
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. See
Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
8
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
NOTES: In 1997 the National Health Interview Survey questionnaire was redesigned. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey. Data presented in this table are
not comparable with data on interval since last physician contact presented in previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core and sample adult
questionnaires.
254 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 263
Table 73. Vaccinations of children 19–35 months of age for selected diseases, according to race,
Hispanic origin, poverty status, and residence in metropolitan statistical area (MSA): United States, 1994–98
[Data are based on telephone interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population supplemented by a survey of immunization providers for interview
participants]
Race and Hispanic origin Poverty status Location of residence
Non-Hispanic Inside MSA1
American
Indian or Asian or At or
Vaccination Alaska Pacific Below above Central Remaining Outside
2
and year All White Black Native Islander Hispanic poverty poverty city areas MSA
Combined series (4:3:1:3):3 Percent of children 19–35 months of age
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 72 67 82 60 62 61 72 68 70 70
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 77 70 70 75 69 67 77 73 76 75
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 79 74 80 78 71 69 80 74 78 77
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 79 73 72 70 72 71 79 74 78 77
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 82 73 78 79 75 74 82 77 81 81
DTP (4 doses or more):4
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 80 72 84 84 70 69 79 75 77 78
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 81 74 73 82 75 71 81 77 80 79
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 83 79 83 84 77 73 84 80 83 81
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 84 78 80 80 77 76 84 80 83 81
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 87 77 83 89 81 80 86 82 85 85
Polio (3 doses or more):
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 85 79 90 92 81 78 85 83 84 83
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 89 84 87 89 87 84 89 87 88 89
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 92 90 89 90 89 88 92 89 92 92
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 92 90 91 88 90 90 92 90 91 92
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 92 88 85 93 89 90 92 89 91 93
Measles-containing:5
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 90 86 90 95 88 87 90 90 90 87
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 91 86 88 95 88 85 91 89 91 90
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 92 89 87 94 88 87 92 90 92 91
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 92 90 92 89 88 86 92 90 91 90
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 93 89 91 92 91 90 93 92 92 93
Hib (3 doses or more):6
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 87 85 90 70 84 81 88 86 87 86
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 93 89 92 91 90 88 93 91 92 92
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 93 90 90 92 89 88 93 90 93 92
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 94 92 87 89 90 90 94 92 94 94
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 95 90 90 92 92 91 95 92 94 94
Hepatitis B (3 doses or more):
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 40 29 43 39 33 25 41 36 40 28
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 68 65 55 80 69 64 69 68 71 60
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 82 82 78 84 80 78 83 81 83 80
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 85 83 83 88 81 80 85 82 85 85
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 88 84 82 89 86 85 88 85 88 87
White, Black,
non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic2
At or At or At or
Vaccination Below above Below above Below above
and year poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty
Combined series (4:3:1:3):3 Percent of children 19–35 months of age
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 79 66 75 65 72
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 81 70 78 68 74
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 76 72 80 71 77
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 83 72 74 73 79
1
Metropolitan statistical area.
2
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
The 4:3:1:3 combined series consists of 4 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, 1 dose of a measles-containing vaccine,
and 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.
4
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
5
Respondents were asked about measles-containing or MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccines.
6
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.
NOTES: Final estimates of data from the National Immunization Survey include an adjustment for children with missing immunization provider data. Poverty status is
based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Children missing information about poverty status were omitted from analysis
by poverty level. In 1998, 15.6 percent of all children, 20.7 percent of Hispanic, 13.8 percent of non-Hispanic white, and 17.8 percent of non-Hispanic black children
were missing information about poverty status and were omitted. See Appendix II.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics and National Immunization Program. Data from the National Immunization
Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 255
Extracted source page 264
Table 74 (page 1 of 2). Vaccination coverage among children 19–35 months of age according to geographic
division, State, and selected urban areas: United States, 1994–98
[Data are based on telephone interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population supplemented by a survey of immunization
providers for interview participants]
Geographic division and State 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent of children 19–35 months of age with 4:3:1:3 series1
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 74 77 76 79
New England:
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 87 85 84 86
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 86 83 84 82
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 84 85 84 86
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 80 86 86 87
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 82 85 81 86
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 83 87 85 90
Middle Atlantic:
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 77 79 76 85
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 72 77 76 82
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 76 79 80 83
East North Central:
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 73 77 73 78
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 75 70 72 78
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 79 75 74 78
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 67 74 75 78
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 74 76 79 78
West North Central:
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 76 83 78 82
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 82 80 76 82
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 75 74 77 85
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 81 81 82 79
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 79 80 76 74
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 75 80 75 76
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 70 73 82 82
South Atlantic:
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 72 80 79 79
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 78 78 80 77
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 67 78 73 71
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 71 77 72 80
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 71 71 80 82
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 80 77 80 83
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 80 84 79 88
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 77 80 79 80
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 75 77 77 79
East South Central:
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 79 76 79 82
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 73 77 77 82
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 75 75 85 82
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 81 79 80 84
West South Central:
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 73 72 77 73
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 76 79 76 78
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 73 73 71 75
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 73 72 74 74
Mountain:
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 71 77 74 82
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 64 66 70 76
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 71 77 72 80
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 77 76 72 76
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 76 79 75 71
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 70 70 73 76
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 66 63 69 76
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 65 70 71 76
Pacific:
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 77 78 79 81
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 72 70 72 76
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 69 76 74 76
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 72 69 75 81
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 78 77 79 79
See footnotes at end of table.
256 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 265
Table 74 (page 2 of 2). Vaccination coverage among children 19–35 months of age according to geographic
division, State, and selected urban areas: United States, 1994–98
[Data are based on telephone interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population supplemented by a survey of immunization
providers for interview participants]
Geographic division and urban areas 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent of children 19–35 months of age with 4:3:1:3 series1
New England:
Boston, Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 87 84 86 89
Middle Atlantic:
New York City, New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 78 75 75 81
Newark, New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 67 62 66 64
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 67 75 78 80
East North Central:
Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Ohio. . . . . . . . . 82 71 80 73 75
Franklin County (Columbus), Ohio . . . . . . . . . . 71 74 78 74 78
Marion County (Indianapolis), Indiana. . . . . . . . 72 75 72 81 78
Chicago, Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 69 74 68 64
Detroit, Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 57 63 65 70
Milwaukee County (Milwaukee), Wisconsin . . . . 72 68 70 70 73
South Atlantic:
Baltimore, Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 75 81 83 81
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 67 78 73 71
Fulton/DeKalb Counties (Atlanta), Georgia . . . . 72 79 74 75 71
Dade County (Miami), Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 77 76 75 75
Duval County (Jacksonville), Florida . . . . . . . . . 69 71 76 70 79
East South Central:
Davidson County (Nashville), Tennessee . . . . . 65 73 77 77 80
Shelby County (Memphis), Tennessee . . . . . . . 67 68 70 70 71
Jefferson County (Birmingham), Alabama . . . . . 72 85 77 82 85
West South Central:
Orleans Parish (New Orleans), Louisiana . . . . . 59 75 71 69 79
Bexar County (San Antonio), Texas . . . . . . . . . 60 74 74 79 79
Dallas County (Dallas), Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 70 71 74 71
El Paso County (El Paso), Texas . . . . . . . . . . . 78 77 62 65 78
Houston, Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 70 68 64 61
Mountain:
Maricopa County (Phoenix), Arizona. . . . . . . . . 71 69 71 72 77
Pacific:
King County (Seattle), Washington . . . . . . . . . . 70 82 81 77 86
Los Angeles County (Los Angeles), California . . 65 70 79 71 76
San Diego County (San Diego), California . . . . 68 73 77 78 77
Santa Clara County (Santa Clara), California . . 78 74 79 73 84
1
The 4:3:1:3 combined series consists of 4 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, 1 dose of a measles-containing vaccine, and
3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.
NOTES: Urban areas were chosen because they were high risk for under-vaccination. Final estimates of data from the National Immunization Survey include an
adjustment for children with missing immunization provider data.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics and National Immunization Program. National, State, and Urban Area
Vaccination Coverage Levels Among Children Aged 19–35 Months-United States, 1994–1998, data are available on the CDC Web site at
www.cdc.gov/nip/coverage/data.htm.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 257
Extracted source page 266
Table 75 (page 1 of 2). No health care visits to an office or clinic within the past 12 months among children
under 18 years of age according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 Under 6 6–17
years of age years of age years of age
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent of children without a health care visit1
All children2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 12.8 5.7 5.7 16.4 16.3
3
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 12.2 5.6 5.3 15.6 15.5
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 14.9 5.2 7.8 18.1 18.2
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . *15.7 * * * *19.8 *
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 16.7 * * 21.5 22.9
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 10.7 4.4 4.3 13.7 13.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 15.0 5.1 8.0 18.4 18.2
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 19.1 10.5 8.9 25.2 25.4
Poverty status4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 17.9 7.3 9.0 24.4 23.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 15.2 7.4 6.6 21.8 19.7
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 9.7 4.1 3.6 12.4 12.6
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status4
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.2 *5.7 * 20.0 18.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.8 *6.5 *5.4 18.2 17.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 9.1 3.5 3.3 11.7 11.6
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 16.9 * *10.2 21.7 20.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 13.8 * * 24.9 16.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 13.1 * * 14.4 17.0
Hispanic:3
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 23.3 11.5 12.1 31.7 30.7
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 19.6 9.8 8.9 27.6 27.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 12.5 *9.4 *4.9 15.5 16.9
Health insurance status5
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 --- 4.4 --- 13.2 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 --- 4.4 --- 13.1 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 --- 4.5 --- 13.4 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 --- 14.7 --- 35.0 ---
Poverty status and health insurance status4
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 --- 5.0 --- 18.0 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.4 --- 19.2 --- 42.9 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 --- 5.0 --- 18.3 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.2 --- *16.9 --- 32.9 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 --- 3.7 --- 11.1 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 --- * --- 27.7 ---
See footnotes at end of table.
258 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 267
Table 75 (page 2 of 2). No health care visits to an office or clinic within the past 12 months among children
under 18 years of age according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 Under 6 6–17
years of age years of age years of age
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Geographic region Percent of children without a health care visit1
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.9 *3.0 *3.2 9.3 8.6
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 12.7 5.7 6.2 14.7 15.9
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.7 5.3 5.9 19.5 17.6
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 16.7 8.8 7.0 19.8 21.6
Location of residence
Within MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 12.3 5.3 5.6 16.1 15.7
Outside MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 14.7 7.6 6.2 17.4 18.6
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
- - - Data not available as of publication date.
1
Respondents were asked how many times a doctor or other health care professional was seen in the past 12 months at a doctor’s office, clinic, or some other place.
Excluded are visits to emergency rooms, hospitalizations, home visits, and telephone calls. This table presents the percent of children with no visits in the past 12
months. See Appendix II, Health care contact.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
3
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
4
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family,
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was unknown for 17 percent of children in the sample in 1997 and 21 percent in 1998.
5
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. See
Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
6
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
NOTES: In 1997 the National Health Interview Survey questionnaire was redesigned. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey. Data presented in this table are
not comparable with data on percent of children without a physician contact within the past 12 months presented in Health, United States, 1996–97, 1998, and 1999.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core and sample child
questionnaires.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 259
Extracted source page 268
Table 76 (page 1 of 2). No usual source of health care among children under 18 years of age according
to selected characteristics: United States, average annual 1993–94, 1995–96, and 1997–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 Under 6 6–17
years of age years of age years of age
Characteristic 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981
Percent of children without a usual source of health care2
All children3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 6.4 6.7 5.2 4.4 4.5 9.0 7.4 7.8
4
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 6.1 5.8 4.7 4.3 4.1 8.3 7.0 6.7
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 7.5 8.9 7.6 5.2 5.6 11.9 8.7 10.4
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . *9.3 *5.2 *10.8 * * * *8.7 *6.6 *
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 8.4 10.7 *3.4 * * 13.5 10.8 14.4
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.7 3.2 3.4 6.7 5.3 5.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 7.5 8.8 7.7 5.3 5.4 11.6 8.7 10.4
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.2 13.2 9.3 8.7 7.6 17.7 16.1 16.7
Poverty status5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 10.7 12.4 9.4 7.2 8.2 16.8 12.9 15.0
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 9.0 10.1 6.7 6.1 6.5 11.6 10.5 12.0
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.4 3.5 1.8 2.1 2.0 4.6 4.0 4.2
Race and Hispanic origin and
poverty status5
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 9.2 11.4 6.5 6.7 10.7 12.7 10.7 11.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 4.6 4.5 10.1 7.8 7.7
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 2.9 2.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 4.2 3.5 3.3
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 8.4 9.1 10.9 6.6 *5.4 15.5 9.6 11.2
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 9.9 12.5 *6.0 5.8 *7.2 10.8 12.0 15.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 3.9 6.4 * *2.2 *4.0 5.8 4.6 7.4
Hispanic:4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 15.0 16.9 12.7 9.0 8.4 24.8 19.2 22.7
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 16.2 16.0 9.9 11.8 10.2 18.9 18.9 19.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 7.1 5.7 *2.7 4.7 *3.1 6.5 8.5 7.3
Health insurance status6
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.3 2.6 3.0 5.9 4.5 4.2
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.1 3.3 2.0 1.7 2.4 4.6 3.7 3.7
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 6.2 5.1 6.0 4.4 4.0 10.8 7.7 6.1
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 22.3 27.6 18.0 17.5 17.3 26.0 24.4 32.1
Poverty status and
health insurance status5
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 6.2 6.2 6.0 4.5 *5.0 11.5 7.4 7.1
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 27.1 37.6 25.0 22.5 27.4 31.5 28.9 41.4
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 5.0 5.6 4.0 3.3 *4.2 7.2 6.0 6.3
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 22.5 25.9 18.0 17.9 12.1 25.3 24.5 31.8
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.6 2.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 3.6 3.1 3.0
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 15.3 19.0 6.4 11.2 *9.3 18.1 17.5 23.2
See footnotes at end of table.
260 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 269
Table 76 (page 2 of 2). No usual source of health care among children under 18 years of age according
to selected characteristics: United States, average annual 1993–94, 1995–96, and 1997–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 Under 6 6–17
years of age years of age years of age
Characteristic 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981
Percent of children without a usual source of health care2
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.3 *2.5 4.8 3.7 3.5
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.3 4.6 4.1 3.3 4.0 5.9 4.8 4.9
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 7.9 8.4 7.3 5.1 5.3 12.7 9.3 9.9
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 9.3 9.8 5.3 6.4 5.5 10.6 10.8 12.0
Location of residence
Within MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 6.5 6.8 5.0 4.5 4.4 9.2 7.5 8.0
Outside MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 6.1 6.4 6.0 4.0 4.7 8.7 7.1 7.2
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
1
Percents by health insurance status are for 1997 only. 1998 data on health insurance coverage were not available as of publication date. Data starting in 1997 are not
strictly comparable with data for earlier years due to the 1997 questionnaire redesign. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey.
2
Persons who report the emergency department as the place of their usual source of care are defined as having no usual source of care. See Appendix II, Usual
source of care. The computation of percent without a usual source of care for 1993–96 was revised slightly from the previous edition of Health, United States.
3
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
4
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
5
Prior to 1997 poverty status is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Beginning in 1997 poverty status is based on
family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family. Poor persons are defined as
below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than 200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200
percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Missing family income data were imputed for 14 percent of children in 1993–96. See
Appendix II, Family income for information on imputation. Poverty status was unknown for 17 percent of children in the sample in 1997 and 21 percent in 1998.
6
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. In 1993–96
health insurance status was unknown for 8–9 percent of children in the sample. In 1997 health insurance status was unknown for 1 percent of children in the sample.
See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
7
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, access to care and health insurance
supplements (1993–96). Starting in 1997 data are from the family core and sample child questionnaires.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 261
Extracted source page 270
Table 77 (page 1 of 3). Emergency department visits within the past 12 months among children under
18 years of age, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 years Under 6 years 6–17 years
of age of age of age
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent of children with 1 or more emergency department visits1
All children2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 20.2 24.3 25.2 17.7 17.8
3
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 19.8 22.6 24.6 17.8 17.4
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.0 24.0 33.1 29.8 19.4 21.2
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . *24.1 29.0 *24.3 *40.7 *24.0 *22.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 11.0 20.8 15.6 8.6 *8.1
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 20.0 22.2 24.5 17.7 17.8
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 24.0 32.7 29.8 19.2 21.4
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 19.0 25.7 25.5 18.1 14.9
Poverty status4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4 27.1 29.9 33.8 22.5 22.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 22.9 28.8 27.5 19.4 20.5
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 17.6 21.0 21.0 15.8 16.0
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status4
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 30.6 28.0 33.6 25.1 28.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 22.4 26.5 27.9 21.2 19.7
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 18.2 20.6 21.8 15.9 16.6
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 29.7 40.9 38.0 22.8 25.5
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 25.7 33.6 29.5 19.1 23.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 18.8 23.8 21.3 15.5 17.7
Hispanic:3
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 20.9 24.8 29.6 20.1 15.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 21.2 28.9 25.4 15.6 18.2
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 15.4 22.7 20.1 18.9 12.7
Health insurance status5
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 --- 24.4 --- 17.5 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 --- 20.6 --- 15.8 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 --- 33.2 --- 24.3 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 --- 23.0 --- 18.9 ---
Poverty status and
health insurance status4
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 --- 31.4 --- 23.2 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 --- 20.9 --- 20.9 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 --- 29.2 --- 19.2 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 --- 27.3 --- 20.1 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 --- 20.8 --- 15.7 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 --- 23.7 --- 16.7 ---
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 18.5 20.7 20.4 17.4 17.5
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 20.1 26.0 25.3 16.4 17.5
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 22.9 25.6 28.8 19.9 20.0
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 17.6 23.5 23.4 15.9 14.7
Location of residence
Within MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 19.5 23.9 24.0 17.4 17.3
Outside MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 22.7 26.2 29.8 18.6 19.4
See footnotes at end of table.
262 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 271
Table 77 (page 2 of 3). Emergency department visits within the past 12 months among children under
18 years of age, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 years Under 6 years 6–17 years
of age of age of age
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent of children with 2 or more emergency department visits1
All children2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.9 9.6 9.3 5.8 5.8
3
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.3 8.4 8.2 5.7 5.4
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 10.0 14.9 14.7 6.9 7.8
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . * *11.3 * * * *
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5.7 *5.4 *12.9 * * *
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 6.2 7.8 8.0 5.5 5.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 10.0 14.6 14.6 6.8 7.8
Hispanic3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 7.0 11.8 9.3 7.0 5.5
Poverty status4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.7 14.4 15.6 9.1 9.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 9.0 12.7 10.5 6.4 8.1
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.7 6.7 6.3 4.6 4.0
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status4
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 12.4 12.4 *13.7 10.1 11.6
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 8.7 11.8 10.0 6.6 8.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.7 6.0 6.4 4.5 3.9
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 13.9 19.6 21.5 *8.7 10.1
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 10.8 *14.0 *13.9 *7.5 9.3
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 *8.1 *7.2 *4.0 *4.4
Hispanic:3
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 8.1 13.9 11.5 8.4 *5.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.4 12.2 8.3 *5.4 6.7
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 6.1 8.2 *6.6 7.0 5.8
Health insurance status5
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 --- 9.6 --- 5.7 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 --- 6.6 --- 4.4 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 --- 16.2 --- 10.6 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 --- 9.8 --- 6.8 ---
Poverty status and
health insurance status4
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 --- 15.4 --- 9.6 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 --- *8.7 --- *7.7 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 --- 12.7 --- 6.4 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 --- *12.2 --- 6.8 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 --- 6.4 --- 4.5 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 --- *11.8 --- *5.0 ---
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 263
Extracted source page 272
Table 77 (page 3 of 3). Emergency department visits within the past 12 months among children under
18 years of age, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Under 18 years Under 6 years 6–17 years
of age of age of age
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Geographic region Percent of children with 2 or more emergency department visits1
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 5.8 7.6 6.6 5.4 5.4
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 7.1 10.4 10.3 4.8 5.5
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 8.0 10.1 11.1 6.9 6.6
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.0 10.0 7.6 5.6 5.1
Location of residence
Within MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 6.6 9.6 8.8 5.9 5.4
Outside MSA6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 8.2 9.7 11.0 5.6 6.9
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
- - - Data not available as of publication date.
1
See Appendix II, Emergency department visit.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
3
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
4
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family,
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was unknown for 17 percent of children in the sample in 1997 and 21 percent in 1998.
5
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. See
Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
6
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core and sample child
questionnaires.
264 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 273
Table 78 (page 1 of 2). No usual source of health care among adults 18–64 years of age,
according to selected characteristics: United States, average annual 1993–94, 1995–96, and 1997–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Characteristic 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981
Percent of adults without a usual source of health care2
3,4
All adults 18–64 years of age ...... 18.5 16.6 17.5
Age
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 19.6 21.0
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 22.6 27.0
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 18.8 19.3
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 11.3 11.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 12.2 12.6
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 9.8 9.0
Sex4
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 21.0 23.2
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 12.5 11.9
Race4,5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 16.3 16.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 17.6 18.7
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . 19.1 15.9 20.7
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . 24.0 20.7 21.1
Race and Hispanic origin4
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 15.0 15.4
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 17.4 18.6
Hispanic5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 26.2 28.6
Mexican5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 28.1 33.4
Poverty status4,6
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.2 24.9 28.0
Near poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 22.3 25.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.5 13.8
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status4,6
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 22.8 24.6
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 20.3 22.6
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 13.0 13.2
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 21.1 22.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 21.2 25.5
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 13.6 14.0
Hispanic:5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.0 32.6 41.0
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.7 31.6 32.7
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 18.2 18.7
Health insurance status4,7
Insured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 11.4 12.1
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 11.3 12.3
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 12.0 10.5
Uninsured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 40.9 44.8
Poverty status and
health insurance status4,6
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 13.6 14.4
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 42.1 52.4
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 13.1 15.0
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 41.5 46.9
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 10.8 11.5
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0 39.4 40.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 265
Extracted source page 274
Table 78 (page 2 of 2). No usual source of health care among adults 18–64 years of age,
according to selected characteristics: United States, average annual 1993–94, 1995–96, and 1997–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Characteristic 1993–94 1995–96 1997–981
Geographic region4 Percent of adults without a usual source of health care2
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 13.3 13.2
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 14.5 14.8
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 18.4 20.5
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 19.5 19.8
Location of residence4
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 16.9 17.6
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 15.4 17.0
1
Percents by health insurance status are for 1997 only. 1998 data on health insurance coverage were not available as of publication date. Data starting in 1997 are not
strictly comparable with data for earlier years due to the 1997 questionnaire redesign. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey.
2
Persons who report the emergency department as the place of their usual source of care are defined as having no usual source of care. See Appendix II, Usual
source of care. The computation of percent without a usual source of care for 1993–96 was revised slightly from the previous edition of Health, United States.
3
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
4
Estimates are for persons 18–64 years of age and are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using three age groups: 18–44 years, 45–54 years, and 55–64 years of
age. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
5
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
6
Prior to 1997 poverty status is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Beginning in 1997 poverty status is based on
family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family. Poor persons are defined as
below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than 200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200
percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Missing family income data were imputed for 16 percent of adults in 1993–96. See
Appendix II, Family income for information on imputation process. Poverty status was unknown for 22 percent of adults in the sample in 1997 and 27 percent in 1998.
7
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. In 1993–96
health insurance coverage was unknown for 8–9 percent of adults in the sample. In 1997 health insurance coverage was unknown for 1 percent of adults in the
sample. See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
8
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, access to care and health insurance
supplements (1993–96). Starting in 1997 data are from the family core and sample adult questionnaires.
266 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 275
Table 79 (page 1 of 2). Emergency department visits within the past 12 months among adults
18 years of age and over, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
1 or more 2 or more
emergency emergency
department visits department visits
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent of adults with emergency department visit1
2,3
All adults 18 years of age and over ................... 19.6 19.7 6.7 6.7
Age
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 20.4 6.8 7.0
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 24.7 9.1 8.3
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 19.1 6.2 6.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 17.1 5.6 5.6
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 17.0 5.5 6.0
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 17.2 5.7 5.2
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 21.9 8.1 7.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.0 7.1 6.8
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 24.3 9.3 8.0
Sex3
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 19.4 5.9 6.1
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 19.9 7.5 7.3
Race3,4
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 19.1 6.2 6.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 25.3 11.1 10.7
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 28.6 13.1 12.4
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 14.4 *2.9 5.8
Race and Hispanic origin3
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 19.2 6.2 6.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 25.2 11.0 10.6
Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 18.6 7.4 6.6
Mexican4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 16.3 6.4 5.7
Poverty status3,5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 28.0 13.7 13.4
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.9 24.4 10.0 10.1
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 18.0 5.0 5.2
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status3,5
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.8 30.1 14.1 13.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 24.8 9.8 10.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 17.8 4.8 4.9
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.5 32.7 17.9 17.9
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.8 29.6 12.9 13.5
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 22.4 7.8 8.0
Hispanic:4
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 19.6 10.2 8.1
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 20.4 8.4 6.9
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 17.4 5.5 4.8
Health insurance status6,7
18–64 years of age:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 --- 6.1 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 --- 4.7 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 --- 19.5 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 --- 7.5 ---
65 years of age and over:
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 --- 6.7 ---
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 --- 18.0 ---
Medicare only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 --- 8.8 ---
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 267
Extracted source page 276
Table 79 (page 2 of 2). Emergency department visits within the past 12 months among adults
18 years of age and over, according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
1 or more 2 or more
emergency emergency
department visits department visits
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998
Poverty status and
health insurance status5,6 Percent of adults with emergency department visit1
18–64 years of age:
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 --- 15.9 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 --- 10.0 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 --- 10.3 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 --- 9.1 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 --- 4.5 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 --- 5.5 ---
Geographic region3
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 19.6 6.9 6.1
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 18.9 6.2 6.3
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 21.2 7.3 7.6
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7 18.0 6.0 5.9
Location of residence3
8
Within MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 19.0 6.4 6.4
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 22.3 7.8 7.7
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent.
- - - Data not available as of publication date.
1
See Appendix II, Emergency department visit.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
3
Estimates are for persons 18 years of age and over and are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using five age groups: 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years,
65–74 years, and 75 years and over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
4
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
5
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family,
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was unknown for 22 percent of adults in the sample in 1997 and 27 percent in 1998.
6
Estimates for persons 18–64 years of age are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using three age groups: 18–44 years, 45–54 years, and 55–64 years of age.
Estimates for persons 65 years of age and over are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over. See
Appendix II, Age adjustment.
7
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. See
Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
8
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core and sample adult
questionnaires.
268 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 277
Table 80. Dental visits in the past year according to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and
1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
2 years of age 2–17 years 18–64 years 65 years of age
and over1 of age of age and over2
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Percent of persons with a dental visit in the past year3
Total4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 66.2 72.7 73.5 64.1 65.6 54.8 56.4
Sex
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 63.6 72.3 72.0 60.4 61.7 55.4 57.8
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 68.8 73.0 75.1 67.7 69.2 54.4 55.4
Race5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 67.8 74.0 74.9 65.7 67.2 56.8 58.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.5 58.0 68.8 69.8 57.0 58.3 35.4 36.9
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . 51.5 56.1 66.8 72.6 49.9 53.7 * *41.1
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 65.5 69.9 67.8 60.3 63.4 53.9 67.4
Race and Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 69.5 76.4 77.1 67.5 68.9 57.2 58.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.5 58.0 68.8 69.8 56.9 58.1 35.3 37.3
Hispanic5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 54.1 61.0 62.4 50.8 52.2 47.8 46.8
Poverty status6
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.2 48.3 62.0 63.5 46.4 47.1 30.3 32.6
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.9 50.5 61.6 61.2 46.4 49.0 39.6 41.8
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 73.2 79.7 80.4 71.1 72.0 66.3 66.8
Race and Hispanic origin
and poverty status6
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.9 51.8 63.3 64.1 50.3 51.8 31.1 34.0
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.0 52.6 64.8 63.5 48.2 51.4 41.2 43.0
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6 74.4 80.7 81.5 72.5 73.3 67.6 67.7
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 47.1 66.7 67.7 44.5 46.6 26.2 22.5
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 47.8 60.1 61.3 44.7 46.4 23.6 33.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 65.4 75.5 76.1 66.2 65.5 48.9 48.4
Hispanic:5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 41.7 56.8 58.7 39.0 37.4 33.0 36.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.2 45.3 54.1 53.1 42.6 43.7 49.2 40.3
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 67.2 74.8 75.5 62.5 65.4 56.5 59.4
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.6 70.4 77.5 80.5 69.6 69.6 55.5 56.3
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 69.4 76.4 76.9 67.4 69.2 57.6 56.2
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 62.2 68.0 69.1 59.4 61.2 49.0 53.9
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 65.6 71.5 70.1 62.9 64.7 61.9 61.2
Location of residence
Within MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 67.9 73.6 74.6 65.7 67.2 57.6 59.1
Outside MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 60.3 69.3 69.6 58.0 59.5 46.1 47.6
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
1
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using six age groups: 2–17 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and
over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
2
Estimates for the elderly present the percent of persons 65 years of age and over with a dental visit in the past year. Data from the 1997 and 1998 National Health
Interview Survey estimate that 29–30 percent of persons 65 years of age and over were edentulous (having lost all their natural teeth). In 1997 and 1998, 70–71
percent of elderly dentate persons compared with 18 percent of elderly edentate persons had a dental visit in the past year.
3
Respondents were asked ‘‘About how long has it been since you last saw or talked to a dentist? Include all types of dentists, such as orthodontists, oral surgeons, and
all other dental specialists as well as dental hygienists.’’ This question was not asked for children under two years of age. This table presents the percent of persons
with a visit in the past one year or less.
4
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty status.
5
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
6
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family,
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was unknown for 20 percent of persons in 1997 and 25 percent in 1998 in the sample.
7
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
NOTES: In 1997 the National Health Interview Survey questionnaire was redesigned. See Appendix I, National Health Interview Survey.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, sample child and sample adult
questionnaires.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 269
Extracted source page 278
Table 81. Untreated dental caries according to age, sex, race and
Hispanic origin, and poverty status: United States, 1971–74, 1982–84, and 1988–94
[Data are based on dental examinations of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
2–5 years 6–17 years 18–64 years 65–74 years
Sex, race and Hispanic
origin, and poverty status 1971–74 1982–84 1988–94 1971–74 1982–84 1988–94 1971–74 1982–84 1988–94 1971–74 1982–84 1988–94
Percent of persons with untreated dental caries
Total1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 --- 18.7 55.0 --- 23.1 48.4 --- 28.2 29.7 --- 25.4
Sex
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1 --- 19.2 54.8 --- 22.6 48.4 --- 31.2 30.2 --- 29.9
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 --- 18.1 55.2 --- 23.7 48.5 --- 25.3 28.3 --- 21.5
Race and Hispanic origin2
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 --- 14.4 52.3 --- 18.9 45.2 --- 23.6 28.1 --- 22.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 28.2 --- 25.1 70.9 --- 33.0 68.1 --- 47.9 41.5 --- 46.7
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 23.1 34.9 --- 42.8 37.2 --- 45.4 39.9 --- 44.3 43.8
Poverty status3
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 --- 28.8 70.4 --- 36.3 63.6 --- 47.3 34.3 --- 46.7
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 --- 24.3 60.2 --- 29.2 56.3 --- 42.7 35.6 --- 39.3
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 --- 9.7 46.3 --- 14.5 43.1 --- 19.5 26.2 --- 19.4
Race, Hispanic origin,
and poverty status2,3
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 --- 25.4 68.1 --- 32.5 58.4 --- 42.3 33.3 --- 39.0
Near poor and nonpoor. . . . . . 22.1 --- 12.4 50.3 --- 16.7 44.3 --- 21.6 28.0 --- 22.7
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 --- 27.5 73.4 --- 35.6 73.1 --- 59.0 39.8 --- 50.1
Near poor and nonpoor. . . . . . 26.5 --- 23.0 67.4 --- 31.2 65.8 --- 43.4 41.1 --- 43.6
Mexican:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 22.6 38.5 --- 46.4 45.8 --- 56.3 52.4 --- 54.4 55.5
Near poor and nonpoor. . . . . . --- 22.0 30.5 --- 39.3 27.6 --- 41.0 31.5 --- 30.8 35.6
- - - Data not available.
1
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty status.
2
In 1971–74, data are for white persons and black persons. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
Poverty status is based on family income and family size. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent
to less than 200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. Persons with unknown poverty
status are excluded (4 percent in 1971–74, 8 percent in 1982–84, and 6 percent in 1988–94). See Appendix II, Poverty level.
NOTES: Excludes edentulous persons (persons without teeth) of all ages. The majority of edentulous persons are 65 years of age and over. Estimates of edentulism
among the elderly are 46 percent in 1971–74, 37 percent in 1982–84, and 33 percent in 1988–94.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I, Hispanic
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and NHANES III.
270 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 279
Table 82 (page 1 of 2). Use of mammography for women 40 years of age and over according to selected
characteristics: United States, selected years 1987–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Characteristic 1987 1990 1991 1993 1994 1998
Age Percent of women having a mammogram within the past 2 years1
40 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.7 51.4 54.6 59.7 60.9 66.9
40–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 55.1 55.6 59.9 61.3 63.4
50 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 49.7 54.1 59.7 60.6 68.9
50–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 56.0 60.3 65.1 66.5 73.7
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 43.4 48.1 54.2 55.0 63.8
Age, race, and Hispanic origin
40 years and over:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 52.7 56.0 60.6 61.3 68.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 46.0 47.7 59.2 64.4 66.0
Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 45.2 49.2 50.9 51.9 60.2
40–49 years:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 57.0 58.1 61.6 62.0 64.3
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 48.4 48.0 55.6 67.2 65.0
Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 45.1 44.0 52.6 47.5 55.3
50 years and over:
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 50.7 55.1 60.2 61.0 69.8
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 44.6 47.6 61.4 62.4 66.7
Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 45.2 53.7 49.7 54.7 63.9
50–64 years:
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 33.6 58.1 61.5 66.2 67.5 75.3
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 48.4 52.4 65.5 63.6 71.2
Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 47.5 61.7 59.2 60.1 67.2
65 years and over:
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 24.0 43.8 49.1 54.7 54.9 64.3
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 39.7 41.6 56.3 61.0 60.7
Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *13.7 41.1 40.9 35.7 48.0 59.0
Age and poverty status3
40 years and over:
Below poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 28.7 36.5 40.8 44.4 50.5
At or above poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 54.8 58.4 62.7 64.8 69.3
40–49 years:
Below poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 33.2 33.7 35.8 44.0 44.2
At or above poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 57.3 58.8 62.6 64.7 65.0
50 years and over:
Below poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 27.0 37.6 42.9 44.5 53.0
At or above poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 53.5 58.2 62.8 64.9 71.9
50–64 years:
Below poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 25.6 39.6 45.3 47.0 54.2
At or above poverty . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 59.5 64.3 67.8 70.3 76.7
65 years and over:
Below poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 28.0 36.0 41.2 43.2 52.2
At or above poverty . . . . . . . . . . 25.0 46.6 51.5 57.3 58.7 66.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 271
Extracted source page 280
Table 82 (page 2 of 2). Use of mammography for women 40 years of age and over according to selected
characteristics: United States, selected years 1987–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Characteristic 1987 1990 1991 1993 1994 1998
Age and education4 Percent of women having a mammogram within the past 2 years1
40 years of age and over:
No high school diploma or GED . . . . 17.8 36.4 40.0 46.4 48.2 54.5
High school diploma or GED . . . . . . . 31.3 52.7 55.8 59.0 61.0 66.7
Some college or more . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7 62.8 65.2 69.5 69.7 72.8
40–49 years of age:
No high school diploma or GED . . . 15.1 38.5 40.8 43.6 50.4 47.3
High school diploma or GED . . . . . 32.6 53.1 52.0 56.6 55.8 59.1
Some college or more . . . . . . . . . . 39.2 62.3 63.7 66.1 68.7 68.3
50 years of age and over:
No high school diploma or GED . . . 18.4 36.0 39.9 46.9 47.7 56.1
High school diploma or GED . . . . . 30.6 52.6 57.7 60.1 63.6 70.1
Some college or more . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 63.2 66.3 72.5 70.5 76.8
50–64 years of age:
No high school diploma or GED . 21.2 41.0 43.6 51.4 51.6 58.7
High school diploma or GED. . . . 33.8 56.5 60.8 62.4 67.8 73.3
Some college or more . . . . . . . . 40.5 68.0 72.7 78.5 74.7 79.9
65 years of age and over:
No high school diploma or GED . 16.5 33.0 37.7 44.2 45.6 54.7
High school diploma or GED. . . . 25.9 47.5 54.0 57.4 59.1 66.8
Some college or more . . . . . . . . 32.3 56.7 57.9 64.8 64.3 71.3
* Relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
1
Questions concerning use of mammography differed slightly on the National Health Interview Survey across the years for which data are shown. In 1987 and 1990
women were asked to report when they had their last mammogram. In 1991 women were asked whether they had a mammogram in the past 2 years. In 1993 and
1994 women were asked whether they had a mammogram within the past year, between 1 and 2 years ago, or over 2 years ago. In 1998 women were asked whether
they had a mammogram a year ago or less, more than 1 year but not more than 2 years, or more than 2 years ago.
2
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
3
Poverty status is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. See Appendix II, Poverty level.
4
Education categories shown are for 1998. GED stands for general equivalency diploma. In years prior to 1998 the following categories based on number of years of
school completed were used: Less than 12 years, 12 years, 13 years or more. See Appendix II, Education.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.
272 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 281
Table 83 (page 1 of 2). Ambulatory care visits to physician offices and hospital outpatient and emergency
departments by selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1995–98
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of office-based physicians and hospital outpatient and emergency departments]
All places1 Physician offices
Age, sex, and race 1995 1997 1998 1995 1997 1998
Number of visits in thousands
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860,858 959,300 1,005,101 697,082 787,372 829,280
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,643 203,843 213,505 150,351 158,423 168,520
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,184 311,879 328,480 219,065 245,127 260,379
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,319 226,064 237,700 159,531 192,753 203,296
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,891 124,377 132,146 88,266 105,511 112,316
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,429 101,687 105,555 71,264 87,243 90,979
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,712 217,514 225,416 168,135 191,069 197,085
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,605 112,593 115,526 90,544 99,714 102,306
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,106 104,922 109,890 77,591 91,355 94,779
Number of visits per 100 persons
2
Total, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 365 378 271 300 312
Total, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 360 373 266 295 308
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 285 297 213 222 235
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 288 303 203 226 240
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 412 419 309 351 358
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 372 384 286 316 327
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 473 473 343 406 407
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 678 697 534 596 609
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 623 643 494 552 569
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 750 764 588 653 659
Sex and age
Male, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 313 321 232 255 261
Male, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 301 310 220 243 251
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 289 303 209 225 239
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 196 202 139 145 149
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 302 302 229 251 251
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 433 435 300 370 379
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 583 608 445 516 538
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 744 739 616 653 640
Female, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 414 431 309 344 360
Female, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 416 433 310 345 362
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 282 291 217 219 231
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 378 401 265 306 328
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 438 462 339 377 399
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 510 506 382 439 433
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 656 672 534 581 595
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 753 780 571 652 671
Race and age
White, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 368 376 282 310 316
White, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 368 376 281 310 317
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 301 293 238 243 235
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 290 305 211 234 248
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 372 380 286 324 328
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 469 462 345 410 406
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 613 639 496 547 572
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 745 768 598 653 669
Black, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 377 400 204 260 281
Black, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 342 373 178 228 259
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 247 315 100 145 217
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 296 317 158 186 207
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 422 426 281 294 310
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 542 561 294 396 411
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 711 660 429 582 511
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 764 725 395 607 537
See notes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 273
Extracted source page 282
Table 83 (page 2 of 2). Ambulatory care visits to physician offices and hospital outpatient and emergency
departments by selected patient characteristics: United States, selected years 1995–98
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of office-based physicians and hospital outpatient and emergency departments]
Hospital outpatient departments Hospital emergency departments
Age, sex, and race 1995 1997 1998 1995 1997 1998
Number of visits in thousands
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,232 76,993 75,412 96,545 94,936 100,408
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,636 21,078 18,551 26,656 24,342 26,433
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,299 26,592 26,032 41,820 40,160 42,068
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,811 17,682 17,980 13,978 15,629 16,425
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,029 9,597 9,859 8,595 9,270 9,970
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,782 8,085 8,120 5,383 6,359 6,455
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,487 11,640 12,849 14,090 14,805 15,482
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,004 6,677 6,869 6,057 6,201 6,350
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,482 4,963 5,979 8,033 8,604 9,132
Number of visits per 100 persons
2
Total, age adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 29 28 37 36 37
Total, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 29 28 37 36 37
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 30 26 38 34 37
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 25 24 39 37 39
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 32 32 27 28 29
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 29 29 28 28 29
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 38 36 26 30 29
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 36 40 45 46 48
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 37 38 33 34 35
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 35 42 61 61 64
Sex and age
Male, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 24 23 37 35 37
Male, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 24 23 36 34 36
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 29 26 40 35 39
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 16 16 37 34 37
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 23 23 26 27 28
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 33 28 25 30 28
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 33 35 34 34 35
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 31 42 61 60 57
Female, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 34 33 37 37 38
Female, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 34 33 37 37 38
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 30 26 36 33 35
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 33 32 40 40 41
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 34 34 29 28 30
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 42 44 26 30 30
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 40 41 32 34 35
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 38 42 61 62 67
Race and age
White, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 26 25 34 33 35
White, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 26 25 34 33 35
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 26 23 35 32 34
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 22 21 36 34 36
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 25 25 25 27
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 33 30 24 26 26
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 33 33 32 32 33
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 31 38 60 61 61
Black, age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 57 55 58 61 63
Black, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 54 52 58 60 62
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 50 43 53 53 55
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 44 44 64 66 67
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 72 63 51 55 54
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 *83 91 47 63 59
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *77 75 86 47 54 64
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 *81 85 73 76 103
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent.
1
All places includes visits to physician offices and hospital outpatient and emergency departments.
2
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using six age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and
over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
NOTES: Rates are based on the civilian noninstitutionalized population as of July 1. Population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National
Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Rates will be overestimated to the extent that visits by institutionalized persons are counted in the
numerator (for example, hospital emergency department visits by nursing home residents) and institutionalized persons are omitted from the denominator.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Division Health Care Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
274 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 283
Table 84 (page 1 of 2). Injury-related visits to hospital emergency departments by sex, age,
intent and mechanism of injury: United States, average annual 1995–96 and 1997–98
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of hospital emergency departments]
Visits in thousands Visits per 10,000 persons
Sex, age, and
intent and mechanism of injury1 1995–96 1997–98 1995–96 1997–98
Both sexes
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,081 36,122 1,360.9 1,344.6
Male
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,030 19,844 1,530.7 1,500.5
Under 18 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,238 6,060 1,720.2 1,653.0
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,478 5,196 1,510.5 1,417.2
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,402 1,241 386.5 338.6
Struck by or against objects or persons . 1,011 1,472 278.9 401.5
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 405 125.0 110.6
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 482 136.0 131.5
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 229 80.0 62.4
18–24 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,980 2,807 2,396.9 2,224.3
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,423 2,171 1,948.7 1,720.6
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 255 240.8 202.1
Struck by or against objects or persons . 387 459 311.0 363.5
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 404 279.4 320.2
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 310 244.8 245.7
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 269 269.2 213.1
25–44 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,245 6,788 1,767.4 1,660.4
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,757 5,122 1,404.3 1,252.8
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 779 199.4 190.5
Struck by or against objects or persons . 619 849 151.0 207.8
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 831 222.6 203.2
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 741 209.8 181.1
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 526 171.0 128.8
45–64 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,240 2,755 883.4 1,020.4
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,845 2,108 727.6 781.0
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 512 175.6 189.5
Struck by or against objects or persons . 186 202 73.3 74.8
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 312 96.3 115.6
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 290 79.9 107.4
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 107 33.8 39.7
65 years and over2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,327 1,434 1,000.7 1,056.6
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,009 1,109 760.6 817.2
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 492 380.9 362.3
Struck by or against objects or persons . *39 *84 *29.4 *61.9
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 124 74.7 91.7
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *81 117 *61.1 86.4
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 275
Extracted source page 284
Table 84 (page 2 of 2). Injury-related visits to hospital emergency departments by sex, age,
intent and mechanism of injury: United States, average annual 1995–96 and 1997–98
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of hospital emergency departments]
Visits in thousands Visits per 10,000 persons
Sex, age, and
intent and mechanism of injury1 1995–96 1997–98 1995–96 1997–98
Female
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,051 16,278 1,186.4 1,183.5
Under 18 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,372 4,105 1,263.9 1,173.6
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,760 3,400 1,087.0 972.1
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,040 826 300.7 236.1
Struck by or against objects or persons . 477 704 137.9 201.4
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 403 129.3 115.4
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 265 73.0 75.9
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 178 63.6 50.9
18–24 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,900 2,025 1,523.4 1,606.2
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,430 1,494 1,146.7 1,185.3
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 222 214.5 176.2
Struck by or against objects or persons . 134 180 107.4 143.1
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 473 298.8 374.9
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 121 105.3 96.0
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 227 191.7 179.9
25–44 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,098 5,050 1,205.8 1,194.2
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,877 3,720 916.8 879.9
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 830 193.3 196.2
Struck by or against objects or persons . 380 447 89.8 105.7
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 821 206.2 194.3
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 381 79.8 90.0
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 400 99.8 94.7
45–64 years2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,369 2,649 873.7 919.1
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,857 1,980 685.2 686.8
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 659 221.5 228.5
Struck by or against objects or persons . 160 224 58.8 77.6
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 331 126.5 114.7
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 192 46.9 66.6
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *64 88 *23.5 30.4
65 years and over2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,313 2,449 1,256.1 1,314.2
Unintentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,931 2,009 1,049.0 1,078.0
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,230 1,239 667.9 664.7
Struck by or against objects or persons . 82 146 44.8 78.2
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 163 91.6 87.5
Cut or pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *42 *68 *22.7 *36.7
Intentional injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * *
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
1
Intent and mechanism of injury are based on the first-listed external cause of injury code (E code). See Appendix II, First-listed external cause of injury and Appendix
II, table VI for listing of E codes.
2
An emergency department visit was considered injury related if the checkbox for injury was indicated. In addition, injury visits were identified if the physician’s
diagnosis or the patient’s reason for visit were injury related. All injury-related visits include visits with undetermined intent; unintentional injury-related visits include
visits with mechanism of injury not shown in table. See Appendix II, Injury-related visit.
3
Age adjusted to year 2000 standard using six age groups: Under 18 years of age, 18–24 years, 25–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and over. See
Appendix II, Age adjustment.
NOTE: Rates are based on the civilian noninstitutionalized population adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the
Bureau of the Census.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
276 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 285
Table 85 (page 1 of 2). Ambulatory care visits to primary care and specialist physicians, according to
selected characteristics and type of physician: United States, 1980, 1990, and 1998
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of office-based physicians]
Type of primary care physician1
All primary General and Internal
care family practice medicine Pediatrics
Age, sex, and race 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1998
Percent of all physician office visits
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 54.9 52.7 33.5 29.9 24.2 12.1 13.8 17.1 10.9 11.2 11.4
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 78.3 81.9 26.1 26.5 22.5 2.0 2.9 *4.4 48.5 48.9 55.0
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 44.3 42.3 34.3 31.9 26.3 8.6 11.8 15.4 0.7 0.7 *0.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 50.9 48.8 36.3 32.1 24.7 19.5 18.6 24.0 * * *
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . 54.6 49.4 48.7 37.4 32.0 26.2 17.1 17.1 22.3 * * *
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 52.4 48.9 35.4 32.1 22.7 21.8 20.0 26.1 * * *
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . 60.3 51.5 45.4 37.5 28.1 22.3 22.7 23.3 23.0 * * *
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 51.2 46.0 37.4 28.1 23.2 22.1 23.0 22.8 * * *
75 years and over . . . . . . . 61.3 51.8 44.8 37.6 28.0 21.4 23.5 23.7 23.3 * * *
Sex and age
Male:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 77.1 77.9 82.8 25.6 24.1 22.5 2.0 3.0 * 49.4 50.7 56.5
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 51.7 53.1 38.0 35.9 32.8 11.5 15.0 19.4 * * *
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 50.5 51.3 34.4 31.0 25.2 20.5 19.2 25.9 * * *
65 years and over . . . . . . . 57.9 51.1 43.5 35.6 27.7 20.6 22.3 23.3 22.8 * * *
Female:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 76.0 78.8 81.0 26.6 29.1 22.5 2.0 2.8 *5.0 47.4 46.9 53.4
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 41.0 37.6 32.5 30.0 23.4 7.3 10.3 13.7 * * *
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 51.1 47.1 37.7 32.8 24.3 18.9 18.2 22.7 * * *
65 years and over . . . . . . . 61.8 51.7 46.7 38.7 28.3 23.4 22.9 23.3 23.2 * * *
Race and age
White:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 76.5 78.2 80.3 26.4 27.1 25.4 2.0 2.3 *5.2 48.2 48.8 49.8
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 43.8 43.2 43.0 34.5 31.9 27.7 8.6 10.6 14.7 * * *
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 49.4 48.0 36.0 31.5 25.7 19.2 17.6 22.1 * * *
65 years and over . . . . . . . 60.0 50.7 44.5 36.6 27.5 22.1 23.3 23.1 22.4 * * *
Black:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 77.1 82.1 85.7 23.7 20.2 * * * * 51.2 52.1 74.5
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 50.4 36.6 31.7 31.9 *17.3 9.0 18.1 18.6 * * *
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 58.2 49.8 38.6 31.2 *15.5 22.6 26.9 34.3 * * *
65 years and over . . . . . . . 63.3 57.8 51.5 49.0 28.9 *23.1 14.2 28.7 28.4 * * *
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 277
Extracted source page 286
Table 85 (page 2 of 2). Ambulatory care visits to primary care and specialist physicians, according to
selected patient characteristics and type of physician: United States, 1980, 1990, and 1998
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of office-based physicians]
Type of specialist physician1
Obstetrics and All other
All specialists gynecology specialists
Age, sex, and race 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1998
Percent of all physician office visits
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 45.1 47.3 9.6 9.0 10.1 33.8 36.1 37.2
Under 18 years. . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 21.7 18.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 22.2 20.5 16.7
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 55.7 57.7 21.7 21.5 24.8 34.7 34.1 32.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 49.1 51.2 4.2 4.8 6.3 39.8 44.3 44.9
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . 45.4 50.6 51.3 5.6 6.5 7.8 39.8 44.2 43.4
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 47.6 51.1 2.9 3.2 4.4 39.8 44.4 46.7
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . 39.7 48.5 54.6 1.4 1.2 2.0 38.4 47.3 52.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 48.8 54.0 1.7 1.6 2.5 38.8 47.2 51.5
75 years and over . . . . . . . 38.7 48.2 55.2 1.0 *0.7 *1.5 37.7 47.5 53.7
Sex and age
Male:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 22.9 22.1 17.2 ... ... ... 22.7 21.9 17.1
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 49.5 48.3 46.9 ... ... ... 49.2 48.2 45.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 49.5 48.7 ... ... ... 44.4 49.4 48.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . 42.1 48.9 56.5 ... ... ... 41.8 48.8 56.3
Female:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 24.0 21.2 19.0 2.5 2.3 2.7 21.5 18.9 16.3
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 59.0 62.4 31.7 31.4 35.3 27.9 27.6 27.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 48.9 52.9 6.7 7.9 10.6 36.6 40.9 42.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . 38.2 48.3 53.3 2.1 1.9 3.2 36.1 46.4 50.1
Race and age
White:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 23.5 21.8 19.7 1.1 1.0 1.3 22.4 20.8 18.4
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 56.8 57.0 21.0 21.8 24.0 35.2 35.0 33.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 50.6 52.0 4.1 4.9 6.5 40.4 45.7 45.5
65 years and over . . . . . . . 40.0 49.3 55.5 1.4 1.3 1.9 38.6 48.1 53.5
Black:
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . 22.9 17.9 *14.3 2.8 *3.4 * 20.1 14.5 *12.4
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 49.6 63.4 27.1 18.6 31.8 31.5 31.0 31.6
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7 41.8 50.2 4.8 4.0 *5.5 33.9 37.9 44.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . 36.7 42.2 48.5 * * * 35.4 41.3 45.5
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
This table presents data on ambulatory care visits to physician offices and excludes ambulatory care visits to other sites such as hospital outpatient and emergency
departments. Type of physician is based on physician’s self-designated primary area of practice. Primary care physicians are defined as practitioners in the fields of
general and family practice, general internal medicine, and general pediatrics. Primary care physicians in general and family practice exclude specialists such as sports
medicine and geriatrics. Primary care internal medicine physicians exclude all internal medicine specialists such as allergists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, etc.
Primary care pediatrics exclude all pediatric specialists such as adolescent medicine, neonatologists, pediatric allergists, pediatric cardiologists, etc. Specialist
physicians include obstetricians and gynecologists in addition to specialists not included in general and family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics, and all other
specialists.
NOTES: In 1980 the survey excluded Alaska and Hawaii. Data for all other years include all 50 states. Excludes visits with type of physician unknown. Data for
additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
278 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 287
Table 86. Substance abuse clients in specialty treatment units according to substance abused,
geographic division, and State: United States, 1996–98
[Data are based on a 1-day census of treatment providers]
Clients with both
All alcoholism and Alcoholism only Drug abuse only
clients drug abuse clients clients
Geographic division
and State 1996 1997 1,2 19981 1996 1997 1,2 19981 1996 1997 1,2 19981 1996 1997 1,2 19981
Clients per 100,000 population
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.0 415.3 460.6 183.7 170.7 228.4 117.5 109.0 109.0 121.8 135.7 123.2
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.9 589.9 704.3 253.2 245.2 366.5 124.5 153.1 160.1 140.2 191.6 177.6
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.6 776.3 807.9 280.9 374.3 406.3 203.2 260.2 288.7 90.5 141.8 112.8
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 367.5 255.3 340.5 203.7 104.7 176.0 132.8 103.3 132.8 31.0 47.4 31.7
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370.3 326.5 513.6 169.9 143.7 282.4 151.0 139.9 168.4 49.4 42.9 62.8
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 568.8 647.6 823.8 310.3 272.6 461.6 126.5 175.5 170.9 132.0 199.5 191.3
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.6 616.1 770.9 207.2 229.5 357.5 173.1 156.1 154.9 255.3 230.6 258.5
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.4 570.3 585.4 181.7 217.6 259.1 68.1 89.4 100.0 195.6 263.3 226.3
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547.5 578.2 553.6 221.0 195.4 259.7 101.1 124.1 86.2 225.4 258.6 207.7
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.6 849.1 767.8 298.9 234.7 328.3 127.5 185.7 113.1 347.2 428.7 326.4
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.1 308.4 365.1 145.5 137.0 178.0 61.9 52.7 55.6 156.8 118.7 131.5
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.6 356.7 360.5 154.8 176.0 212.1 87.4 80.3 66.5 89.3 100.3 81.8
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 456.0 452.0 472.2 201.1 195.1 224.1 147.1 147.0 140.0 107.8 109.9 108.1
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.5 432.2 454.3 240.3 223.2 255.3 134.1 123.9 119.7 79.0 85.0 79.4
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341.8 375.3 343.9 128.6 154.5 151.1 126.6 132.7 117.4 86.5 88.1 75.4
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.9 398.6 463.7 202.6 183.5 229.1 109.5 104.5 112.2 121.8 110.7 122.3
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598.7 627.4 601.3 228.7 228.4 244.4 213.2 220.9 193.7 156.8 178.1 163.2
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.6 381.4 433.3 144.0 146.1 190.3 161.4 174.0 172.0 72.2 61.3 71.0
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 262.1 261.4 357.2 130.2 126.7 201.5 85.2 86.7 97.4 46.7 48.0 58.3
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.5 195.1 265.5 94.8 93.0 141.7 58.4 69.3 66.8 29.3 32.8 57.1
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219.7 223.1 303.1 112.2 107.1 151.9 78.7 79.9 108.4 28.8 36.1 42.8
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.7 246.3 388.9 136.6 128.6 250.7 52.2 56.9 73.7 57.8 60.8 64.5
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.9 384.1 560.6 135.0 157.6 264.9 143.8 181.9 227.0 35.1 44.6 68.7
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.1 305.5 455.7 159.4 120.1 207.2 238.7 148.2 215.0 21.0 37.2 33.5
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309.6 304.6 400.3 139.5 155.3 222.7 123.3 117.1 123.3 46.8 32.2 54.4
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.3 384.8 410.7 185.7 181.4 231.1 127.3 127.5 108.0 85.3 76.0 71.6
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341.5 365.8 382.2 155.4 164.0 192.2 97.0 93.1 93.8 89.1 108.8 96.2
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.9 580.4 604.5 293.6 367.1 307.3 110.4 111.8 127.1 148.9 101.5 170.1
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.2 559.3 561.5 274.4 237.1 258.5 109.8 113.7 117.2 187.9 208.4 185.8
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 974.1 1,806.2 1,449.3 403.5 599.5 881.8 220.7 318.5 198.7 349.9 888.2 368.9
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.4 371.5 367.1 138.3 191.4 186.5 78.5 95.2 102.7 69.6 84.9 77.9
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.6 299.2 299.2 65.8 73.7 104.7 182.1 177.9 143.5 39.6 47.6 51.0
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.8 280.4 405.7 155.0 134.9 217.0 108.9 90.3 116.1 60.9 55.3 72.7
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 427.8 349.0 301.4 145.7 126.7 114.6 188.9 141.6 110.2 93.2 80.7 76.5
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.7 262.4 251.2 63.4 118.8 115.3 46.9 64.1 64.8 48.4 79.5 71.1
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.9 339.6 363.7 165.9 157.9 198.6 80.3 68.4 69.5 90.7 113.3 95.6
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 304.6 301.7 330.3 107.6 110.4 153.3 121.6 84.4 89.5 75.5 106.9 87.6
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697.6 368.8 445.2 217.7 124.5 200.9 348.6 141.8 161.8 131.3 102.4 82.4
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.2 290.3 283.8 66.5 134.8 112.7 66.4 65.8 72.1 78.3 89.7 99.0
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.3 295.1 245.6 81.4 66.0 117.7 29.6 68.4 47.4 48.4 160.7 80.6
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149.1 237.4 392.8 70.3 111.9 222.7 46.9 63.6 86.7 31.9 61.9 83.4
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 264.4 270.2 327.5 128.6 106.3 185.3 50.3 72.3 63.0 85.6 91.5 79.2
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.0 194.8 331.6 109.3 77.9 194.2 43.5 41.9 67.2 59.1 74.9 70.2
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.0 340.8 471.9 180.1 175.5 268.6 58.2 64.8 87.7 104.7 100.6 115.6
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.8 275.0 314.6 121.6 91.2 125.6 76.4 96.1 95.8 114.8 87.7 93.2
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.9 263.4 296.7 120.6 97.0 175.8 44.7 74.0 51.2 79.6 92.4 69.7
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438.1 432.1 589.9 182.4 166.3 281.0 159.3 139.1 176.0 96.4 126.8 132.9
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.9 305.5 332.9 131.3 150.9 179.0 95.2 90.5 110.9 37.3 64.1 43.0
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.9 244.3 288.3 180.8 170.3 185.5 134.0 38.4 59.7 68.1 35.7 43.1
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509.3 506.7 425.0 265.2 204.7 202.7 192.8 232.9 166.4 51.3 69.1 56.0
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608.1 418.2 732.5 275.3 136.3 331.7 224.6 149.4 270.4 108.2 132.5 130.4
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.2 456.4 732.5 217.9 174.7 305.0 217.1 201.7 281.6 87.2 80.1 145.8
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.3 340.7 520.4 82.3 119.0 231.4 137.8 94.1 134.3 114.3 127.7 154.7
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467.4 846.9 712.1 234.2 358.8 355.9 137.2 257.5 146.3 96.0 230.6 209.9
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.4 380.4 558.3 141.7 122.3 328.7 72.0 102.6 118.2 96.7 155.5 111.5
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558.8 436.1 515.1 233.3 195.8 252.3 166.6 92.6 117.3 158.8 147.7 145.5
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.1 671.6 676.4 425.8 371.6 400.0 250.5 205.7 182.4 98.8 94.4 94.0
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619.8 830.9 659.7 337.4 394.1 351.6 150.1 247.6 139.3 132.3 189.3 168.8
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.7 347.4 477.6 191.0 142.4 217.9 153.3 50.1 102.7 178.3 155.0 157.0
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.8 1,070.1 598.6 309.8 427.4 296.7 340.9 460.9 257.3 53.1 181.8 44.6
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.5 218.9 304.6 116.4 89.8 172.2 82.1 50.3 65.3 53.0 78.8 67.0
1
Beginning in 1997 the scope of the universe was expanded to include all substance abuse treatment facilities whereas previously only State-sanctioned facilities were
included.
2
Data for 1997 exclude facilities that served only driving under the influence or driving while intoxicated (DUI/DWI) clients.
NOTES: Rates are based on the resident population 12 years of age and over as of July 1. Client data are as of October 1. Treatment rates at the State level can vary
from year to year for a variety of reasons, including failure of large facilities to respond to the survey in some years, and normal variation in the number of people in
treatment on a given day.
SOURCE: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS), 1996–98.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 279
Extracted source page 288
Table 87. Additions to mental health organizations according to type of service and organization:
United States, selected years 1983–94
[Data are based on inventories of mental health organizations]
Additions in thousands Additions per 100,000 civilian population
Service and organization 1983 1990 1992 1994 1983 1990 1992 1994
Inpatient and residential treatment
All organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633 2,036 2,092 2,197 701.4 833.5 830.0 840.3
State and county mental hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 276 275 236 146.0 113.2 109.3 91.2
Private psychiatric hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 407 470 480 70.9 166.5 186.4 185.5
Non-Federal general hospital psychiatric services. . . . . . 786 960 951 1,067 336.8 393.2 377.4 411.9
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric services1 . . . . 149 198 181 172 64.3 81.2 71.6 61.5
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 42 36 39 7.1 17.0 14.4 15.0
All other2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 153 179 203 76.3 62.4 70.9 75.2
Outpatient treatment
All organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,665 3,005 2,883 3,242 1,147.5 1,230.9 1,180.6 1,252.8
State and county mental hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 43 46 38 36.3 17.5 18.6 14.8
Private psychiatric hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 121 141 145 33.4 49.7 57.7 56.1
Non-Federal general hospital psychiatric services. . . . . . 469 605 429 443 202.1 247.8 175.8 171.0
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric services1 . . . . 103 164 145 120 44.5 67.2 59.2 46.5
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 86 113 156 14.1 35.3 46.2 60.3
Freestanding psychiatric outpatient clinics . . . . . . . . . . . 538 462 464 567 231.7 189.3 190.3 218.9
All other2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,360 1,524 1,545 1,773 585.4 624.1 632.8 685.2
Partial care treatment
All organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 293 281 273 76.3 120.2 115.8 105.3
State and county mental hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 4 3 1.6 2.2 1.7 1.3
Private psychiatric hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 42 65 68 2.4 17.2 26.8 26.4
Non-Federal general hospital psychiatric services. . . . . . 46 54 50 55 19.8 21.9 20.7 21.1
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric services1 . . . . 10 19 14 12 4.4 8.0 5.9 4.6
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13 8 12 1.5 5.5 3.5 4.3
Freestanding psychiatric outpatient clinics3 . . . . . . . . . . 5 ... ... ... 2.3 ... ... ...
All other2,3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 160 140 123 44.3 65.4 57.2 47.6
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Includes Department of Veterans Affairs neuropsychiatric hospitals, general hospital psychiatric services, and psychiatric outpatient clinics.
2
Includes other multiservice mental health organizations with inpatient and residential treatment services that are not elsewhere classified.
3
Beginning in 1986 outpatient psychiatric clinics providing partial care are counted as multiservice mental health organizations in the ‘‘all other’’ category.
4
Includes freestanding psychiatric partial care organizations.
NOTES: See Appendix II for definition of Addition. Outpatient and partial care treatment exclude office-based mental health care (psychiatrists, psychologists, licensed
clinical social workers, and psychiatric nurses). Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Survey and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Community Systems Development, Center for Mental Health Services. Manderscheid RW,
Sonnenschein MA. Mental Health, United States, 1996. DHHS. 1996. Unpublished data.
280 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 289
Table 88 (page 1 of 2). Home health care and hospice patients, according to selected characteristics:
United States, selected years 1992–96
[Data are based on a survey of current home health care and hospice patients]
Type of patient and
characteristic 1992 1994 1996
Home health care patients Number of current patients
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,232,200 1,889,327 2,427,483
Patients per 10,000 population
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 71.8 90.6
Age at interview:
Under 65 years, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 21.0 27.8
65 years and over, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.4 424.9 526.3
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.8 449.6 546.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.7 209.1 240.1
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.3 542.2 753.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.9 1,206.1 1,253.4
Sex:
Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 47.8 60.9
Under 65 years, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 17.8 22.1
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219.2 303.1 386.4
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.8 350.0 438.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.8 169.9 187.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.0 427.5 598.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.2 893.1 1,044.3
Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 94.7 118.9
Under 65 years, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 24.2 33.6
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.4 508.9 623.9
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351.5 506.6 615.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.3 240.6 283.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.3 614.5 854.0
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830.7 1,327.6 1,337.0
Percent distribution
Age at interview:2
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 25.7 27.0
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.9 74.3 73.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 20.6 18.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 31.2 35.3
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 22.4 19.4
Sex:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 32.5 32.9
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 67.5 67.1
Primary admission diagnosis:3
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.7 4.8
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 8.1 8.5
Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 8.0 5.8
Diseases of the circulatory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 27.2 25.6
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 14.3 10.9
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 6.1 7.8
Diseases of the respiratory system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.1 7.7
Decubitus ulcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.1 1.0
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue . . 9.4 8.3 8.8
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.8 3.2
Fractures, all sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.7 3.3
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.7 1.3
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 31.8 34.6
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 281
Extracted source page 290
Table 88 (page 2 of 2). Home health care and hospice patients, according to selected characteristics:
United States, selected years 1992–96
[Data are based on a survey of current home health care and hospice patients]
Type of patient and
characteristic 1992 1994 1996
Hospice patients Number of current patients
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,100 60,783 59,363
Patients per 10,000 population
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.3 2.2
Age at interview:
Under 65 years, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.8 0.5
65 years and over, crude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 12.9 13.9
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 13.6 14.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 7.3 7.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 16.9 16.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 30.6 34.7
Sex:
Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.1 2.0
Under 65 years, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.9 0.5
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 12.5 14.8
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 14.4 16.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 7.0 10.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8 18.2 18.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 34.8 33.9
Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.5 2.4
Under 65 years, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.7 0.6
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 13.2 13.2
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 13.2 12.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 7.5 5.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 16.1 15.9
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 29.0 35.0
Percent distribution
Age at interview:2
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 30.1 21.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 69.9 78.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 22.2 24.5
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.6 30.1 32.4
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 17.6 21.9
Sex:
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 44.7 44.9
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.9 55.3 55.1
Primary admission diagnosis:3
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 57.2 58.3
Malignant neoplasms of large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.0 4.0
Malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . 21.1 12.5 15.8
Malignant neoplasm of breast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.8 6.2
Malignant neoplasm of prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 5.9 6.6
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 9.3 8.3
Diseases of the respiratory system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 6.6 7.3
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 27.0 26.1
1
Age adjusted by the direct method to the year 2000 standard population using the following three age groups: 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85 years and over. See
Appendix II, Age adjustment.
2
Denominator excludes persons with unknown age.
3
Denominator excludes persons with unknown diagnosis.
NOTES: Current home health care and hospice patients are those who were under the care of their agency on any given day during the survey period. Rates are
based on the civilian population as of July 1. Population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Diagnostic categories are based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. For a listing of the code
numbers, see Appendix II, table VIII. The number of home health care patients in 1994 has been revised and differs from the previous edition of Health, United States.
Data are presented for age at interview and replace data for age at admission shown in the previous edition of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Home and Hospice Care Survey.
282 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 291
Table 89 (page 1 of 2). Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay in short-stay hospitals, according
to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Discharges1 Days of care1 Average length of stay1
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Number per 1,000 population Number of days
Total2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.3 123.8 601.2 611.0 4.5 4.6
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.8 81.9 319.0 315.6 3.7 3.9
Under 6 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.5 192.1 632.6 645.1 3.3 3.4
6–17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 27.3 163.1 152.6 4.9 5.6
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.8 93.1 358.8 380.5 3.8 4.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.9 134.0 631.1 678.6 5.1 5.2
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.2 105.5 527.5 530.8 5.4 5.2
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.8 177.9 792.4 906.1 4.9 5.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.4 283.4 1,852.5 1,789.7 6.9 6.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249.1 244.3 1,595.2 1,496.6 6.5 6.2
75 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307.3 333.0 2,188.4 2,160.8 7.3 7.0
Under 65 years of age
All persons under 65 years of age2,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 100.2 416.4 437.0 4.1 4.3
Sex4
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 80.6 374.9 422.7 5.0 5.4
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7 119.2 456.6 450.4 3.8 3.8
Race4,5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.8 98.6 385.8 417.4 3.9 4.2
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.3 117.3 688.6 608.6 5.3 4.9
American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.9 186.4 *494.3 * 3.7 *
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 75.4 *268.6 313.5 *4.4 4.4
Race and Hispanic origin4
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.6 97.8 382.7 408.7 3.9 4.2
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.7 116.6 692.6 609.3 5.4 4.9
Hispanic5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.9 103.5 416.7 468.5 3.8 4.6
Poverty status4,6
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.8 174.7 971.0 968.0 4.8 5.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.5 125.5 553.7 649.9 4.3 5.1
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 87.4 312.1 342.0 3.7 3.8
Race and Hispanic origin and poverty status4,6
White, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.2 181.7 1,053.4 1,004.8 4.8 5.3
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.8 127.6 539.1 626.7 3.9 4.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 88.5 306.8 340.2 3.6 3.8
Black, non-Hispanic:
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.9 183.4 *1,260.0 964.9 5.8 4.6
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.0 161.0 819.2 969.2 5.3 5.5
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.3 79.3 389.0 407.8 4.2 4.8
Hispanic:5
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.9 158.6 625.1 * 3.8 *
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.9 85.9 421.4 342.9 4.7 3.9
Nonpoor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.4 81.6 297.9 287.7 3.1 3.5
Health insurance status4,7
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.1 --- 442.5 --- 4.2 ---
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.3 --- 302.7 --- 3.6 ---
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.3 --- 1,554.8 --- 5.1 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 --- 296.3 --- 3.9 ---
Poverty status and health insurance status4,6
Poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.9 --- 1,272.5 --- 5.1 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.0 --- 459.4 --- 4.1 ---
Near poor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149.2 --- 663.8 --- 4.3 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 --- 302.1 --- 3.9 ---
Nonpoor:
Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.1 --- 316.0 --- 3.6 ---
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *59.8 --- *253.5 --- 4.2 ---
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 283
Extracted source page 292
Table 89 (page 2 of 2). Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay in short-stay hospitals, according
to selected characteristics: United States, 1997 and 1998
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Discharges1 Days of care1 Average length of stay1
Characteristic 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Geographic region4 Number per 1,000 population Number of days
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.0 94.9 455.4 502.5 4.9 5.1
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.7 103.4 384.4 441.9 3.6 4.3
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.8 107.3 466.1 456.7 4.2 4.2
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.9 88.3 327.2 330.0 4.0 3.7
Location of residence4
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.3 97.9 411.8 431.8 4.2 4.3
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.2 109.2 435.9 458.7 3.9 4.3
65 years of age and over
All persons 65 years of age and over2,9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.9 286.6 1,878.4 1,813.8 6.9 6.6
Sex9
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.6 283.5 2,077.4 1,855.7 7.2 6.6
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.2 288.1 1,727.4 1,793.4 6.7 6.7
Race and Hispanic origin9
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.8 268.6 1,808.2 1,752.0 6.7 6.6
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290.8 372.7 2,423.5 2,476.5 8.5 7.0
Hispanic5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.7 295.1 2,512.1 1,907.1 8.1 7.0
Poverty status6,9
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.4 337.4 2,690.9 2,034.3 7.7 6.1
Near poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329.6 330.6 2,498.3 2,378.0 7.7 7.2
Nonpoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256.6 285.4 1,680.3 1,648.9 6.4 6.3
Health insurance status7,9
Medicare and Private10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3 --- 1,719.8 --- 6.5 ---
Medicare and Medicaid10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516.2 --- 3,697.9 --- 7.3 ---
Medicare only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.1 --- 1,623.9 --- 7.3 ---
Geographic region9
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.0 252.7 1,828.5 1,814.6 6.9 7.4
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.2 276.6 1,971.1 1,619.0 7.1 5.8
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.1 312.3 2,140.2 2,107.7 7.4 6.9
West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.2 285.7 1,299.2 1,493.6 5.4 6.2
Location of residence9
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.3 258.6 1,875.9 1,736.8 7.0 6.8
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 378.8 1,893.6 2,068.9 6.6 6.3
- - - Data not available as of publication.
* Data preceded by an asterisk have a relative standard error of 20–30 percent. Data not shown have a relative standard error of greater than 30 percent.
1
See Appendix II, Discharge, Days of care, Average length of stay.
2
Includes all other races not shown separately, unknown poverty status, and unknown health insurance status.
3
Estimates for all persons are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using six age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years,
and 75 years of age and over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
4
Estimates are for persons under 65 years of age and are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using four age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–54 years,
and 55–64 years of age. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
5
The race groups white, black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of
Hispanic origin may be of any race.
6
Poverty status is based on family income, family size, number of children in the family, and for families with two or fewer adults the age of the adults in the family,
using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. Poor persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. Near poor persons have incomes of 100 percent to less than
200 percent of poverty threshold. Nonpoor persons have incomes of 200 percent or greater than the poverty threshold. See Appendix II, Poverty level. Poverty status
was missing for 20 percent of persons in the sample in 1997 and 25 percent in 1998.
7
Health insurance categories are mutually exclusive. Persons who reported both Medicaid and private coverage are classified as having Medicaid coverage. See
Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
8
MSA is metropolitan statistical area.
9
Estimates are for persons 65 years of age and over and are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over. See
Appendix II, Age adjustment.
10
Includes some persons who do not have Medicare coverage.
NOTES: Hospital utilization data starting in 1997 are not comparable with data for earlier years due to the 1997 redesign. See Appendix I, National Health Interview
Survey. Estimates of hospital utilization presented in this table are for all discharges. Previous estimates of hospital utilization from the National Health Interview Survey
(NHIS) in Health, United States excluded hospitalizations for newborns and delivery. Estimates of hospital utilization from the NHIS and the National Hospital Discharge
Survey (NHDS) may differ because NHIS data are based on household interviews of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, whereas NHDS data are based on
hospital discharge records of all persons (NHDS tables presented in Health, United States exclude estimates for newborn infants). See Appendix I, National Hospital
Discharge Survey. NHDS includes records for persons discharged alive or deceased and institutionalized persons; differences in the two surveys are particularly evident
for children and the elderly.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, family core questionnaire.
284 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 293
Table 90 (page 1 of 2). Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay in non-Federal short-stay hospitals,
according to selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Characteristic 19801 19851 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998
Discharges per 1,000 population
Total2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.5 137.7 113.0 110.5 106.5 102.3 101.4 103.0
Age
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 57.7 44.6 45.2 39.2 38.2 38.7 38.3
15–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.1 125.0 101.6 96.0 93.2 87.0 82.5 85.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.8 170.8 135.0 131.0 124.1 117.2 115.4 117.3
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.7 369.8 330.9 336.5 341.6 346.1 361.1 365.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.8 297.2 259.1 264.5 261.6 257.3 265.9 267.6
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489.3 475.6 429.9 432.7 445.3 455.2 474.0 477.4
Sex2
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140.3 124.4 100.9 98.6 94.2 89.7 88.9 89.0
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.0 151.8 126.0 123.2 119.1 115.3 114.4 117.1
Geographic region2
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.6 129.1 121.0 123.9 121.3 112.6 111.6 112.9
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.4 143.4 115.1 105.3 102.6 99.6 100.1 100.6
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.1 143.5 119.2 116.3 111.8 105.7 106.5 110.2
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.9 130.3 92.1 93.7 87.6 90.3 85.4 85.0
Days of care per 1,000 population
Total2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129.0 872.1 705.0 659.3 594.0 520.6 502.1 508.1
Age
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.7 263.0 215.4 219.6 189.2 174.4 164.6 178.0
15–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786.8 603.3 465.3 416.1 390.4 333.9 305.5 316.1
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,596.9 1,201.6 911.5 827.1 727.5 624.3 601.9 603.9
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,098.4 3,228.0 2,867.7 2,771.7 2,516.3 2,263.7 2,285.6 2,264.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,147.0 2,437.3 2,067.7 2,040.8 1,798.8 1,603.8 1,599.3 1,596.1
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,578.7 4,381.4 3,970.7 3,747.8 3,445.7 3,074.7 3,099.6 3,030.8
Sex2
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076.0 848.2 690.4 656.3 580.8 511.8 481.5 487.2
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,187.1 902.0 725.3 667.5 609.5 531.6 524.5 530.3
Geographic region2
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,204.7 953.5 878.0 838.6 774.9 666.9 634.0 627.2
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,296.2 952.0 713.4 626.2 553.9 484.4 467.7 466.6
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105.5 848.9 704.1 676.2 618.0 532.2 528.8 544.2
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.2 713.2 509.9 483.1 420.3 402.5 373.6 385.1
Average length of stay in days
Total2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.6 5.1 5.0 4.9
Age
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.6
15–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 7.0 6.8 6.3 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 8.7 8.7 8.2 7.4 6.5 6.3 6.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 8.2 8.0 7.7 6.9 6.2 6.0 6.0
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 9.2 9.2 8.7 7.7 6.8 6.5 6.3
Sex2
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.5
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.6 4.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 285
Extracted source page 294
Table 90 (page 2 of 2). Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay in non-Federal short-stay hospitals,
according to selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1980–98
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Characteristic 19801 19851 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998
Geographic region2 Average length of stay in days
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 7.4 7.3 6.8 6.4 5.9 5.7 5.6
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 6.6 6.2 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.6
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.9
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.5
1
Comparisons of data from 1980–85 with data from later years should be made with caution as estimates of change may reflect improvements in the design (see
Appendix I) rather than true changes in hospital use.
2
Age adjusted. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
NOTES: Rates are based on the civilian population as of July 1. In 1993 children’s hospitals had a high rate of nonresponse that may have resulted in underestimates
of hospital utilization by children. Beginning with data year 1997, population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population
Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Comparisons of selected estimates based on matrix-adjusted populations with those based on nonadjusted
populations for data years 1995 and 1996 show little difference between the two sets of estimates. Estimates of hospital utilization from the National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS) and the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) may differ because NHIS data are based on household interviews of the civilian noninstitutionalized
population, whereas NHDS data are based on hospital discharge records of all persons. NHDS includes records for persons discharged alive or deceased and
institutionalized persons, and excludes newborn infants. Differences in hospital utilization estimated by the two surveys are particularly evident for children and the
elderly. See Appendix I. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics. Data from the National Hospital
Discharge Survey.
286 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 295
Table 91. Discharges, days of care, and average length of stay in non-Federal short-stay hospitals for
discharges with the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and for all discharges:
United States, selected years 1986–98
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Type of discharge, sex, and age 19861 19871 1988 1990 1992 1993 19952 19962 19972 19982
Discharges in thousands
Discharges with diagnosis of HIV . . . . . 44 67 95 146 194 225 249 227 178 189
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 51 73 102 141 158 162 141 107 113
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 13 27 31 44 55 52 46 51
All discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,256 33,387 31,146 30,788 30,951 30,825 30,722 30,545 30,914 31,827
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,300 4,075 3,670 3,649 3,529 3,619 3,360 3,248 3,116 3,154
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,027 8,980 8,169 8,228 7,942 7,901 7,593 7,457 7,322 7,639
Discharges per 1,000 population
Discharges with diagnosis of HIV . . . . . 0.18 0.28 0.39 0.59 0.76 0.88 0.94 0.85 0.66 0.69
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67 0.96 1.36 1.84 2.47 2.76 2.72 2.34 1.77 1.88
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 0.23 0.47 0.54 0.74 0.91 0.86 0.76 0.84
All discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.7 138.8 128.3 124.3 122.1 120.2 115.7 114.0 114.3 116.5
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 76.8 68.2 65.8 62.0 63.1 56.5 54.0 51.8 52.6
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.7 163.6 147.1 144.5 136.1 134.6 125.9 122.8 120.8 125.2
Days of care in thousands
Discharges with diagnosis of HIV . . . . . 714 936 1,277 2,188 2,136 2,561 2,326 2,123 1,448 1,503
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 724 914 1,645 1,422 1,696 1,408 1,401 855 892
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 233 341 455 619 559 457 364 365
All discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,496 214,942 203,678 197,422 190,386 184,601 164,627 159,883 157,458 160,914
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,488 26,295 22,697 22,539 21,614 21,348 17,984 17,818 15,529 16,085
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,620 39,356 34,800 34,473 30,886 29,555 26,596 25,368 24,955 25,976
Days of care per 1,000 population
Discharges with diagnosis of HIV . . . . . 2.99 3.89 5.26 8.83 8.43 9.99 8.76 7.92 5.35 5.50
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.95 13.64 16.97 29.68 24.97 29.57 23.70 23.29 14.22 14.86
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 4.19 5.99 7.80 10.54 9.27 7.52 6.00 5.98
All discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.5 893.6 838.8 796.9 751.0 719.9 620.2 596.5 582.3 589.2
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.4 495.2 421.5 406.6 379.5 372.2 302.7 296.2 258.3 268.0
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 750.2 717.1 626.5 605.4 529.3 503.4 441.0 417.8 411.7 425.8
Average length of stay in days
Discharges with diagnosis of HIV . . . . . 16.4 14.1 13.4 14.9 11.0 11.4 9.3 9.4 8.1 8.0
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 14.1 12.5 16.2 10.1 10.7 8.7 9.9 8.0 8.0
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 18.0 12.6 14.6 14.2 10.2 8.7 7.9 7.1
All discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.1
Male, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.0 5.1
Female, 20–49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4
* Statistics based on fewer than 5,000 estimated discharges are not shown.
1
Comparisons of data from 1986 and 1987 with data from later years should be made with caution as estimates of change may reflect improvements in the design (see
Appendix I) rather than true changes in hospital use.
2
Beginning with data year 1995, population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau
of the Census. Comparisons of selected estimates based on matrix-adjusted populations with those based on nonadjusted populations for data years 1995 and 1996
show little difference between the two sets of estimates.
NOTES: Excludes newborn infants. Rates are based on the civilian population as of July 1. Discharges with diagnosis of HIV have at least one HIV diagnosis listed on
the face sheet of the medical record and are not limited to the first-listed diagnosis. See Appendix II, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Data for additional
years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics. Data from the National Hospital
Discharge Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 287
Extracted source page 296
Table 92 (page 1 of 3). Rates of discharges and days of care in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according
to sex, age, and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Discharges Days of care
Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis 19851 1990 1996 1997 19851 1990 1996 1997
Both sexes Number per 1,000 population
Total2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.7 113.0 102.3 101.4 872.1 705.0 520.6 502.1
Male
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.4 100.9 89.7 88.9 848.2 690.4 511.8 481.5
Under 15 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 49.2 42.0 43.0 289.9 234.1 193.2 183.8
Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 5.4 2.4 1.6 1.3
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 6.3 6.0 7.3 23.6 26.3 21.8 25.2
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.4 12.0 11.0 11.6 10.7
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 5.9 4.8 4.2 36.8 26.0 17.1 16.6
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.0 1.7 1.5 16.7 7.9 6.1 6.3
15–44 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 57.8 47.7 44.1 458.2 353.6 263.2 218.7
Psychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.5 4.7 4.3 43.7 50.3 44.6 36.5
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 16.6 15.4 10.5 11.9
Intervertebral disc disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.4 1.5 1.4 18.7 10.0 4.3 3.2
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 13.4 9.3 8.3 98.7 66.7 43.9 35.9
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.1 3.1 3.0 34.6 22.9 15.0 13.3
45–64 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.6 140.2 120.8 117.9 1,229.0 943.6 658.7 622.5
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 10.6 7.7 7.3 120.6 99.1 55.8 47.6
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 2.7 1.4 1.3 31.9 19.1 9.7 10.8
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.4 26.5 21.2 24.4 21.6
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 31.7 30.5 28.8 239.2 185.0 139.3 123.8
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 22.6 21.8 19.9 171.1 128.2 97.7 81.8
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.4 7.7 6.9 82.4 55.8 42.9 35.8
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.3 18.9 19.7 18.5 16.8
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 51.0 40.7 25.1 22.3
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.3 27.4 27.4 22.1 21.2
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 11.6 10.4 10.2 99.1 82.6 56.1 54.3
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.8 29.9 24.2 15.9 14.5
65–74 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5 285.9 270.6 273.8 2,622.0 2,237.2 1,675.3 1,630.9
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.8 27.7 23.5 22.3 352.8 275.8 171.0 153.1
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.0 2.8 2.1 54.9 34.0 26.3 18.3
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 6.3 4.7 4.6 89.5 55.4 33.6 36.3
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 5.0 4.8 4.4 48.2 32.9 21.3 16.7
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.3 4.6 5.0 42.6 39.6 36.0 38.7
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 69.0 73.5 75.7 520.2 484.1 396.2 386.2
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 41.7 44.8 43.1 317.2 283.4 240.2 213.5
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 13.9 16.4 14.8 160.4 121.7 105.1 89.2
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 11.3 11.9 15.3 76.4 89.6 73.6 91.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 13.7 15.3 17.0 182.0 114.0 92.0 91.9
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 11.3 13.0 13.1 104.9 107.1 89.2 90.8
Hyperplasia of prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 14.3 5.0 5.6 84.8 64.6 14.6 16.4
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 5.0 6.7 6.9 36.9 44.6 31.4 30.7
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 17.5 15.8 15.4 131.7 138.1 103.3 93.4
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.5 3.5 4.0 42.8 45.6 25.6 24.1
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 21.6 18.0 10.6 11.1
75 years and over3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529.1 476.3 476.6 498.6 4,682.0 4,211.9 3,160.4 3,183.4
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 40.8 28.0 31.5 545.9 406.4 199.5 235.9
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.4 4.2 5.2 84.7 80.3 41.0 56.0
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 5.3 5.6 6.5 99.0 53.1 43.2 44.7
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 9.7 3.5 3.8 116.5 65.3 13.9 16.9
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.6 6.7 6.4 66.6 50.9 55.6 43.5
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.6 105.7 114.3 113.9 841.2 851.7 616.5 611.2
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 48.9 53.2 48.6 413.2 396.2 299.4 260.4
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 23.0 22.4 20.6 230.5 226.5 153.1 131.0
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 30.9 31.4 35.0 220.5 241.2 172.0 198.2
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 30.0 33.4 32.9 380.7 296.9 228.3 181.8
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 38.4 38.3 46.0 305.7 391.8 291.7 323.7
Hyperplasia of prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 17.8 7.8 8.4 141.0 108.7 34.0 31.1
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 5.7 7.7 6.0 49.4 60.4 43.9 30.0
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 31.1 33.2 34.3 358.8 339.7 239.2 225.1
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.7 14.2 16.4 223.9 144.4 116.7 117.6
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 8.5 9.2 10.3 161.3 97.4 77.3 79.4
See footnotes at end of table.
288 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 297
Table 92 (page 2 of 3). Rates of discharges and days of care in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according
to sex, age, and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Discharges Days of care
Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis 19851 1990 1996 1997 19851 1990 1996 1997
Female Number per 1,000 population
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.8 126.0 115.3 114.4 902.0 725.3 531.6 524.5
Under 15 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 39.7 34.3 34.1 234.8 195.8 154.6 144.5
Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 3.6 3.0 1.2 0.8
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 20.9 20.5 18.5 18.4
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 7.5 7.2 6.4 6.5
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 3.9 2.9 2.9 23.0 15.1 12.4 11.7
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.9 8.9 6.0 2.7 4.2
15–44 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.5 144.7 126.1 121.1 744.8 575.4 404.4 392.8
Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 68.5 64.2 62.5 222.6 191.0 140.2 150.6
Psychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.8 5.0 5.1 50.7 56.3 48.2 40.1
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 8.8 6.8 6.2 6.3
Intervertebral disc disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 13.5 6.8 3.2 2.3
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 6.9 5.3 5.2 48.0 36.5 20.1 20.8
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.4 13.8 10.8 5.5 6.3
45–64 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.6 130.2 113.8 113.0 1,176.5 881.9 592.0 582.5
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 12.6 9.0 7.6 128.8 106.8 53.3 51.7
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 1.7 1.3 0.8 22.3 14.7 7.9 6.1
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 2.8 1.9 1.5 25.2 12.0 5.3 5.1
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 31.6 25.7 17.8 14.4
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 16.5 16.4 15.4 121.4 100.5 75.8 72.9
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 9.9 9.7 8.5 71.1 57.1 40.9 36.5
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.6 33.5 21.5 16.6 15.5
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 12.7 15.8 14.4 16.8
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.0 2.9 3.2 44.9 31.9 21.9 18.5
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 29.2 26.4 20.9 19.8
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 9.4 7.8 7.6 82.4 62.9 39.8 40.7
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.1 2.8 2.3 30.0 24.8 13.7 12.2
65–74 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.5 238.2 246.6 259.4 2,294.9 1,935.3 1,546.3 1,573.6
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 20.6 19.8 18.5 274.8 187.5 133.9 141.7
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 41.8 34.5 22.4 21.1
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 2.6 3.0 2.8 34.9 26.6 22.2 24.0
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 3.9 3.3 2.7 44.6 17.4 9.6 6.4
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 65.5 46.3 38.2 41.8
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 44.6 53.4 49.8 375.1 313.1 298.5 267.9
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 24.1 27.0 23.7 205.1 151.9 148.9 122.8
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 7.4 9.0 7.6 88.7 57.3 57.1 52.1
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 9.1 11.2 11.5 67.9 80.8 72.6 69.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 11.2 12.0 14.8 155.1 94.8 76.9 83.0
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 8.6 10.8 12.2 65.2 80.8 79.5 100.1
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 6.8 9.5 10.1 45.2 68.1 47.7 49.3
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 17.6 20.2 19.3 178.8 164.2 135.3 109.4
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 8.3 9.7 8.7 97.7 96.2 61.6 50.1
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.5 4.7 3.1 48.0 58.8 34.4 20.0
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 289
Extracted source page 298
Table 92 (page 3 of 3). Rates of discharges and days of care in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according
to sex, age, and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Discharges Days of care
Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis 19851 1990 1996 1997 19851 1990 1996 1997
Female—Con. Number per 1,000 population
3
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.8 404.6 442.8 459.6 4,219.1 3,838.9 3,025.3 3,050.4
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1 21.8 18.8 19.8 282.9 254.1 148.7 153.9
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.6 3.8 3.7 69.3 68.9 43.4 34.9
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.2 24.9 20.3 16.6 16.7
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.8 2.2 2.7 37.0 21.7 6.6 8.3
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 4.6 6.3 6.3 69.7 54.6 40.8 46.4
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.6 83.5 95.7 95.8 773.1 664.4 576.8 571.4
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 33.3 36.8 33.5 341.4 250.0 220.0 210.1
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 12.9 15.2 13.9 170.3 124.3 112.6 99.1
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 27.6 30.8 32.1 208.3 233.7 198.3 193.7
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 29.2 30.0 30.3 368.1 298.3 207.6 186.6
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 23.6 28.1 30.5 184.8 256.9 199.5 215.1
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.2 9.9 9.3 64.4 53.4 56.2 65.1
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 45.8 47.0 49.1 541.4 483.2 315.0 323.7
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 31.1 32.6 32.2 402.9 348.4 226.8 222.3
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 18.6 21.3 20.1 270.8 233.4 156.6 148.2
1
Comparisons of data from 1985 with data from later years should be made with caution as estimates of change may reflect improvements in the design (see Appendix
I) rather than true changes in hospital use.
2
Age adjusted. See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
3
Includes discharges with first-listed diagnoses not shown in table.
NOTES: Excludes newborn infants. Rates are based on the civilian population as of July 1. Beginning with data year 1997, population figures are adjusted for net
underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Comparisons of selected estimates based on matrix
adjusted populations with those based on nonadjusted populations for data years 1995 and 1996 show little difference between the two sets of estimates. Diagnostic
categories are based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. For a listing of the code numbers, see Appendix II, table VIII.
Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics. Data from the National Hospital
Discharge Survey.
290 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 299
Table 93 (page 1 of 3). Discharges and average length of stay in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according
to sex, age, and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Average length
Discharges of stay
Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis 19851 1990 1996 1997 19851 1990 1996 1997
Both sexes Number in thousands Number of days
Total2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,056 30,788 30,545 30,914 6.3 6.2 5.1 4.4
Male
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,160 12,280 12,110 12,268 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.9
Under 15 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,698 1,362 1,240 1,316 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.3
Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 22 15 16 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.4
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 174 178 223 4.2 4.2 3.6 3.5
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 107 123 136 3.4 2.8 2.8 2.4
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 164 142 128 4.0 4.4 3.6 4.0
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 54 51 47 5.2 4.0 3.6 4.1
15–44 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,153 3,330 2,831 2,688 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.0
Psychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 200 277 264 14.4 14.5 9.5 8.4
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 166 166 157 5.5 5.3 3.7 4.6
Intervertebral disc disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 138 90 85 6.4 4.2 2.8 2.3
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988 772 550 508 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.3
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 238 185 185 6.6 5.5 4.8 4.4
45–64 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,776 3,115 3,138 3,161 6.9 6.7 5.5 5.3
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 235 200 195 9.2 9.4 7.3 6.5
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 60 36 36 8.9 7.1 6.9 8.0
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 65 83 91 7.9 7.3 7.6 6.3
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 704 793 771 6.5 5.8 4.6 4.3
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 502 567 533 6.3 5.7 4.5 4.1
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 165 200 185 8.9 7.5 5.6 5.2
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 66 84 88 7.6 6.7 5.7 5.1
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 91 105 112 10.2 10.0 6.2 5.4
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 77 82 90 8.0 7.9 7.0 6.3
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 257 269 274 6.6 7.2 5.4 5.3
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 74 76 76 7.5 7.2 5.4 5.1
65–74 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,389 2,268 2,253 2,250 8.1 7.8 6.2 6.0
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 220 196 184 9.1 9.9 7.3 6.9
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 24 23 17 14.0 11.4 9.4 8.9
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 50 39 37 8.3 8.7 7.2 8.0
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 40 40 36 7.3 6.5 4.4 3.8
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 34 38 41 9.9 9.1 7.8 7.8
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 547 612 622 7.4 7.0 5.4 5.1
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 331 373 354 7.3 6.8 5.4 5.0
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 110 137 122 9.1 8.8 6.4 6.0
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 90 99 126 7.8 7.9 6.2 6.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 108 127 140 9.8 8.3 6.0 5.4
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 90 108 108 9.6 9.5 6.9 6.9
Hyperplasia of prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 113 42 46 6.3 4.5 2.9 2.9
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 39 56 57 10.9 9.0 4.7 4.4
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 139 132 127 8.2 7.9 6.5 6.1
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 36 29 33 9.5 10.2 7.2 6.1
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 12 12 11 15.2 11.8 7.6 8.4
75 years and over3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,144 2,203 2,648 2,852 8.8 8.8 6.6 6.4
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 189 155 180 9.8 10.0 7.1 7.5
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 25 23 30 12.3 15.0 9.8 10.8
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 25 31 37 9.5 10.0 7.8 6.9
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 45 20 22 7.6 6.8 4.0 4.4
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 21 37 37 10.5 11.0 8.3 6.8
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 489 635 651 7.7 8.1 5.4 5.4
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 226 296 278 8.1 8.1 5.6 5.4
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 106 125 118 9.7 9.9 6.8 6.4
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 143 174 200 7.9 7.8 5.5 5.7
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 139 186 188 10.0 9.9 6.8 5.5
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 178 213 263 10.2 10.2 7.6 7.0
Hyperplasia of prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 82 43 48 7.2 6.1 4.4 3.7
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 27 43 34 11.3 10.5 5.7 5.0
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 144 184 196 11.3 10.9 7.2 6.6
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 63 79 94 15.6 10.6 8.2 7.2
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 39 51 59 19.2 11.5 8.4 7.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 291
Extracted source page 300
Table 93 (page 2 of 3). Discharges and average length of stay in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according
to sex, age, and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Average length
Discharges of stay
Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis 19851 1990 1996 1997 19851 1990 1996 1997
Female Number in thousands Number of days
All ages2,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,896 18,508 18,435 18,647 5.9 5.8 4.6 4.2
Under 15 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,274 1,049 967 995 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.2
Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 19 11 8 3.0 4.0 2.9 2.9
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 125 142 152 4.4 4.3 3.7 3.5
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 62 72 78 3.6 3.1 2.5 2.4
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 102 81 85 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.0
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 33 21 25 4.8 4.8 3.6 4.9
15–44 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,813 8,469 7,495 7,341 4.3 4.0 3.2 3.2
Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,838 4,008 3,817 3,791 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.4
Psychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 222 299 311 15.9 14.9 9.6 7.8
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 73 86 92 5.8 5.4 4.3 4.2
Intervertebral disc disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 85 66 58 7.4 4.7 2.9 2.4
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 402 315 313 5.2 5.3 3.8 4.0
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 93 78 82 7.2 6.8 4.2 4.7
45–64 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,834 3,129 3,156 3,216 7.1 6.8 5.2 5.2
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 303 249 215 8.4 8.5 5.9 6.8
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 41 36 23 9.3 8.6 6.0 7.5
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 67 54 42 6.5 4.3 2.7 3.5
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 70 78 81 8.3 8.9 6.3 5.0
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 397 455 438 6.7 6.1 4.6 4.7
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 237 268 242 6.7 5.8 4.2 4.3
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 68 82 75 11.0 7.6 5.7 5.9
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 51 69 85 6.9 7.4 5.8 5.7
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 72 82 90 12.2 10.7 7.5 5.9
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 80 93 96 8.9 7.9 6.2 5.8
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 225 215 216 6.8 6.7 5.1 5.4
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 75 78 65 7.3 7.9 4.9 5.3
65–74 years3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,623 2,421 2,551 2,621 8.3 8.1 6.3 6.1
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 210 205 187 9.4 9.1 6.8 7.6
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 24 25 24 13.0 14.5 9.3 9.0
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 26 31 28 9.6 10.2 7.3 8.7
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 40 34 27 8.7 4.5 2.9 2.4
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 59 62 60 9.7 8.0 6.4 7.0
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 453 553 503 7.6 7.0 5.6 5.4
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 245 280 239 7.5 6.3 5.5 5.2
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 75 93 76 10.3 7.8 6.4 6.9
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 92 116 116 8.3 8.9 6.5 6.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 114 125 149 10.3 8.5 6.4 5.6
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 87 111 123 9.4 9.4 7.4 8.2
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 69 98 102 10.6 10.0 5.0 4.9
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 179 209 196 9.1 9.3 6.7 5.7
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 85 100 88 10.6 11.5 6.4 5.8
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 36 49 31 13.9 16.7 7.3 6.5
See footnotes at end of table.
292 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 301
Table 93 (page 3 of 3). Discharges and average length of stay in non-Federal short-stay hospitals, according
to sex, age, and selected first-listed diagnoses: United States, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of hospital records]
Average length
Discharges of stay
Sex, age, and first-listed diagnosis 19851 1990 1996 1997 19851 1990 1996 1997
Female—Con. Number in thousands Number of days
75 years and over3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,352 3,440 4,266 4,472 9.4 9.5 6.8 6.6
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 185 181 193 10.8 11.7 7.9 7.8
Large intestine and rectum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 39 37 36 13.1 15.1 11.3 9.5
Trachea, bronchus, lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 18 21 21 13.9 9.9 7.6 7.6
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 33 21 26 9.1 5.7 3.0 3.0
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 39 60 61 10.6 11.9 6.5 7.4
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 711 922 932 8.4 8.0 6.0 6.0
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 283 354 326 8.3 7.5 6.0 6.3
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 110 146 135 10.0 9.6 7.4 7.1
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 235 296 312 8.5 8.5 6.4 6.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 249 289 294 10.9 10.2 6.9 6.2
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 201 270 297 10.1 10.9 7.1 7.1
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 45 95 90 13.5 10.2 5.7 7.0
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 389 453 477 11.3 10.6 6.7 6.6
Fracture, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 265 314 313 12.6 11.2 7.0 6.9
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 158 205 196 14.3 12.5 7.4 7.4
1
Comparisons of data from 1985 with data from later years should be made with caution as estimates of change may reflect improvements in the design (see Appendix
I) rather than true changes in hospital use.
2
Average length of stay is age-adjusted. See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
3
Includes discharges with first-listed diagnoses not shown in table.
NOTES: Excludes newborn infants. Diagnostic categories are based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. For a listing of
the code numbers, see Appendix II, table VIII. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics. Data from the National Hospital
Discharge Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 293
Extracted source page 302
Table 94 (page 1 of 3). Ambulatory and inpatient procedures according to place, sex, age, and
type of procedure: United States, 1994–97
[Data are based on a sample of inpatient and ambulatory surgery records]
Total Ambulatory1 Inpatient 2
Sex, age, and procedure category 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1997
Both sexes Procedures per 1,000 population
Total3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239.2 239.1 244.8 98.8 103.3 109.0 140.5 135.8 135.8 133.2
Male
All ages3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.7 215.6 222.3 93.5 97.8 104.0 121.2 117.8 118.3 114.2
4
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.3 85.2 86.3 48.7 45.9 48.0 36.6 39.3 38.3 35.8
Myringotomy with insertion of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 10.8 10.5 11.0 10.3 10.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 *0.2
Tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 5.3 4.6 4.1 4.8 4.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 *0.2
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.8 2.3 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0
15–44 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119.9 118.9 119.4 57.9 60.3 62.4 62.1 58.6 57.0 52.4
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.4 1.7 0.5 *0.3 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 6.8 6.7 7.0 4.9 4.9 5.5 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.7
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 0.8 *0.2 *0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.7 3.9 1.1 1.1 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6
Arthroscopy of the knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 *0.2
Excision or destruction of intervertebral disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.6 1.6 * * *0.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.1 2.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3
45–64 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.7 327.4 341.8 132.7 146.7 155.9 189.0 180.7 185.9 176.4
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 5.8 6.7 * * * 5.6 5.6 6.4 5.6
Coronary artery bypass graft5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 7.6 7.2 – – – 6.7 7.6 7.2 6.9
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 15.5 18.1 3.3 3.8 5.4 11.7 11.7 12.7 11.2
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 27.4 27.7 28.3 20.2 21.1 21.8 7.2 6.5 6.4 5.6
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.6 3.2 *0.5 *0.7 1.1 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.6
Prostatectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.5 2.1 * * * 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.3
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.1 2.8 *0.6 *0.8 0.8 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.9
Arthroscopy of the knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.6 4.6 3.7 4.5 4.4 *0.3 * * *
Excision or destruction of intervertebral disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.3 3.0 * * * 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.5
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 20.8 24.2 4.6 5.1 6.4 16.0 15.8 17.7 15.2
65–74 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.7 697.7 729.6 269.9 280.8 314.5 423.8 416.9 415.1 413.1
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 9.8 12.4 * * * 9.9 9.3 11.6 10.8
Extraction of lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 34.1 37.2 31.4 33.2 36.7 * * * *
Insertion of prosthetic lens (pseudophakos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.7 26.7 30.0 25.6 25.8 29.4 * * * *
Coronary artery bypass graft5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 18.1 19.1 – – – 15.3 18.1 19.1 18.5
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 30.5 33.1 5.7 7.1 10.2 22.2 23.4 22.9 23.7
Pacemaker insertion or replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.0 6.3 * * * 5.6 4.7 5.7 5.9
Carotid endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 4.2 3.9 * – * 3.2 4.2 3.9 3.8
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 60.6 58.9 56.5 42.4 42.5 40.0 18.2 16.4 16.5 16.2
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.3 4.9 * * * 4.4 4.4 3.9 4.2
Prostatectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 13.2 11.7 * * *1.5 14.1 12.3 10.2 10.4
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.8 3.1 * * * 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.2
Total hip replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 2.5 2.3 – – – 1.6 2.5 2.3 2.3
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 39.5 43.0 9.0 9.2 13.4 30.8 30.3 29.5 29.4
75 years and over4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.6 918.6 953.9 337.9 353.7 377.2 581.8 564.9 576.7 595.0
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 8.1 8.5 * – * 6.4 8.1 7.4 7.4
Extraction of lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 73.0 72.1 61.5 71.3 71.3 * * * *
Insertion of prosthetic lens (pseudophakos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.8 55.0 55.5 47.7 53.4 54.9 * * * *
Coronary artery bypass graft5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 12.5 11.5 – – – 10.7 12.5 11.5 11.1
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 23.8 26.6 *3.8 4.7 7.0 18.0 19.1 19.6 18.0
Pacemaker insertion or replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 16.3 18.1 * * * 15.3 15.3 16.3 13.5
Carotid endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.6 4.6 * – – 3.6 4.6 4.6 5.3
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 78.7 79.4 83.8 43.0 43.2 48.7 35.7 36.2 35.1 35.1
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 6.5 6.7 * * * 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.1
Prostatectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 17.4 14.5 *2.1 *2.2 *2.2 16.1 15.2 12.3 13.1
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 6.9 6.8 * * * 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.6
Total hip replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.1 2.2 – – – 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.7
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 29.4 36.0 *3.8 5.5 10.3 24.1 23.9 25.8 24.4
See footnotes at end of table.
294 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 303
Table 94 (page 2 of 3). Ambulatory and inpatient procedures according to place, sex, age, and
type of procedure: United States, 1994–97
[Data are based on a sample of inpatient and ambulatory surgery records]
Total Ambulatory1 Inpatient 2
Sex, age, and procedure category 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1997
Female Procedures per 1,000 population
All ages3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.8 264.3 269.4 104.5 109.1 114.4 161.2 155.2 155.0 153.9
Under 15 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.0 64.5 63.2 35.0 33.9 34.2 29.0 30.5 29.0 27.2
Myringotomy with insertion of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 8.0 7.1 8.2 7.6 6.8 0.4 *0.3 *0.3 *
Tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.9 0.5 0.4 0.4 *0.2
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.3 1.3 *0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
15–44 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290.7 282.8 287.4 92.0 93.7 98.6 198.7 189.2 188.9 184.5
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.6 0.6 * *0.2 *0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 8.3 8.8 9.8 6.3 7.1 7.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 4.0 4.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.3 1.9 1.9
Bilateral destruction or occlusion of fallopian tubes. . . . . . . . . . 11.3 11.5 11.0 5.2 6.0 5.3 6.1 5.5 5.7 5.3
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.7 5.4 * *0.3 *0.2 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.0
Cesarean section6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 13.2 14.0 – – – 14.5 13.2 14.0 13.4
Repair of current obstetrical laceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 16.2 17.8 * * * 15.3 16.2 17.8 17.8
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.7 1.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Arthroscopy of the knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.0 0.2 *0.1 *0.1 *0.1
Excision or destruction of intervertebral disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.9 1.0 * * * 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8
Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.4 1.9 2.1 *0.1 *0.1 * *
Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.3 0.2 * * * 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
45–64 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.1 326.7 333.7 154.7 165.0 172.3 172.4 161.7 161.4 157.9
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.1 2.3 * * * 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.7
Coronary artery bypass graft5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.7 2.0 – – – 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 7.4 8.4 2.2 2.0 2.4 6.0 5.3 6.0 5.3
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 28.5 30.3 28.3 22.0 24.2 22.8 6.5 6.2 5.5 5.8
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.8 6.7 1.8 2.3 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.1
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 7.3 8.1 * * * 7.1 7.1 7.8 8.1
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.9 3.1 *0.7 *0.7 0.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.9
Arthroscopy of the knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.5 3.6 2.8 3.4 3.5 * * * *
Excision or destruction of intervertebral disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.7 2.0 * * * 2.0 1.6 1.8 2.0
Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.4 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.5 0.5 0.4 *0.4 *0.3
Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.8 1.7 * * *0.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 10.8 11.7 3.0 2.7 3.3 8.5 8.1 8.4 7.4
65–74 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576.0 591.6 618.8 251.5 269.3 288.4 324.4 322.3 330.4 351.8
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.7 5.9 * * * 4.8 4.6 5.6 5.3
Extraction of lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 48.6 47.7 41.3 47.7 47.2 * * * *
Insertion of prosthetic lens (pseudophakos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 36.1 35.9 33.1 35.3 35.4 * * * *
Coronary artery bypass graft5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 6.1 6.6 – * – 5.0 6.1 6.6 7.5
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 15.8 19.9 3.3 3.6 5.4 12.5 12.2 14.6 14.5
Pacemaker insertion or replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.9 3.8 * * * 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.3
Carotid endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 2.3 2.1 – – – 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.8
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 54.5 58.5 59.4 38.6 40.6 44.9 15.9 17.9 14.5 17.3
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.1 6.9 *1.3 *1.6 2.3 5.1 4.5 4.6 5.0
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.3 3.8 * * * 4.6 4.3 3.7 4.5
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.1 5.9 * * * 4.6 4.3 5.0 5.4
Total hip replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.6 2.9 – – * 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.3
Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.1 5.5 4.4 4.6 4.9 * * *0.6 *0.5
Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.7 2.7 * * * 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 22.3 26.9 4.8 4.9 6.8 17.8 17.3 20.1 19.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 295
Extracted source page 304
Table 94 (page 3 of 3). Ambulatory and inpatient procedures according to place, sex, age, and
type of procedure: United States, 1994–97
[Data are based on a sample of inpatient and ambulatory surgery records]
Total Ambulatory1 Inpatient 2
Sex, age, and procedure category 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1997
Procedures per 1,000 population
75 years and over4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.5 764.0 779.1 271.1 301.2 315.8 471.4 462.8 463.3 479.0
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.3 4.8 * * * 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.7
Extraction of lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 83.4 82.4 69.8 81.1 81.7 * * * *
Insertion of prosthetic lens (pseudophakos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 62.8 61.4 53.9 60.6 60.7 * * * *
Coronary artery bypass graft5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.1 4.6 – – – 3.3 4.1 4.6 4.9
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 12.9 15.0 *1.5 *1.8 3.5 10.3 11.1 11.5 12.2
Pacemaker insertion or replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 10.6 12.3 * * *1.1 11.4 10.0 11.2 10.2
Carotid endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.0 2.3 – * – 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.2
Endoscopy of small or large intestine with or without biopsy . . . 69.7 73.4 71.0 34.1 38.8 38.2 35.6 34.6 32.8 34.3
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 6.4 6.1 * * *1.2 4.2 5.5 5.0 5.2
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.8 – * * 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.3
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 15.5 17.3 * * * 13.8 14.5 16.7 15.6
Total hip replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.3 3.6 – * * 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.2
Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.8 * *0.7 * *
Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.9 2.1 * * * 2.4 2.5 1.8 2.2
Angiocardiography with contrast material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 17.5 20.8 2.3 *2.1 5.4 14.4 15.4 15.4 16.7
* Rates for all places or inpatient hospitals based on fewer than 5,000 estimated procedures are unreliable and are not shown; those based on 5,000–9,999 estimated
procedures are preceded by an asterisk and may have low reliability. Rates for ambulatory surgery based on fewer than 10,000 estimated procedures are unreliable
and are not shown; those based on 10,000–19,999 estimated procedures are preceded by an asterisk.
– Quantity zero.
1
Data are from the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (conducted from 1994–96) and exclude ambulatory surgery procedures for patients who became inpatients.
See Appendix II, Ambulatory surgery.
2
Data are from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and exclude newborn infants.
3
See Appendix II for age-adjustment procedure.
4
Includes procedures not listed in table.
5
Data in the main body of the table are for all-listed coronary artery bypass grafts. Often, more than one coronary bypass procedure is performed during a single
operation. The following table gives additional information based on the number of inpatient discharges with one or more coronary artery bypass grafts.
Sex and age 1994 1995 1996 1997
Inpatient discharges
per 1,000 population
Males:
45–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.0
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 11.2 11.4 11.1
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 8.9 7.6 6.9
Females:
45–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2
65–74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.5
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 3.0 3.3 3.4
6
Cesarean sections accounted for 22.0 percent of deliveries in 1994, 20.8 percent in 1995, 21.8 percent in 1996, and 21.5 percent in 1997.
NOTES: Data in this table are for up to four procedures for inpatients and for up to six procedures for ambulatory surgery patients. See Appendix II, Procedure.
Procedure categories are based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. For a listing of the code numbers, see Appendix II,
table IX. Rates are based on the civilian population as of July 1. Beginning with data year 1997, population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the
1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Comparisons of selected estimates based on matrix-adjusted populations with those
based on non-adjusted populations for data years 1995 and 1996 show little difference between the two sets of estimates.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics. Data from the National Hospital
Discharge Survey and the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery.
296 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 305
Table 95. Hospital admissions, average length of stay, and outpatient visits, according to type of ownership
and size of hospital, and percent outpatient surgery: United States, selected years 1975–98
[Data are based on reporting by a census of hospitals]
Type of ownership
and size of hospital 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Admissions Number in thousands
All hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,157 38,892 36,304 33,774 33,282 33,307 33,624 33,766
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,913 2,044 2,103 1,759 1,559 1,422 1,249 1,133
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,243 36,848 34,201 32,015 31,723 31,885 32,375 32,633
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,435 36,143 33,449 31,181 30,945 31,099 31,577 31,812
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,722 25,566 24,179 22,878 22,557 22,542 22,905 23,282
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,646 3,165 3,242 3,066 3,428 3,684 3,953 3,971
State-local government . . . 7,067 7,413 6,028 5,236 4,961 4,873 4,720 4,559
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 159 102 95 124 117 139 139
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 1,431 1,254 1,009 870 944 925 933 965
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 3,675 3,700 2,953 2,474 2,299 2,280 2,311 2,265
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . 7,017 7,162 6,487 5,833 6,288 6,456 6,416 6,656
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . 6,174 6,596 6,371 6,333 6,495 6,426 6,352 6,230
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . 4,739 5,358 5,401 5,091 4,693 4,856 5,099 5,021
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . 3,689 4,401 3,723 3,644 3,413 3,481 3,360 3,390
500 beds or more . . . . . . 6,537 7,513 7,401 6,840 6,690 6,558 6,967 7,146
Average length of stay Number of days
All hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 9.9 9.1 9.1 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.2
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 16.8 14.8 14.9 13.1 13.4 14.3 14.4
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 9.6 8.8 8.8 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.9
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 7.6 7.1 7.2 6.5 6.2 6.1 6.0
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.3 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.9
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5
State-local government . . . 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.0
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 5.3 5.0 5.4 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.6
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 5.8 5.3 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.2
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 6.7 6.5 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.9
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.0 6.7 7.1 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.9
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . 7.5 7.4 6.8 6.9 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.8
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . 7.8 7.6 7.0 7.0 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.7
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.9 7.3 7.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.9
500 beds or more . . . . . . 9.1 8.7 8.1 8.1 7.1 6.7 6.6 6.5
Outpatient visits3 Number in thousands
All hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254,844 262,951 282,140 368,184 483,195 505,455 520,600 545,481
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,957 50,566 52,342 58,527 59,934 56,593 60,757 63,642
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,887 212,385 229,798 309,657 423,261 448,861 459,843 481,838
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,672 202,310 218,716 301,329 414,345 439,863 450,140 474,193
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,435 142,156 158,953 221,073 303,851 320,746 330,215 352,114
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,713 9,696 12,378 20,110 31,940 37,347 40,919 42,072
State-local government . . . 51,525 50,459 47,386 60,146 78,554 81,770 79,007 80,008
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 1,155 829 1,471 3,644 3,622 3,920 4,278
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 5,855 6,227 6,623 10,812 19,465 20,960 21,682 22,694
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 16,303 17,976 18,716 27,582 38,597 41,003 40,882 42,161
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . 35,156 36,453 41,049 58,940 91,312 99,999 100,838 107,966
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . 32,772 36,073 40,515 60,561 84,080 86,958 83,826 85,494
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . 29,169 30,495 33,773 43,699 54,277 60,190 64,741 67,070
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . 22,127 25,501 23,950 33,394 44,284 47,241 46,579 49,022
500 beds or more . . . . . . 48,375 48,430 53,262 64,870 78,685 79,891 87,672 95,508
Outpatient surgery Percent of total surgeries4
Community hospitals2 . . . . . . . . --- 16.3 34.6 50.5 58.1 59.5 60.7 61.6
- - - Data not available.
1
The category of non-Federal hospitals is comprised of psychiatric, tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases hospitals, and long-term and short-term hospitals.
2
Community hospitals are short-term hospitals excluding hospital units in institutions such as prison and college infirmaries, facilities for the mentally retarded, and
alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals.
3
Outpatient visits include visits to the emergency department, outpatient department, referred visits (pharmacy, EKG, radiology), and outpatient surgery.
4
The American Hospital Association defines surgery as a surgical episode in the operating or procedure room. During a single episode, multiple surgical procedures
may be performed. In contrast the National Hospital Discharge Survey codes up to 4 procedures and the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery codes up to 6
procedures that are performed in a single surgical episode. See Appendix II, Ambulatory surgery and Outpatient surgery.
NOTE: Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: American Hospital Association: Hospital Statistics, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991–99 Editions. Chicago, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991–99. (Copyrights 1976, 1981,
1986, 1991–99: Used with the permission of the American Hospital Association (AHA) and Health Forum, an AHA company.)
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 297
Extracted source page 306
Table 96. Nursing home residents 65 years of age and over according to age, sex, and race: United States,
1973–74, 1985, 1995, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of nursing home residents]
Residents Residents per 1,000 population
Age, sex, and race 1973–74 1985 1995 1997 1973–74 1985 1995 1997
Age
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... 58.5 54.0 45.9 45.3
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961,500 1,318,300 1,422,600 1,465,000 44.7 46.2 42.4 43.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,100 212,100 190,200 198,400 12.3 12.5 10.1 10.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384,900 509,000 511,900 528,300 57.7 57.7 45.9 45.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413,600 597,300 720,400 738,300 257.3 220.3 198.6 192.0
Male
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... 42.5 38.8 32.8 32.0
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265,700 334,400 356,800 372,100 30.0 29.0 26.1 26.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,100 80,600 79,300 80,800 11.3 10.8 9.5 9.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,300 141,300 144,300 159,300 39.9 43.0 33.3 34.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,300 112,600 133,100 132,000 182.7 145.7 130.8 119.0
Female
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... 67.5 61.5 52.3 51.9
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695,800 983,900 1,065,800 1,092,900 54.9 57.9 53.7 55.1
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,000 131,500 110,900 117,700 13.1 13.8 10.6 11.6
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,600 367,700 367,600 368,900 68.9 66.4 53.9 52.7
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315,300 484,700 587,300 606,300 294.9 250.1 224.9 221.6
White
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... 61.2 55.5 45.4 44.5
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920,600 1,227,400 1,271,200 1,294,900 46.9 47.7 42.3 43.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,100 187,800 154,400 160,800 12.5 12.3 9.3 10.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369,700 473,600 453,800 464,400 60.3 59.1 44.9 44.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,800 566,000 663,000 669,700 270.8 228.7 200.7 192.4
Black
65 years and over, age adjusted1 . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... 28.2 41.5 50.4 54.4
65 years and over, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,700 82,000 122,900 137,400 22.0 35.0 45.2 49.4
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,200 22,500 29,700 31,400 11.1 15.4 18.4 19.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,400 30,600 47,300 51,900 26.7 45.3 57.2 60.6
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,100 29,000 45,800 54,100 105.7 141.5 167.1 186.0
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Age adjusted by the direct method to the year 2000 population standard using the following three age groups: 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85 years and over.
NOTES: Excludes residents in personal care or domiciliary care homes. Age refers to age at time of interview. Rates are based on the resident population as of July 1.
In 1997 population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hing E, Sekscenski E, Strahan G. The National Nursing Home Survey: 1985 summary for the United States.
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(97). 1989; and unpublished data from the 1995 and 1997 National Nursing Home Surveys.
298 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 307
Table 97. Nursing home residents 65 years of age and over, according to selected functional status
and age, sex, and race: United States, 1985, 1995, and 1997
[Data are based on a sample of nursing home residents]
Functional status1
Dependent mobility,
Dependent mobility Incontinent Dependent eating eating, and incontinent
Age, sex, and race 1985 1995 1997 1985 1995 1997 1985 1995 1997 1985 1995 1997
All persons Percent
65 years and over,
age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 79.0 79.3 55.0 63.8 64.9 40.9 44.9 45.1 32.5 36.5 35.7
65 years and over, crude . . . . 74.8 79.0 79.4 54.5 63.8 64.9 40.5 44.9 45.1 32.1 36.5 35.6
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 73.0 73.1 42.9 61.9 59.2 33.5 43.8 42.1 25.7 35.8 30.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 76.5 77.1 55.1 62.5 64.3 39.4 45.2 44.8 30.6 35.3 34.5
85 years and over. . . . . . . . . 83.3 82.4 82.6 58.1 65.3 66.9 43.9 45.0 46.1 35.6 37.5 37.8
Male
65 years and over,
age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 76.6 76.3 54.2 63.8 65.0 36.0 42.1 42.8 28.0 34.3 33.6
65 years and over, crude . . . . 67.8 75.8 75.6 51.9 63.9 64.5 34.9 42.7 42.9 26.9 34.8 33.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 70.6 72.3 38.8 63.4 60.1 32.8 44.2 42.7 24.1 36.9 32.9
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 76.6 75.1 54.4 64.6 65.9 32.6 44.1 43.7 25.5 35.5 34.6
85 years and over. . . . . . . . . 79.2 78.2 78.3 58.1 63.4 65.6 39.2 40.2 42.1 30.9 32.7 33.0
Female
65 years and over,
age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3 79.7 80.2 55.4 63.6 64.8 42.4 45.6 45.6 33.9 36.9 35.9
65 years and over, crude . . . . 77.1 80.1 80.6 55.4 63.8 65.1 42.4 45.6 45.8 33.8 37.0 36.3
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 74.8 73.7 45.4 60.9 58.6 34.0 43.6 41.6 26.7 35.0 29.2
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 76.5 78.0 55.3 61.7 63.6 42.0 45.7 45.3 32.6 35.2 34.4
85 years and over. . . . . . . . . 84.3 83.3 83.5 58.1 65.7 67.2 45.0 46.0 46.9 36.7 38.6 38.8
White
65 years and over,
age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 78.5 78.9 54.6 63.2 64.4 40.4 44.2 44.2 32.1 35.7 34.8
65 years and over, crude . . . . 74.3 78.7 79.0 54.2 63.3 64.5 40.1 44.2 44.2 31.7 35.7 34.8
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 71.4 72.3 42.2 60.2 59.6 32.6 41.9 40.2 24.9 33.8 29.3
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.6 76.4 76.1 54.2 61.8 63.4 38.9 44.9 43.9 30.1 34.7 33.5
85 years and over. . . . . . . . . 83.1 81.9 82.6 58.2 65.0 66.4 43.5 44.3 45.4 35.5 36.9 37.1
Black
65 years and over,
age adjusted2 . . . . . . . . . . . 83.4 83.2 82.7 61.0 69.3 71.0 49.2 52.2 53.3 38.2 44.0 44.1
65 years and over, crude . . . . 81.1 82.1 82.0 59.9 69.1 69.2 47.9 51.7 53.3 37.7 43.7 43.2
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 79.6 75.9 48.6 68.3 55.8 43.1 51.2 53.2 33.8 43.1 38.4
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 77.8 84.1 70.1 68.9 72.4 47.9 49.5 52.9 40.6 42.3 42.0
85 years and over. . . . . . . . . 87.4 88.0 83.5 57.9 69.8 74.0 51.7 54.3 53.6 37.6 45.5 47.2
1
Nursing home residents who are dependent in mobility and eating require the assistance of a person or special equipment. Nursing home residents who are
incontinent have difficulty in controlling bowels and/or bladder or have an ostomy or indwelling catheter.
2
Age adjusted by the direct method to the 1995 National Nursing Home Survey population using the following three age groups: 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85
years and over.
NOTES: Age refers to age at time of interview. Excludes residents in personal care or domiciliary care homes.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hing E, Sekscenski E, Strahan G. The National Nursing Home Survey: 1985 summary for the United States.
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(97). 1989; and unpublished data from the 1995 and 1997 National Nursing Home Surveys.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 299
Extracted source page 308
Table 98. Additions to selected inpatient psychiatric organizations according to sex, age, and race:
United States, 1975, 1980, and 1986
[Data are based on a sample survey of patients]
State and county mental hospitals Private psychiatric hospitals Non-Federal general hospitals1
Sex, age, and race 1975 1980 1986 1975 1980 1986 1975 1980 1986
Both sexes Additions in thousands
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 369 343 130 141 222 516 564 851
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 17 17 15 17 43 43 44 50
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 77 61 19 23 25 93 98 126
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 177 200 47 56 99 220 249 425
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 78 50 35 32 34 121 123 156
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . 21 20 15 13 14 21 38 50 94
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 265 230 119 123 183 451 469 659
All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 104 113 10 18 39 65 95 192
Male
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 239 217 56 67 115 212 255 398
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11 10 8 9 23 20 20 22
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 56 41 10 13 16 45 52 59
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 119 134 20 27 56 85 115 222
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 43 25 14 13 14 48 46 66
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . 13 11 7 5 5 6 14 21 29
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 171 145 51 58 89 184 213 292
All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 68 72 5 9 26 27 42 106
Female
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 130 126 74 74 107 304 309 453
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 7 8 7 20 23 23 28
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 22 20 9 10 8 48 45 67
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 58 66 28 29 44 135 135 203
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 35 24 21 18 20 74 77 90
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . 8 9 8 8 9 15 24 29 65
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 94 85 69 65 94 267 256 367
All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 36 41 5 9 13 37 53 86
Both sexes Additions per 100,000 civilian population
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.2 163.6 143.4 61.4 62.6 92.5 243.8 250.0 355.4
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.1 26.1 26.9 23.3 26.3 67.5 64.4 68.5 78.7
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.8 264.6 225.6 73.7 79.6 91.6 352.8 334.2 467.0
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.1 282.9 267.0 89.3 89.1 132.7 416.8 399.0 566.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.5 175.7 110.9 80.1 71.0 75.2 278.5 276.4 346.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 78.0 52.5 57.7 54.1 71.4 170.3 195.4 323.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.1 136.8 113.2 64.9 63.4 90.1 245.4 241.8 324.7
All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.9 328.0 311.4 37.9 57.5 106.1 233.3 300.0 526.2
Male
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.7 219.8 187.8 54.5 61.9 99.3 207.1 233.8 343.6
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 35.4 32.2 22.5 28.9 69.8 59.1 62.6 67.5
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.0 387.9 307.5 78.0 92.2 124.2 350.8 365.3 446.2
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.4 388.1 363.0 76.6 86.8 151.2 332.8 374.7 602.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.5 202.3 118.6 66.8 63.2 65.5 228.6 219.1 306.1
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . 136.4 105.3 59.4 50.3 47.3 52.1 152.0 203.4 245.6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.2 182.2 147.2 57.0 61.7 90.3 206.9 226.3 296.4
All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.5 457.8 419.7 38.1 62.7 151.2 209.1 281.1 614.2
Female
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7 111.1 101.8 67.8 63.3 86.2 278.1 265.1 366.4
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 16.4 21.4 24.1 23.6 65.0 70.0 74.6 90.3
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.1 145.8 146.6 69.6 67.4 60.2 354.6 304.4 487.1
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.9 182.3 174.1 101.2 91.2 114.9 495.8 422.2 531.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.5 151.7 103.8 92.3 78.1 84.0 324.3 328.2 382.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 59.6 47.8 62.8 58.8 84.6 182.9 190.0 376.7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2 94.1 81.1 72.5 65.0 90.0 281.7 256.4 351.5
All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.0 212.6 214.2 37.7 52.8 65.5 254.9 316.7 447.0
1
Non-Federal general hospitals include public and nonpublic facilities.
NOTES: An addition is a new admission, a readmission, a return from long-term leave, or a transfer. See Appendix II, Addition.
SOURCES: National Institute of Mental Health. Taube CA, Barrett SA. Mental Health, United States, 1985. DHHS. 1985; Manderscheid RW, Sonnenschein MA. Mental
Health, United States, 1992. DHHS. 1992. Unpublished data.
300 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 309
Table 99. Additions to selected inpatient psychiatric organizations, according to selected primary
diagnoses and age: United States, 1975, 1980, and 1986
[Data are based on a sample survey of patients]
State and county Private Non-Federal general
mental hospitals psychiatric hospitals hospitals1
Primary diagnosis and age 1975 1980 1986 1975 1980 1986 1975 1980 1986
All diagnoses2 Additions per 100,000 civilian population
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.2 163.6 143.4 61.4 62.6 92.5 243.8 250.0 355.4
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.8 101.2 86.3 37.7 43.1 74.7 146.7 152.2 194.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.1 282.9 267.0 89.3 89.1 132.7 416.8 399.0 566.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.5 175.7 110.9 80.1 71.0 75.2 278.5 276.4 346.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 78.0 52.5 57.7 54.1 71.4 170.3 195.4 323.6
Alcohol related
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.4 35.5 23.8 5.1 5.8 6.6 17.0 18.8 42.4
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 12.4 16.8 0.4 1.4 2.2 2.4 4.4 13.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.2 64.0 45.4 7.6 9.3 10.0 31.0 34.3 94.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.0 57.7 15.3 12.5 10.9 11.0 34.5 30.6 32.9
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 11.5 *3.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 10.2 12.8 11.3
Drug related
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 7.8 9.1 1.5 1.8 6.1 8.4 7.4 20.8
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 9.4 6.3 1.5 1.8 7.5 7.7 7.8 18.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 12.9 14.8 2.3 3.0 9.3 13.8 9.3 42.0
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *0.6 1.4 10.5 0.1 1.0 *1.8 6.5 7.1 *2.2
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3.5 *0.7 *0.8 0.4 0.6 --- *2.6 *2.0 *1.2
Organic disorders3
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 6.8 4.5 2.5 2.2 2.0 9.0 7.4 10.7
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.2 *0.2 0.7 0.5 *0.5 1.1 *0.8 1.7
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.7 3.0 1.1 0.9 *0.3 5.4 5.6 6.9
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 8.1 7.3 1.7 2.7 *1.5 9.3 6.9 6.8
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 30.0 17.2 14.5 10.8 11.7 49.3 36.4 54.5
Affective disorders
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 22.0 23.6 26.0 26.8 45.4 91.9 79.2 135.9
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 9.1 9.9 9.5 13.5 31.6 35.3 32.2 55.9
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 36.9 45.2 39.4 38.9 67.1 160.9 123.7 190.4
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 32.4 25.5 43.3 36.3 38.5 135.6 113.8 165.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 14.3 7.9 29.6 29.2 42.9 78.5 81.0 197.4
Schizophrenia
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 62.1 53.2 13.4 13.3 11.0 58.9 59.9 66.2
Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.9 36.6 19.6 11.1 10.6 5.7 42.0 38.3 30.8
25–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.8 125.0 115.3 23.8 22.5 22.6 118.0 114.5 124.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 54.8 38.8 11.3 11.6 8.5 50.3 53.6 73.7
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 13.9 19.9 2.7 3.6 *1.8 5.6 16.3 15.3
* Based on 5 or fewer sample additions.
- - - Data not available.
1
Non-Federal general hospitals include public and nonpublic facilities.
2
Includes all other diagnoses not listed separately.
3
Excludes alcohol- and drug-related diagnoses.
NOTES: An addition is a new admission, a readmission, a return from long-term leave, or a transfer. See Appendix II, Addition. Primary diagnosis categories are based
on the then current International Classification of Diseases and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. For a listing of the code numbers, see Appendix
II, table X.
SOURCES: National Institute of Mental Health. Taube CA, Barrett SA. Mental Health, United States, 1985. DHHS. 1985; Manderscheid RW, Sonnenschein MA. Mental
Health, United States, 1992. DHHS. 1992. Unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 301
Extracted source page 310
Table 100. Persons employed in health service sites: United States, selected years 1970–99
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Site 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 19941 19951 19961 19971 19981 19991
Number of persons in thousands
All employed civilians . . . . . . . . . 76,805 85,846 99,303 107,150 117,914 119,306 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488
All health service sites . . . . . . . . 4,246 5,945 7,339 7,910 9,447 10,553 10,587 10,928 11,199 11,525 11,504 11,646
Offices and clinics
of physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 618 777 894 1,098 1,450 1,404 1,512 1,501 1,559 1,581 1,624
Offices and clinics
of dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 331 415 480 580 567 596 644 614 662 666 694
Offices and clinics
of chiropractors2 . . . . . . . . . . 19 30 40 59 90 116 105 99 99 118 127 142
Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,690 3,441 4,036 4,269 4,690 5,032 5,009 4,961 5,041 5,130 5,116 5,117
Nursing and personal care
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 891 1,199 1,309 1,543 1,752 1,692 1,718 1,765 1,755 1,801 1,786
Other health service sites . . . . 330 634 872 899 1,446 1,635 1,781 1,995 2,178 2,301 2,213 2,283
Percent of employed civilians
All health service sites . . . . . . . . 5.5 6.9 7.4 7.4 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.7
Percent distribution
All health service sites . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Offices and clinics
of physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 10.4 10.6 11.3 11.6 13.7 13.3 13.8 13.4 13.5 13.7 13.9
Offices and clinics
of dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0
Offices and clinics
of chiropractors2 . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 57.9 55.0 54.0 49.6 47.7 47.3 45.4 45.0 44.5 44.5 43.9
Nursing and personal care
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 15.0 16.3 16.5 16.3 16.6 16.0 15.7 15.8 15.2 15.7 15.3
Other health service sites . . . . 7.8 10.7 11.9 11.4 15.3 15.5 16.8 18.3 19.4 20.0 19.2 19.6
1
Data for 1994 and later years are not strictly comparable with data from previous years due to a redesign of the Current Population Survey. See Appendix I,
Department of Commerce.
2
Data for 1980 are from the American Chiropractic Association; data for all other years are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
NOTES: Employment is full- or part-time work. Totals exclude persons in health-related occupations who are working in nonhealth industries, as classified by the U.S.
Bureau of the Census, such as pharmacists employed in drugstores, school nurses, and nurses working in private households. Totals include Federal, State, and
county health workers. In 1970–82, employed persons were classified according to the industry groups used in the 1970 Census of Population. In 1983–91, persons
were classified according to the system used in the 1980 Census of Population. Beginning in 1992 persons were classified according to the system used in the 1990
Census of Population. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
Health Care Resources
SOURCES: U.S. Bureau of the Census: 1970 Census of Population, occupation by industry. Subject Reports. Final Report PC(2)–7C. Washington. U.S. Government
Printing Office, Oct. 1972; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vol. I. Washington. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Sept. 1982; Employment and Earnings, January issue 1986, 1991–2000. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1986, 1991–2000;
American Chiropractic Association: Unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 303
Extracted source page 311
Table 101 (page 1 of 2). Active non-Federal physicians and doctors of medicine in patient care,
according to geographic division and State: United States, 1975, 1985, 1995, and 1998
[Data are based on reporting by physicians]
Total physicians1 Doctors of medicine in patient care 2
Geographic division and State 1975 1985 1995 3 1998 4 1975 1985 1995 1998
Number per 10,000 civilian population
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 20.7 24.2 25.5 13.5 18.0 21.3 22.5
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 26.7 32.5 34.0 16.9 22.9 28.8 30.2
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 18.7 22.3 24.7 10.7 15.6 18.2 20.0
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 18.1 21.5 23.6 13.1 16.7 19.8 21.6
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 23.8 26.9 29.9 15.5 20.3 24.2 26.8
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 30.2 37.5 38.4 18.3 25.4 33.2 34.2
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 23.3 30.4 33.6 16.1 20.2 26.7 29.7
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 27.6 32.8 34.0 17.7 24.3 29.5 30.5
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 26.1 32.4 34.0 17.0 22.2 28.0 29.2
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 29.0 35.3 37.1 20.2 25.2 31.6 33.1
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 23.4 29.3 30.6 14.0 19.8 24.9 25.8
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 23.6 30.1 31.5 13.9 19.2 24.6 25.6
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 19.3 23.3 24.4 12.0 16.4 19.8 20.7
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 19.9 23.8 25.1 12.2 16.8 20.0 21.0
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 14.7 18.4 19.6 9.6 13.2 16.6 17.6
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 20.5 24.8 25.8 13.1 18.2 22.1 22.9
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 20.8 24.8 25.9 12.0 16.0 19.0 19.8
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 17.7 21.5 22.5 11.4 15.9 19.6 20.5
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 18.3 21.8 22.6 11.4 15.6 18.9 19.6
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 20.5 23.4 24.1 13.7 18.5 21.5 22.1
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 15.6 19.2 19.6 9.4 12.4 15.1 15.4
Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 20.5 23.9 24.7 11.6 16.3 19.7 20.3
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 15.8 20.5 22.0 9.2 14.9 18.9 20.4
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 13.4 16.7 18.4 7.7 12.3 15.7 17.2
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 15.7 19.8 21.2 10.9 14.4 18.3 19.7
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 17.3 20.8 21.4 11.2 15.1 18.0 18.4
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 19.7 23.4 24.6 12.6 17.6 21.0 22.1
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 19.7 23.4 24.2 12.7 17.1 19.7 20.6
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.6 30.4 34.1 35.4 16.5 24.9 29.9 31.3
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . 39.6 55.3 63.6 68.5 34.6 45.6 53.6 59.5
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 19.5 22.5 23.4 11.9 17.8 20.8 21.6
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 16.3 21.0 22.9 10.0 14.6 17.9 19.3
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 16.9 21.1 22.3 10.6 15.0 19.4 20.5
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 14.7 18.9 20.1 9.3 13.6 17.6 18.6
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 16.2 19.7 20.6 10.6 14.7 18.0 18.8
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 20.2 22.9 24.3 13.4 17.8 20.3 21.5
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 15.0 19.2 20.6 9.7 14.0 17.8 19.0
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 15.1 19.2 20.4 10.1 13.9 18.0 19.0
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 17.7 22.5 23.9 11.3 16.2 20.8 22.1
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 14.2 18.4 19.4 8.6 13.1 17.0 17.8
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 11.8 13.9 16.2 8.0 11.1 13.0 14.9
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 16.4 19.5 20.6 10.5 14.5 17.3 18.3
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 13.8 17.3 18.9 8.5 12.8 16.0 17.5
Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 17.3 21.7 23.6 10.5 16.1 20.3 22.2
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 16.1 18.8 19.6 9.4 12.9 14.7 15.3
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 16.8 19.4 20.4 11.0 14.7 17.3 18.1
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 17.8 20.2 20.8 12.6 15.7 17.8 18.2
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 14.0 18.4 19.1 10.1 13.2 17.1 17.7
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 12.1 13.9 15.6 8.9 11.4 13.1 14.4
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 12.9 15.3 16.9 8.9 12.0 13.9 15.4
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 20.7 23.7 24.3 15.0 17.7 20.6 21.2
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 17.0 20.2 21.0 10.1 14.7 18.0 18.6
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 20.2 21.4 21.3 14.1 17.1 18.2 18.0
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 17.2 19.2 19.6 13.0 15.5 17.6 17.7
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 16.0 16.7 17.9 10.9 14.5 14.6 15.8
See footnotes at end of table.
304 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 312
Table 101 (page 2 of 2). Active non-Federal physicians and doctors of medicine in patient care,
according to geographic division and State: United States, 1975, 1985, 1995, and 1998
[Data are based on reporting by physicians]
Total physicians1 Doctors of medicine in patient care 2
Geographic division and State 1975 1985 1995 3 1998 4 1975 1985 1995 1998
Number per 10,000 civilian population
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 22.5 23.3 23.5 16.3 20.5 21.2 21.3
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 20.2 22.5 23.2 13.6 17.9 20.2 20.8
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 19.7 21.6 22.4 13.8 17.6 19.5 20.2
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 23.7 23.7 23.7 17.3 21.5 21.7 21.6
Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 13.0 15.7 16.8 7.8 12.1 14.2 15.2
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 21.5 24.8 26.1 14.7 19.8 22.8 23.8
1
Includes active non-Federal doctors of medicine and active doctors of osteopathy.
2
Excludes doctors of osteopathy; States with large numbers are Florida, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Excludes doctors of medicine
in medical teaching, administration, research, and other nonpatient care activities.
3
Data for doctors of osteopathy are as of July 1996.
4
Data for doctors of osteopathy are as of December 1998.
NOTES: Data for doctors of medicine are as of December 31. See Appendix II for physician definitions.
SOURCES: American Medical Association (AMA). Physician distribution and medical licensure in the U.S., 1975; Physician characteristics and distribution in the U.S.,
1986 edition; 1996–97 edition; 1999 edition; 2000 edition. Department of Data Survey and Planning, Division of Survey and Data Resources, AMA. (Copyrights 1976,
1986, 1997, 1999, 2000: Used with the permission of the AMA); American Osteopathic Association: 1975–76 Yearbook and Directory of Osteopathic Physicians,
1985–86 Yearbook and Directory of Osteopathic Physicians; Rockville, Md. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine: Annual Statistical Report, 1996
and 1998.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 305
Extracted source page 313
Table 102. Physicians, according to activity and place of medical education: United States and outlying U.S.
areas, selected years 1975–98
[Data are based on reporting by physicians]
Activity and place of medical education 1975 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Number of physicians
Doctors of medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393,742 552,716 615,421 720,325 737,764 756,710 777,859
Professionally active1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,280 497,140 547,310 625,443 643,955 664,556 667,000
Place of medical education:
U.S. medical graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 392,007 432,884 481,137 495,463 509,942 509,524
International medical graduates2. . . . . . . --- 105,133 114,426 144,306 148,492 154,614 157,476
Activity:3
Non-Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312,089 475,573 526,835 604,364 623,526 645,203 648,009
Patient care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287,837 431,527 487,796 564,074 580,706 603,684 606,425
Office-based practice . . . . . . . . . . . 213,334 329,041 359,932 427,275 445,765 458,209 468,788
General and family practice . . . . . 46,347 53,862 57,571 59,932 61,760 62,022 64,588
Cardiovascular diseases . . . . . . . 5,046 9,054 10,670 13,739 14,304 15,026 15,112
Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,442 5,325 5,996 6,959 7,234 7,353 7,641
Gastroenterology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696 4,135 5,200 7,300 7,580 7,938 7,948
Internal medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,188 52,712 57,799 72,612 77,929 81,352 83,270
Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,687 22,392 26,494 33,890 35,453 36,846 38,359
Pulmonary diseases . . . . . . . . . . 1,166 3,035 3,659 4,964 4,892 4,965 4,927
General surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,710 24,708 24,498 24,086 25,425 27,865 27,509
Obstetrics and gynecology . . . . . . 15,613 23,525 25,475 29,111 29,872 30,063 31,194
Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,795 12,212 13,055 14,596 14,931 15,118 15,560
Orthopedic surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 8,148 13,033 14,187 17,136 17,637 18,482 18,479
Otolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,297 5,751 6,360 7,139 7,152 7,378 7,498
Plastic surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,706 3,299 3,835 4,612 5,012 5,257 5,303
Urological surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,025 7,081 7,392 7,991 8,229 8,383 8,424
Anesthesiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,970 15,285 17,789 23,770 24,929 25,569 26,218
Diagnostic radiology . . . . . . . . . . 1,978 7,735 9,806 12,751 13,313 14,142 14,241
Emergency medicine . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 8,402 11,700 12,348 12,450 13,253
Neurology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,862 4,691 5,587 7,623 7,898 8,199 8,458
Pathology, anatomical/clinical . . . . 4,195 6,877 7,269 9,031 9,661 10,229 9,970
Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,173 18,521 20,048 23,334 24,400 24,541 24,962
Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,970 7,355 6,056 5,994 6,276 6,297 6,353
Other specialty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,320 28,453 22,784 29,005 29,530 28,734 29,521
Hospital-based practice. . . . . . . . . . 74,503 102,486 127,864 136,799 134,941 145,318 137,637
Residents and interns4. . . . . . . . . 53,527 72,159 89,913 93,650 90,592 95,808 92,332
Full-time hospital staff . . . . . . . . . 20,976 30,327 37,951 43,149 44,349 49,510 45,305
Other professional activity5 . . . . . . . . . 24,252 44,046 39,039 40,290 42,820 41,519 41,584
Federal6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,191 21,567 20,475 21,079 20,429 19,353 18,991
Patient care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,100 17,293 15,632 18,057 18,218 16,947 15,311
Office-based practice . . . . . . . . . . . 2,095 1,156 1,063 ... ... ... ...
Hospital-based practice. . . . . . . . . . 22,005 16,137 14,569 18,057 18,218 16,945 15,311
Residents and interns . . . . . . . . . 4,275 3,252 1,725 2,702 5,749 4,068 660
Full-time hospital staff . . . . . . . . . 17,730 12,885 12,844 15,355 12,469 12,877 14,651
Other professional activity5 . . . . . . . . . 4,091 4,274 4,843 3,022 2,211 2,406 3,680
Inactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,449 38,646 52,653 72,326 72,510 71,106 69,889
Not classified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,145 13,950 12,678 20,579 19,998 20,049 40,032
Unknown address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,868 2,980 2,780 1,977 1,311 999 938
- - - Data not available.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Excludes inactive, not classified, and address unknown.
2
International medical graduates received their medical education in schools outside the United States and Canada.
3
Specialty information based on the physician’s self-designated primary area of practice. Categories include generalists and specialists.
4
Beginning in 1990 clinical fellows are included in this category. In prior years clinical fellows were included in other professional activity.
5
Includes medical teaching, administration, research, and other. Prior to 1990 this category included clinical fellows, also.
6
Beginning in 1993 data collection for Federal physicians was revised.
NOTES: Data for doctors of medicine are as of December 31, except for 1990–94 data, which are as of January 1. See Appendix II for discussion of physician
specialties. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and the Pacific islands of Canton, Caroline, Guam, Mariana, Marshall, American Samoa, and Wake. Data
for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: American Medical Association (AMA). Distribution of physicians in the United States, 1970; Physician distribution and medical licensure in the U.S., 1975;
Physician characteristics and distribution in the U.S., 1981 edition; 1986 edition; 1989 edition; 1990 edition; 1992 edition; 1993 edition; 1994 edition; 1995–96 edition;
1996–97 edition; 1997–98 edition; 1999 edition; 2000–2001 edition. Department of Data Survey and Planning, Division of Survey and Data Resources, AMA.
(Copyrights 1971, 1976, 1982, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1997, 1999, 2000: Used with the permission of the AMA.)
306 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 314
Table 103. Primary care doctors of medicine, according to specialty: United States and outlying
U.S. areas, selected years 1949–98
[Data are based on reporting by physicians]
Specialty 19491 19601 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Number
Total2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,277 260,484 334,028 467,679 615,421 684,414 720,325 737,764 756,710 777,859
Active doctors of medicine3 . . . . 191,577 247,257 310,845 414,916 547,310 605,468 625,443 643,955 664,556 667,000
Primary care generalists . . . . . 113,222 125,359 115,822 146,093 183,294 200,020 207,810 216,446 216,598 218,421
General/family practice . . . . 95,980 88,023 57,948 60,049 70,480 73,163 75,976 78,910 78,258 79,769
Internal medicine. . . . . . . . . 12,453 26,209 39,924 58,462 76,295 84,951 88,240 92,321 93,797 93,227
Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,789 11,127 17,950 27,582 36,519 41,906 43,594 45,215 44,543 45,425
Primary care specialists . . . . . --- --- 2,817 14,949 27,434 33,927 35,290 39,315 32,918 34,299
Internal medicine. . . . . . . . . --- --- 1,948 13,069 22,054 26,476 26,928 29,804 24,582 25,365
Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 869 1,880 5,380 7,451 8,362 9,511 8,336 8,934
Percent of active doctors of medicine
Primary care generalists . . . . . 59.1 50.7 37.3 35.2 33.5 33.0 33.2 33.6 32.6 32.7
General/family practice . . . . 50.1 35.6 18.6 14.5 12.9 12.1 12.1 12.3 11.8 12.0
Internal medicine. . . . . . . . . 6.5 10.6 12.8 14.1 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.1 14.0
Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 4.5 5.8 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.8
Primary care specialists . . . . . --- --- 0.9 3.6 5.0 5.6 5.6 6.1 5.0 5.1
Internal medicine. . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.6 3.1 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.6 3.7 3.8
Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3
- - - Data not available.
1
Estimated by the Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources Administration. Active doctors of medicine (M.D.’s) include those with address unknown and primary
specialty not classified.
2
Includes M.D.’s engaged in Federal and non-Federal patient care (office-based or hospital-based) and other professional activities.
3
Beginning in 1970, M.D.’s who are inactive, have unknown address, or primary specialty not classified are excluded.
NOTES: See Appendix II for definitions of physician specialties. Data are as of December 31 except for 1990–94 data, which are as of January 1, and 1949 data, which
are as of midyear. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and the Pacific islands of Canton, Caroline, Guam, Mariana, Marshall, American Samoa, and
Wake.
SOURCES: Health Manpower Source Book: Medical Specialists, USDHEW, 1962; American Medical Association (AMA). Distribution of physicians in the United States,
1970; Physician characteristics and distribution in the U.S., 1981 edition; 1992 edition; 1995–96 edition; 1996–97 edition; 1997–98 edition; 1999 edition; 2000–2001
edition. Department of Data Survey and Planning, Division of Survey and Data Resources, AMA. (Copyrights 1971, 1982, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1997, 1999, 2000: Used
with the permission of the AMA.)
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 307
Extracted source page 315
Table 104. Active health personnel according to occupation: United States, 1980–97
[Data are compiled by the Bureau of Health Professions]
Occupation 1980 19851 1990 1995 1997 2
Number of active health personnel
Chiropractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,600 --- 41,500 47,200 ---
Dentists3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,240 135,500 146,600 --- 159,500
Nutritionists/Dieticians . . . . . . . . 32,000 --- 67,000 --- 69,000
Nurses, registered . . . . . . . . . . . 1,272,900 1,531,200 1,789,600 2,115,800 2,161,700
Associate and diploma . . . . . . 908,300 1,016,700 1,107,300 1,235,000 1,252,600
Baccalaureate . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,300 419,200 549,000 673,200 693,200
Masters and doctorate . . . . . . 67,300 95,300 133,300 207,500 215,900
Occupational therapists . . . . . . . 25,000 --- 34,000 --- 45,000
Optometrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,330 23,900 26,000 28,900 29,500
Pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,780 159,200 161,900 182,300 185,000
Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . 50,000 --- 92,000 --- 107,000
Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427,122 542,653 567,611 672,859 723,507
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,642 23,305 20,784 21,153 20,619
Doctors of medicine4 . . . . . . 16,585 21,938 19,166 19,830 19,353
Doctors of osteopathy . . . . . 1,057 1,367 1,618 1,323 1,266
Non-Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409,480 519,348 546,826 651,706 702,888
Doctors of medicine4 . . . . . . 393,407 497,473 520,450 617,362 665,252
Doctors of osteopathy . . . . . 16,073 21,875 26,376 34,344 37,636
Podiatrists5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000 9,700 10,600 10,300 ---
Speech therapists . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000 --- 65,000 --- 97,000
Number per 100,000 population
Chiropractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 --- 16.5 17.8 ---
Dentists3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.5 56.9 58.8 --- 58.2
Nutritionists/Dieticians . . . . . . . . 14.0 --- 26.7 --- 25.9
Nurses, registered . . . . . . . . . . . 560.0 641.4 713.7 797.6 814.9
Associate and diploma . . . . . . 399.9 425.8 441.6 465.5 472.2
Baccalaureate . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.9 175.6 218.9 253.8 261.3
Masters and doctorate . . . . . . 29.6 39.9 53.2 78.2 81.4
Occupational therapists . . . . . . . 10.9 --- 13.5 --- 16.9
Optometrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 9.9 10.4 10.9 11.1
Pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 66.3 64.4 68.9 69.4
Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 --- 36.6 --- 40.1
Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.8 221.3 230.2 255.9 265.9
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 9.5 8.4 8.0 7.6
Doctors of medicine4 . . . . . . 7.4 8.9 7.7 7.5 7.1
Doctors of osteopathy . . . . . 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5
Non-Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.0 211.8 221.8 247.9 258.3
Doctors of medicine4 . . . . . . 174.9 202.9 211.1 234.8 244.5
Doctors of osteopathy . . . . . 7.1 8.9 10.7 13.1 13.8
Podiatrists5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 4.2 4.2 3.9 ---
Speech therapists . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 --- 25.9 --- 36.4
- - - Data not available.
1
Osteopath data are for 1986 and podiatric data are for 1984.
2
All physician data are for 1997, other occupations are for 1996.
3
Excludes dentists in military service, U.S. Public Health Service, and Department of Veterans Affairs.
4
Excludes physicians with unknown addresses and those who do not practice or practice less than 20 hours per week.
5
Podiatrists in patient care.
NOTES: Ratios for physicians and dentists are based on civilian population; ratios for all other health occupations are based on resident population. From 1989 to 1994
data for doctors of medicine are as of January 1; in other years these data are as of December 31. See Appendix II for physician definitions.
SOURCES: Division of Health Professions Analysis, Bureau of Health Professions: Supply and Characteristics of Selected Health Personnel. DHHS Pub. No. (HRA)
81–20. Health Resources Administration. Hyattsville, Md., June 1981 and unpublished data; American Medical Association. Physician characteristics and distribution in
the U.S., 1981, 1992, and 1997/98 editions. Chicago, 1982, 1992, and 1997; American Osteopathic Association. 1980–81 Yearbook and Directory of Osteopathic
Physicians. Chicago, 1980. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. Annual statistical report, 1990, 1997, and 1998 editions. Rockville, Md., 1990,
1997, and 1998.
308 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 316
Table 105 (page 1 of 2). Full-time equivalent patient care staff in mental health organizations, according to
type of organization and staff discipline: United States, selected years 1984–94
[Data are based on inventories of mental health organizations]
Organization and discipline 1984 1990 1992 1994 1984 1990 1992 1994
All organizations Number Percent distribution
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313,243 416,282 434,620 457,503 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,474 273,758 306,688 326,952 64.6 65.8 70.6 71.5
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,482 18,846 22,821 24,069 5.9 4.5 5.3 5.3
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,052 22,888 25,021 21,798 6.7 5.5 5.8 4.8
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,397 53,487 57,201 55,493 11.6 12.8 13.2 12.1
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,406 77,686 78,625 105,410 17.4 18.7 18.1 23.0
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,137 100,851 123,020 120,182 23.0 24.2 28.3 26.3
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,769 142,524 127,932 130,551 35.4 34.2 29.4 28.5
State and county mental hospitals
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,630 114,198 110,874 102,153 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,290 50,035 56,953 41,359 43.6 43.8 51.4 40.5
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,108 3,849 4,457 3,177 3.5 3.4 4.0 3.1
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,239 3,324 3,620 2,697 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.6
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,175 7,013 7,378 5,450 5.2 6.1 6.7 5.3
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,051 20,848 21,119 17,685 13.6 18.3 19.0 17.3
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,717 15,001 20,379 12,350 18.5 13.1 18.4 12.1
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,340 64,163 53,921 60,794 56.4 56.2 48.6 59.5
Private psychiatric hospitals
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,359 57,200 56,877 58,262 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,524 45,669 44,206 45,669 74.1 79.8 77.7 78.4
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,447 1,582 2,081 2,183 5.5 2.8 3.7 3.7
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461 1,977 1,656 2,003 5.5 3.5 2.9 3.4
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,179 4,044 4,587 5,473 8.3 7.1 8.1 9.4
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,818 14,819 15,086 15,939 25.9 25.9 26.5 27.4
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,619 23,247 20,796 20,071 28.9 40.6 36.6 34.4
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,835 11,531 12,671 12,593 25.9 20.2 22.3 21.6
Non-Federal general hospitals’
psychiatric services
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,848 72,214 72,880 87,304 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,335 57,019 58,544 76,558 77.4 79.0 80.3 87.7
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,679 6,500 6,160 4,336 11.2 9.0 8.5 5.0
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,283 3,951 4,182 2,441 5.5 5.5 5.7 2.8
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,898 7,241 7,985 5,355 8.2 10.0 11.0 6.1
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,454 28,473 28,355 54,647 34.2 39.4 38.9 62.6
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,021 10,854 11,862 9,779 18.4 15.0 16.3 11.2
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,513 15,195 14,336 10,746 22.6 21.0 19.7 12.3
Department of Veterans Affairs
psychiatric services
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,948 22,080 20,834 21,671 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,265 14,619 16,274 18,393 70.9 66.2 78.1 84.9
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,463 2,103 3,403 6,272 10.7 9.5 16.3 28.9
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,247 1,476 2,479 587 5.4 6.7 11.9 2.7
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545 1,855 2,244 1,773 6.7 8.4 10.8 8.2
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,699 5,888 5,485 8,475 24.8 26.7 26.3 39.1
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,311 3,297 2,663 1,286 23.1 14.9 12.8 5.9
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,683 7,461 4,560 3,278 29.1 33.8 21.9 15.1
Residential treatment centers for
emotionally disturbed children
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,297 40,969 42,801 44,146 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,551 26,032 30,207 31,079 69.0 63.5 70.6 70.4
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 498 748 840 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.9
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 1,492 1,641 1,707 5.4 3.6 3.8 3.9
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,283 5,636 6,506 6,635 14.9 13.8 15.2 15.0
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 1,238 1,367 1,468 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.3
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,723 17,168 19,945 20,429 43.9 41.9 46.6 46.3
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,746 14,937 12,594 13,067 31.0 36.5 29.4 29.6
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 309
Extracted source page 317
Table 105 (page 2 of 2). Full-time equivalent patient care staff in mental health organizations, according to
type of organization and staff discipline: United States, selected years 1984–94
[Data are based on inventories of mental health organizations]
Organization and discipline 1984 1990 1992 1994 1984 1990 1992 1994
All other organizations2 Number Percent distribution
All patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,161 109,621 130,354 143,967 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,509 80,384 100,504 113,894 82.2 73.3 77.1 79.1
Psychiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,545 4,314 5,972 7,261 5.0 3.9 4.6 5.0
Psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,002 10,668 11,443 12,363 15.5 9.7 8.8 8.6
Social workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,317 27,698 28,501 30,807 27.1 25.3 21.9 21.4
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,899 6,420 7,213 7,196 6.9 5.9 5.5 5.0
Other professional staff1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,746 31,284 47,375 56,267 27.7 28.5 36.3 39.1
Other mental health workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,652 29,237 29,850 30,073 17.8 26.7 22.9 20.9
1
Includes occupational therapists, recreation therapists, vocational rehabilitation counselors, and teachers.
2
Includes freestanding outpatient clinics, freestanding day–night organizations, multiservice organizations, and other residential organizations.
NOTES: Full-time equivalent figures presented in this table combine staffing data for inpatient, residential, outpatient, and partial care treatment programs. Some mental
health organizations provide a mixture of inpatient and outpatient care (for example Private psychiatric hospitals and Department of Veterans Affairs), while others
provide predominantly inpatient (State and county mental hospitals) or outpatient (All other organizations) care. Caution should be exercised in comparing levels of FTE
staff between different types of mental health organizations due to the different types of care provided. Figures for nonpatient care staff (administrative, clerical, and
maintenance staff) are not shown. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Survey and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Community Systems Development, Center for Mental Health Services. Manderscheid RW,
Sonnenschein MA. Mental Health, United States, 1996. DHHS. 1996; Unpublished data.
310 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 318
Table 106. First-year enrollment and graduates of health professions schools and number of schools, according
to profession: United States, selected years 1980–99
[Data are based on reporting by health professions schools]
Profession 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
First-year enrollment
Chiropractic1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,383 1,485 --- --- --- --- ---
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,132 5,047 3,979 4,121 4,237 4,255 4,347 4,268
Medicine (Allopathic) . . . . . . . . . 16,930 16,997 16,756 17,085 17,058 16,935 16,867 ---
Medicine (Osteopathic). . . . . . . . 1,426 1,750 1,844 2,217 2,274 2,535 2,692 ---
Nursing:
Licensed practical. . . . . . . . . . 56,316 47,034 52,969 57,906 --- --- --- ---
Registered, total . . . . . . . . . . . 105,952 118,224 108,580 127,184 119,205 --- --- ---
Baccalaureate. . . . . . . . . . . 35,414 39,573 29,858 43,451 40,048 --- --- ---
Associate degree . . . . . . . . 53,633 63,776 68,634 76,016 72,930 --- --- ---
Diploma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,905 14,875 10,088 7,717 6,227 --- --- ---
Optometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,202 1,187 1,258 1,390 1,438 1,362 --- ---
Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,035 6,986 8,033 9,157 8,740 8,790 8,571 8,346
Podiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 782 599 652 630 616 676 623
Public Health2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,348 3,836 4,087 5,332 5,342 5,083 5,376 ---
Graduates
Chiropractic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,049 --- 1,661 --- --- --- --- ---
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,256 5,353 4,233 3,908 3,810 3,930 4,041 ---
Medicine (Allopathic) . . . . . . . . . 15,135 16,319 15,336 15,911 16,029 15,904 --- ---
Medicine (Osteopathic). . . . . . . . 1,059 1,474 1,529 1,843 1,932 2,009 --- ---
Nursing:
Licensed practical. . . . . . . . . . 41,892 36,955 35,417 44,234 --- --- --- ---
Registered, total . . . . . . . . . . . 75,523 82,075 66,088 97,052 94,757 --- --- ---
Baccalaureate. . . . . . . . . . . 24,994 24,975 18,571 31,254 32,413 --- --- ---
Associate degree . . . . . . . . 36,034 45,208 42,318 58,749 56,641 --- --- ---
Diploma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,495 11,892 5,199 7,049 5,703 --- --- ---
Occupational therapy . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2,424 3,473 4,270 4,223 --- ---
Optometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,073 1,114 1,115 1,219 1,210 --- --- ---
Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,432 5,735 6,956 7,837 8,003 7,772 7,400 ---
Physical therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 4,746 --- ---
Podiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 586 671 558 680 645 592 ---
Public Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,326 3,047 3,549 4,636 5,064 5,100 5,308 ---
Schools3
Chiropractic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 17 17 --- --- --- --- ---
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 60 56 54 54 54 55 ---
Medicine (Allopathic) . . . . . . . . . 126 127 126 125 125 125 125 ---
Medicine (Osteopathic). . . . . . . . 14 15 15 16 17 17 19 ---
Nursing:
Licensed practical. . . . . . . . . . 1,299 1,165 1,154 1,210 --- --- --- ---
Registered, total . . . . . . . . . . . 1,385 1,473 1,470 1,516 1,508 --- --- ---
Baccalaureate. . . . . . . . . . . 377 441 489 521 523 --- --- ---
Associate degree . . . . . . . . 697 776 829 876 876 --- --- ---
Diploma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 256 152 119 109 --- --- ---
Occupational therapy . . . . . . . . . 50 61 69 98 105 116 --- ---
Optometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 ---
Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 72 74 75 79 81 81 ---
Physical therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 154 --- ---
Podiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Public Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 23 25 27 28 28 28 29
Speech therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 194 222 223 223 --- ---
- - - Data not available.
1
Chiropractic first-year enrollment data are partial data from eight reporting schools.
2
These are students entering Schools of Public Health for the first time.
3
Some nursing schools offer more than one type of program. Numbers shown for nursing are number of nursing programs.
NOTES: Some numbers in this table have been revised and differ from previous editions of Health, United States. Data on the number of schools are reported as of the
beginning of the academic year while data on first-year enrollment and number of graduates are reported as of the end of the academic year. Data on first-year
enrollment for occupational, physical, and speech therapy were not available.
SOURCES: Association of American Medical Colleges: AAMC Data Book, Statistical Information Related to Medical Education. Washington, DC. 1999; Bureau of
Health Professions: Health Personnel in the United States, Eighth Report to Congress, 1991. Health Resources and Services Administration. DHHS Pub. No.
HRS-P-OD–92–1, Rockville, Maryland. 1992 and unpublished data; National League for Nursing: Nursing data source, 1997 and unpublished data; American Nurses
Association: Facts About Nursing, 1951 and 1961; American Dental Association: 1997/98 Survey of predoctoral dental educational institutions, Chicago. 1998; American
Medical Association: Medical education in the United States. JAMA 278(9). September 3, 1997; American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. Annual
statistical report 1998. Rockville, Maryland. 1998; American Chiropractic Association: unpublished data; Association of Schools of Public Health: 1998 Annual Data
Report. Washington, DC. 1999; Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry: unpublished data; American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy: Profile of
pharmacy students 1997, and unpublished data; American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 311
Extracted source page 319
Table 107 (page 1 of 2). Total enrollment of minorities in schools for selected health occupations,
according to detailed race and Hispanic origin: United States, academic years 1970–71, 1980–81,
1990–91, and 1997–98
[Data are based on reporting by health professions associations]
Occupation, detailed
race, and Hispanic origin 1970–711 1980–81 1990–91 1997–982 1970–711 1980–81 1990–91 1997–98 2
Dentistry3 Number of students Percent distribution of students
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,187 22,842 15,951 16,926 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . 17,531 20,208 11,185 11,246 91.4 88.5 70.1 66.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 872 1,022 940 883 4.5 4.5 5.9 5.2
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 519 1,254 825 1.0 2.3 7.9 4.9
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 53 53 96 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 1,040 2,519 3,876 2.6 4.6 15.8 22.9
Medicine (Allopathic)
All races4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,238 65,189 65,163 66,900 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 37,944 55,434 47,893 44,310 94.3 85.0 73.5 66.2
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 1,509 3,708 4,241 5,303 3.8 5.7 6.5 7.9
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 2,761 3,538 4,423 0.5 4.2 5.4 6.6
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 951 1,109 1,838 --- 1.5 1.7 2.7
Mainland Puerto Rican . . . . . . --- 329 457 476 --- 0.5 0.7 0.7
Other Hispanic5 . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,481 1,972 2,109 --- 2.3 3.0 3.2
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 221 277 561 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.8
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 1,924 8,436 12,303 1.4 3.0 12.9 18.4
Medicine (Osteopathic)
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,304 4,940 6,792 9,434 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . 2,241 4,688 5,680 7,404 97.3 94.9 83.6 78.5
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 27 94 217 386 1.2 1.9 3.2 4.1
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 52 277 378 0.8 1.1 4.1 4.0
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 19 36 82 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 87 582 1,184 0.5 1.8 8.6 12.6
Nursing, registered3,6
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,239 230,966 221,170 238,244 --- --- 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . --- --- 183,102 193,061 --- --- 82.8 81.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23,094 23,611 --- --- 10.4 9.9
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6,580 9,227 --- --- 3.0 3.9
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 1,803 1,816 --- --- 0.8 0.8
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 6,591 10,529 --- --- 3.0 4.4
Optometry3
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,094 4,540 4,650 5,075 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . 2,913 4,148 3,706 3,705 94.1 91.4 79.7 73.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 32 57 134 120 1.0 1.3 2.9 2.4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 80 186 200 1.0 1.8 4.0 3.9
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12 21 23 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 243 603 1,027 3.8 5.4 13.0 20.2
Pharmacy3,7
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,909 21,628 22,764 32,529 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . 16,222 19,153 18,325 22,166 90.6 88.6 80.5 68.1
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 659 945 1,301 2,632 3.7 4.4 5.7 8.1
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 459 945 1,130 1.4 2.1 4.2 3.5
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 36 63 150 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 1,035 2,130 6,451 3.8 4.8 9.4 19.8
See footnotes at end of table.
312 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 320
Table 107 (page 2 of 2). Total enrollment of minorities in schools for selected health occupations,
according to detailed race and Hispanic origin: United States, academic years 1970–71, 1980–81,
1990–91, and 1997–98
[Data are based on reporting by health professions associations]
Occupation, detailed
race, and Hispanic origin 1970–711 1980–81 1990–91 1997–982 1970–711 1980–81 1990–91 1997–98 2
Podiatry Number of students Percent distribution of students
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,268 2,577 2,226 2,471 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White, non-Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . 1,228 2,353 1,671 1,820 96.8 91.3 75.1 73.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 27 110 237 148 2.1 4.3 10.6 6.0
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 39 148 92 0.4 1.5 6.6 3.7
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 7 9 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 69 163 402 0.6 2.7 7.3 16.3
- - - Data not available.
1
Data for osteopathic medicine, podiatry, and optometry are for 1971–72. Data for pharmacy and registered nurses are for 1972–73.
2
Data for podiatry exclude New York College of Podiatric Medicine. Data for registered nurses and optometry are for 1996–97.
3
Excludes Puerto Rican schools.
4
Includes race and ethnicity unspecified.
5
Includes Puerto Rican Commonwealth students.
6
In 1990 the National League for Nursing developed a new system for analyzing minority data. In evaluating the former system, much underreporting was noted.
Therefore, race-specific data before 1990 would not be comparable and are not shown. Additional changes in the minority data question were introduced for academic
years 1992–93 and 1993–94 resulting in a discontinuity in the trend.
7
Prior to 1992–93 pharmacy total enrollment data are for students in the final 3 years of pharmacy education. Beginning in 1992–93 pharmacy data are for all students.
NOTES: Total enrollment data are collected at the beginning of the academic year. Data for chiropractic students and occupational, physical, and speech therapy
students were not available for this table.
SOURCES: Association of American Medical Colleges: AAMC Data Book: Statistical Information Related to Medical Education. Washington, DC. 1999; American
Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine: 1998 Annual statistical report. Rockville, Maryland. 1998; Bureau of Health Professions: Minorities and women in the
health fields, 1990 Edition; American Dental Association: 1997/98 Survey of predoctoral dental educational institutions, Chicago. 1998; Association of Schools and
Colleges of Optometry: Unpublished data; American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy: Profile of pharmacy students 1997, and unpublished data; American
Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: Unpublished data; National League for Nursing: Nursing datasource, 1997; Nursing data book. New York. 1982.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 313
Extracted source page 321
Table 108. First-year and total enrollment of women in schools for selected health occupations, according to
detailed race and Hispanic origin: United States, academic years 1971–72, 1980–81, 1990–91, and 1997–98
[Data are based on reporting by health professions associations]
Enrollment, occupation, Both sexes Women
detailed race, and
Hispanic origin 1971–721 1980–81 1990–91 1997–982 1971–721 1980–81 1990–91 1997–98 2
First-year enrollment Number of students Percent of students
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,705 5,964 3,961 4,347 3.1 19.8 37.9 37.0
Medicine (Allopathic)3 . . . . . . . . . . . 12,361 17,186 16,876 16,935 13.7 28.9 38.8 42.9
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- 14,262 11,830 10,916 --- 27.4 37.7 40.4
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . 881 1,128 1,263 1,423 22.7 45.5 55.3 60.5
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 818 933 1,207 --- 31.5 42.0 44.9
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 258 285 501 8.5 30.6 39.3 44.3
Mainland Puerto Rican . . . . . . . 40 95 120 150 15.0 43.2 43.3 50.7
Other Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 465 528 556 --- 29.7 43.3 43.9
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 67 76 149 34.8 35.8 40.8 50.3
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 572 2,527 3,039 19.4 31.5 40.3 42.3
Medicine (Osteopathic) . . . . . . . . . . 670 1,496 1,950 2,692 4.3 22.0 34.2 39.8
Nurses, registered5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,344 110,201 113,526 119,205 94.5 92.7 89.3 87.5
Optometry5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 1,174 1,207 1,323 5.3 25.3 50.6 53.4
Pharmacy5,6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,532 7,442 8,009 8,571 25.8 48.4 --- 64.1
Podiatry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 695 622 676 --- --- --- 35.2
Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 3,348 4,289 5,376 --- --- 62.1 66.5
Total enrollment
Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,553 22,842 15,951 16,926 --- 17.0 34.4 37.3
Medicine (Allopathic)3 . . . . . . . . . . . 43,650 65,189 65,163 66,900 10.9 26.5 37.3 42.6
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . --- 55,434 47,893 44,310 --- 25.0 35.4 ---
Black, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . 2,055 3,708 4,241 5,303 20.4 44.3 55.8 ---
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,761 3,538 4,423 --- 30.1 39.0 ---
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 951 1,109 1,838 9.5 26.4 38.5 ---
Mainland Puerto Rican . . . . . . . 76 329 457 476 17.1 35.9 43.1 ---
Other Hispanic4 . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,481 1,972 2,109 --- 31.1 38.4 ---
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 221 277 561 23.8 28.5 42.6 ---
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 1,924 8,436 12,303 17.9 30.4 37.7 ---
Medicine (Osteopathic) . . . . . . . . . . 2,304 4,940 6,792 9,434 3.4 19.7 32.7 38.1
Nurses, registered5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,239 230,966 221,170 238,244 95.5 94.3 --- 87.9
Optometry5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,094 4,540 4,650 5,075 --- --- 47.3 52.9
Pharmacy5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,476 26,617 29,797 32,529 24.0 47.4 62.4 64.2
Podiatry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,268 2,577 2,226 2,471 1.2 11.9 --- 31.4
Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 8,486 11,386 14,736 --- 55.2 62.5 65.3
- - - Data not available.
1
Total enrollments for registered nurse students are for 1972–73.
2
First-year enrollments for allopathic medicine, registered nurses, and optometry and total enrollments for registered nurses and optomery are for 1996–97.
3
Includes race and ethnicity unspecified.
4
Includes Puerto Rican Commonwealth students.
5
Excludes Puerto Rican schools.
6
Pharmacy first-year enrollment data are for students in the first year of the final 3 years of pharmacy education.
NOTES: Some numbers in this table have been revised and differ from previous editions of Health, United States. Total enrollment data are collected at the beginning
of the academic year while first-year enrollment data are collected during the academic year. Data for chiropractic students and occupational, physical, and speech
therapy students were not available for this table.
SOURCES: Association of American Medical Colleges: AAMC Data Book: Statistical Information Related to Medical Education. Washington, DC. 1999 and unpublished
data; American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine: 1998 Annual Statistical Report. Rockville, Maryland. 1998; Bureau of Health Professions: Minorities
and women in the health fields, 1990 edition; American Dental Association: 1997/98 Survey of predoctoral dental educational institutions, Chicago. 1998; Association of
Schools and Colleges of Optometry: Unpublished data; American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy: unpublished data; American Association of Colleges of Podiatric
Medicine: Unpublished data; National League for Nursing: Nursing datasource. New York. 1997; Nursing data book. New York. 1982; State-Approved Schools of
Nursing-RN. New York. 1973; Association of Schools of Public Health: 1998 Annual Data Report. Washington, DC. 1999.
314 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 322
Table 109. Hospitals, beds, and occupancy rates, according to type of ownership and size of hospital:
United States, selected years 1975–98
[Data are based on reporting by a census of hospitals]
Type of ownership
and size of hospital 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Hospitals Number
All hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,156 6,965 6,872 6,649 6,291 6,201 6,097 6,021
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 359 343 337 299 290 285 275
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,774 6,606 6,529 6,312 5,992 5,911 5,812 5,746
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,875 5,830 5,732 5,384 5,194 5,134 5,057 5,015
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,339 3,322 3,349 3,191 3,092 3,045 3,000 3,026
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 730 805 749 752 759 797 771
State-local government . . . 1,761 1,778 1,578 1,444 1,350 1,330 1,260 1,218
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 259 208 226 278 262 281 293
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 1,155 1,029 982 935 922 906 890 900
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 1,481 1,462 1,399 1,263 1,139 1,128 1,111 1,085
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . 1,363 1,370 1,407 1,306 1,324 1,338 1,289 1,304
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . 678 715 739 739 718 692 679 644
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . 378 412 439 408 354 361 367 352
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . 230 266 239 222 195 196 185 183
500 beds or more . . . . . . 291 317 319 285 264 251 255 254
Beds
All hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465,828 1,364,516 1,317,630 1,213,327 1,080,601 1,061,688 1,035,390 1,012,582
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,946 117,328 112,023 98,255 77,079 73,171 61,937 56,698
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,333,882 1,247,188 1,205,607 1,115,072 1,003,522 988,517 973,453 955,884
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 941,844 988,387 1,000,678 927,360 872,736 862,352 853,287 839,988
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658,195 692,459 707,451 656,755 609,729 598,162 590,636 587,658
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,495 87,033 103,921 101,377 105,737 109,197 115,074 112,975
State-local government . . . 210,154 208,895 189,306 169,228 157,270 154,993 147,577 139,355
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,615 4,932 4,031 4,427 5,085 4,770 5,128 5,351
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 41,783 37,478 36,833 35,420 34,352 33,814 33,138 33,510
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 106,776 105,278 101,680 90,394 82,024 81,185 79,837 78,035
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . 192,438 192,892 199,690 183,867 187,381 189,630 182,284 186,118
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . 164,405 172,390 180,165 179,670 175,240 168,977 165,197 156,978
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . 127,728 139,434 151,919 138,938 121,136 123,822 126,307 120,512
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . 101,278 117,724 106,653 98,833 86,459 86,913 82,250 81,247
500 beds or more . . . . . . 201,821 218,259 219,707 195,811 181,059 173,241 179,146 178,237
Occupancy rate Percent of beds occupied
All hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.7 77.7 69.0 69.5 65.7 64.5 65.0 65.4
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.7 80.1 76.3 72.9 72.6 71.4 79.1 78.9
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.3 77.4 68.4 69.2 65.1 64.0 64.1 64.6
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 75.6 64.8 66.8 62.8 61.5 61.8 62.5
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 78.2 67.2 69.3 64.5 63.3 63.6 64.2
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 65.2 52.1 52.8 51.8 51.6 52.0 53.2
State-local government . . . 70.4 71.1 62.9 65.3 63.7 61.7 62.3 62.7
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 46.8 34.7 32.3 36.9 33.2 35.4 33.2
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 52.8 40.0 41.3 42.6 40.0 40.3 41.2
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 64.2 51.8 53.8 54.1 53.1 54.2 54.7
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . 71.2 71.4 59.7 61.5 58.8 57.8 58.2 58.4
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . 77.1 77.4 65.7 67.1 63.1 62.0 61.8 62.9
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . 79.7 79.7 68.4 70.0 64.8 63.6 63.2 64.7
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . 81.1 81.2 70.1 73.5 68.1 67.4 68.0 67.3
500 beds or more . . . . . . 80.9 82.1 74.6 77.3 71.4 69.7 69.8 70.9
1
The category of non-Federal hospitals is comprised of psychiatric, tuberculosis and other respiratory disease hospitals, and long-term and short-term hospitals.
2
Community hospitals are short-term hospitals excluding hospital units in institutions such as prison and college infirmaries, facilities for the mentally retarded, and
alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals.
NOTE: Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: American Hospital Association: Hospital Statistics, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991–2000 Editions. Chicago, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991–2000. (Copyrights 1976, 1981,
1986, 1991–2000: Used with the permission of the American Hospital Association (AHA) and Health Forum, an AHA company.)
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 315
Extracted source page 323
Table 110. Inpatient and residential mental health organizations and beds, according to type of organization:
United States, selected years 1984–94
[Data are based on inventories of mental health organizations]
Type of organization 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Number of mental health organizations
All organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,849 3,039 3,231 3,430 3,415 3,319
State and county mental hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 285 285 273 273 256
Private psychiatric hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 314 444 462 475 430
Non-Federal general hospital psychiatric services . . . 1,259 1,287 1,425 1,571 1,517 1,531
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric
services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 124 125 130 133 135
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 437 440 501 497 459
All other2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 592 512 493 520 508
Number of beds
All organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262,673 267,613 271,923 272,253 270,867 252,333
State and county mental hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,411 119,033 107,109 98,789 93,058 79,294
Private psychiatric hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,474 30,201 42,255 44,871 43,684 41,195
Non-Federal general hospital psychiatric services . . . 46,045 45,808 48,421 53,479 52,059 52,984
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric
services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,546 26,874 25,742 21,712 22,466 21,146
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,745 24,547 25,173 29,756 30,089 32,110
All other2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,452 21,150 23,223 23,646 29,511 25,604
Beds per 100,000 civilian population
All organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.9 111.7 111.4 111.6 107.4 97.5
State and county mental hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 49.7 44.0 40.5 36.9 30.6
Private psychiatric hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 12.6 17.3 18.4 17.3 15.9
Non-Federal general hospital psychiatric services . . . 19.8 19.1 19.8 21.9 20.7 20.5
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric
services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 11.2 10.5 8.9 8.9 8.2
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 10.3 10.3 12.2 11.9 12.4
All other2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 8.8 9.5 9.7 11.7 9.9
1
Includes Department of Veterans Affairs neuropsychiatric hospitals and general hospital psychiatric services.
2
Includes other multiservice mental health organizations with inpatient and residential treatment services that are not elsewhere classified. See Appendix I.
SOURCES: Survey and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Community Systems Development, Center for Mental Health Services. Manderscheid RW,
Sonnenschein MA. Mental Health, United States, 1996. DHHS. 1996.
316 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 324
Table 111. Community hospital beds and average annual percent change, according to geographic division
and State: United States, selected years 1940–98
[Data are based on reporting by facilities]
Beds per 1,000 civilian population Average annual percent change
Geographic division and State 19401,2 19501,2 1960 2,3 1970 2 1980 2 1990 4 1998 4 1940–601,2,3 1960–70 2,3 1970–80 2 1980–90 5 1990–98 4
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.3 3.6 4.3 4.5 3.7 3.1 0.6 1.8 0.5 –1.9 –2.2
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.1 3.4 2.6 –0.6 0.5 0.0 –1.9 –3.3
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.7 4.7 3.7 3.0 0.6 3.3 0.0 –2.4 –2.6
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.1 2.4 0.2 –0.9 –0.3 –2.3 –3.1
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.4 3.0 2.8 1.6 0.0 –0.2 –3.8 –0.9
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.8 4.2 4.4 4.4 3.6 2.7 –1.0 0.5 0.0 –2.0 –3.5
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.2 2.6 –0.3 0.8 –0.5 –1.7 –2.6
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 2.9 2.1 –0.4 0.0 0.3 –1.9 –4.0
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.1 3.6 0.1 1.0 0.4 –1.1 –1.6
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.1 3.8 0.0 0.7 –0.2 –0.9 –0.9
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.6 4.2 3.7 3.2 –0.6 1.5 1.6 –1.3 –1.8
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.7 4.8 4.4 3.7 0.8 1.4 0.2 –0.9 –2.1
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.2 3.6 4.4 4.7 3.9 3.1 0.6 2.0 0.7 –1.8 –2.8
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.9 3.4 4.2 4.7 4.0 3.1 1.2 2.1 1.1 –1.6 –3.1
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.6 3.1 4.0 4.5 3.9 3.3 1.5 2.6 1.2 –1.4 –2.1
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.6 4.0 4.7 5.1 4.0 3.3 0.8 1.6 0.8 –2.4 –2.4
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.3 3.3 4.3 4.4 3.7 2.8 –1.0 2.7 0.2 –1.7 –3.4
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.7 4.3 5.2 4.9 3.8 3.2 1.2 1.9 –0.6 –2.5 –2.1
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.7 4.3 5.7 5.8 4.9 4.1 1.6 2.9 0.2 –1.7 –2.2
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.4 4.8 6.1 5.7 4.4 3.5 1.0 2.4 –0.7 –2.6 –2.8
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.2 3.9 5.6 5.7 5.1 4.3 1.9 3.7 0.2 –1.1 –2.1
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.3 3.9 5.1 5.7 4.8 3.8 1.5 2.7 1.1 –1.7 –2.9
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.8 7.4 7.0 6.2 2.0 2.7 0.8 –0.6 –1.5
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.4 4.5 5.6 5.5 6.1 6.0 2.4 2.2 –0.2 1.0 –0.2
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.2 4.4 6.2 6.0 5.5 4.9 1.3 3.5 –0.3 –0.9 –1.4
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.4 4.2 5.4 5.8 4.8 4.2 2.0 2.5 0.7 –1.9 –1.7
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.8 3.3 4.0 4.5 3.7 3.1 1.4 1.9 1.2 –1.9 –2.2
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.0 2.7 –0.9 0.0 –0.3 –1.8 –1.3
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.6 2.8 2.5 –0.8 –0.6 1.5 –2.5 –1.4
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.5 5.9 7.4 7.3 7.6 6.8 0.4 2.3 –0.1 0.4 –1.4
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.1 3.3 2.6 1.6 2.1 1.0 –2.1 –2.9
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.1 4.1 5.4 5.5 4.7 4.5 2.1 2.8 0.2 –1.6 –0.5
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.6 3.4 3.8 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.2 1.1 1.0 –2.4 –0.8
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.5 0.5 –1.7 –1.2
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 2.0 2.8 3.8 4.6 4.0 3.3 2.5 3.1 1.9 –1.4 –2.4
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.9 3.1 4.4 5.1 3.9 3.3 0.5 3.6 1.5 –2.6 –2.1
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 2.1 3.0 4.4 5.1 4.7 4.0 2.9 3.9 1.5 –0.8 –2.0
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.2 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.3 3.9 2.6 2.9 1.2 –0.5 –1.2
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.3 3.4 4.7 5.5 4.8 3.8 3.0 3.3 1.6 –1.4 –2.9
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.0 2.8 4.3 5.1 4.6 3.9 3.2 4.4 1.7 –1.0 –2.0
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.7 2.9 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.7 3.7 4.3 1.9 –0.6 –0.8
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.7 3.3 4.3 4.7 3.8 3.2 2.3 2.7 0.9 –2.1 –2.1
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 1.6 2.9 4.2 5.0 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.8 1.8 –0.8 –2.0
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 –0.4 –1.4
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.5 3.2 4.5 4.6 4.0 3.3 2.6 3.5 0.2 –1.4 –2.4
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.7 3.3 4.3 4.7 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.7 0.9 –2.9 –2.3
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.8 3.5 4.3 3.8 3.1 2.4 –0.1 2.1 –1.2 –2.0 –3.1
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.0 0.2 1.3 0.2 –0.2 –1.8
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.4 3.2 4.0 3.7 3.2 2.8 1.0 2.3 –0.8 –1.4 –1.7
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.9 4.6 5.5 3.6 4.8 4.0 1.4 1.8 –4.1 2.9 –2.3
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.2 3.8 4.6 4.2 3.2 2.3 –0.1 1.9 –0.9 –2.7 –4.0
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.2 2.9 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.0 0.4 1.9 –1.2 –1.0 –4.1
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.0 3.0 4.1 3.6 2.7 2.3 –0.6 3.2 –1.3 –2.8 –2.0
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.6 3.1 2.6 1.9 –0.7 2.5 –1.5 –1.7 –3.8
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 2.8 2.0 –1.2 0.7 0.0 –4.0 –4.1
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.5 2.7 2.2 –1.4 1.8 –0.6 –2.6 –2.5
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.5 1.9 –0.1 0.6 –1.2 –2.1 –3.4
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.1 3.5 4.0 3.5 2.8 2.1 0.0 1.3 –1.3 –2.2 –3.5
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.3 3.0 3.8 3.6 2.7 2.3 –1.9 2.4 –0.5 –2.8 –2.0
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.0 ... –0.4 1.6 –1.6 –1.7
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.3 ... –0.8 –0.9 –1.4 –2.0
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. . . . Category not applicable.
1
1940 and 1950 data are estimated based on published figures.
2 3
Data exclude facilities for the mentally retarded. See Appendix II, Hospital. 1960 data include hospital units of institutions.
4
Starting with 1990, data exclude hospital units of institutions, facilities for the mentally retarded, and alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals. See Appendix II.
5
1990 data used in this calculation (not shown in table) exclude only facilities for the mentally retarded, consistent with exclusions from 1980 data.
NOTE: Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: American Medical Association (AMA): Hospital service in United States. JAMA 116(11):1055–1144, 1941 and 146(2):109–184, 1951 (Copyright 1941, 1951:
Used with permission of AMA); American Hospital Association (AHA): Hospitals. JAHA 35(15):383–430, 1961 (Copyright 1961: Used with permission of AHA); National
Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics and AHA annual surveys for 1970, 1980; Hospital Statistics 1991–92, 2000 Editions. Chicago (Copyrights
1971, 1981, 1991, 2000: Used with permission of AHA and Health Forum, an AHA company).
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 317
Extracted source page 325
Table 112. Occupancy rates in community hospitals and average annual percent change, according to
geographic division and State: United States, selected years 1940–98
[Data are based on reporting by facilities]
Percent of beds occupied Average annual percent change
Geographic division and State 1940 1,2 1960 2,3 1970 2 1980 2 1990 4 1998 4 1940–601,2,3 1960–70 2,3 1970–80 2 1980–90 5 1990–98 4
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 74.7 77.3 75.2 66.8 62.4 0.3 0.3 –0.3 –1.2 –0.8
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 75.2 79.7 80.1 74.0 67.9 0.2 0.6 0.1 –0.8 –1.1
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 73.2 73.0 74.5 71.5 61.4 0.1 –0.0 0.2 –0.4 –1.9
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 66.5 73.4 73.2 66.8 63.5 0.1 1.0 –0.0 –0.9 –0.6
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 68.5 76.3 73.7 67.3 64.5 –0.0 1.1 –0.3 –0.9 –0.5
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 75.8 80.3 81.7 74.2 69.5 0.3 0.6 0.2 –1.0 –0.8
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 75.7 82.9 85.9 79.4 70.1 –0.1 0.9 0.4 –0.8 –1.5
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.9 78.2 82.6 80.4 77.0 69.3 0.1 0.5 –0.3 –0.4 –1.3
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 78.1 82.4 83.2 80.5 72.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 –0.3 –1.3
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.9 79.4 82.9 85.9 86.0 76.7 0.0 0.4 0.4 –0.0 –1.4
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 78.4 82.5 82.8 80.2 70.6 0.4 0.5 0.0 –0.3 –1.6
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 76.0 81.5 79.5 72.9 66.9 0.3 0.7 –0.2 –0.9 –1.1
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 78.4 79.5 76.9 64.6 59.4 0.5 0.1 –0.3 –1.7 –1.0
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 81.3 81.8 79.2 64.7 56.8 0.6 0.1 –0.3 –2.0 –1.6
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 79.6 80.3 77.6 60.6 57.6 0.8 0.1 –0.3 –2.4 –0.6
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 76.0 79.3 74.9 65.7 60.4 0.2 0.4 –0.6 –1.3 –1.0
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 80.5 80.6 78.2 65.5 64.3 0.6 0.0 –0.3 –1.8 –0.2
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 73.9 73.2 73.6 64.6 56.5 0.6 –0.1 0.1 –1.3 –1.7
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 71.8 73.6 71.2 61.8 59.9 0.4 0.2 –0.3 –1.4 –0.4
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 72.3 73.9 73.7 66.8 68.3 0.1 0.2 –0.0 –1.0 0.3
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.6 72.6 71.9 68.7 61.7 56.7 0.7 –0.1 –0.5 –1.1 –1.1
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 75.8 79.3 75.1 61.8 57.3 0.5 0.5 –0.5 –1.9 –0.9
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 71.3 67.1 68.6 64.2 60.2 0.7 –0.6 0.2 –0.7 –0.8
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 66.0 66.3 60.6 62.1 64.3 0.6 0.0 –0.9 0.2 0.4
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 65.6 69.9 67.4 57.6 59.9 0.5 0.6 –0.4 –1.6 0.5
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 69.1 71.4 68.8 55.6 53.9 0.7 0.3 –0.4 –2.1 –0.4
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 74.8 77.9 75.5 67.4 63.2 0.6 0.4 –0.3 –1.1 –0.8
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.2 70.2 78.8 81.8 76.5 70.5 0.9 1.2 0.4 –0.7 –1.0
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.6 73.9 79.3 84.0 78.6 68.0 –0.0 0.7 0.6 –0.7 –1.8
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 76.2 80.8 77.7 83.0 75.3 75.4 0.3 –0.4 0.7 –1.0 0.0
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 78.0 81.1 77.8 67.4 62.6 0.5 0.4 –0.4 –1.4 –0.9
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 74.5 79.3 75.6 62.7 60.0 0.9 0.6 –0.5 –1.9 –0.5
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.6 73.9 78.5 77.8 73.2 68.4 0.7 0.6 –0.1 –0.6 –0.8
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 76.9 76.4 77.0 70.9 65.7 0.5 –0.1 0.1 –0.8 –0.9
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 71.7 76.5 70.4 65.8 59.4 0.7 0.7 –0.8 –0.7 –1.3
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 73.9 76.2 71.7 61.8 60.3 1.3 0.3 –0.6 –1.5 –0.3
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 71.8 78.2 74.6 62.6 58.4 0.7 0.9 –0.5 –1.7 –0.9
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 73.4 79.6 77.4 62.4 57.1 0.9 0.8 –0.3 –2.1 –1.1
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 75.9 78.2 75.9 64.4 56.9 0.7 0.3 –0.3 –1.6 –1.5
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 70.8 80.0 73.3 62.5 58.7 0.9 1.2 –0.9 –1.6 –0.8
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.8 62.8 73.6 70.5 59.4 62.1 –0.1 1.6 –0.4 –1.7 0.6
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 68.7 73.2 69.7 57.8 56.3 0.5 0.6 –0.5 –1.9 –0.3
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 70.0 74.4 69.6 62.0 58.5 1.2 0.6 –0.7 –1.1 –0.7
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.0 67.9 73.6 69.7 57.4 54.8 –0.5 0.8 –0.5 –1.9 –0.6
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 71.0 72.5 68.1 57.7 53.9 1.3 0.2 –0.6 –1.6 –0.8
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 68.2 73.0 70.1 57.2 56.8 0.7 0.7 –0.4 –2.0 –0.1
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 69.9 71.2 69.6 60.5 59.6 0.7 0.2 –0.2 –1.4 –0.2
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 60.3 65.9 66.1 61.2 67.7 –0.2 0.9 0.0 –0.8 1.3
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 55.9 66.1 65.2 55.7 56.0 –0.8 1.7 –0.1 –1.6 0.1
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 61.1 63.1 57.2 53.8 53.9 1.3 0.3 –1.0 –0.6 0.0
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 80.6 74.0 71.6 64.0 56.0 1.3 –0.9 –0.3 –1.1 –1.7
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 65.1 69.8 66.2 57.5 55.5 1.6 0.7 –0.5 –1.4 –0.4
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 74.2 73.3 74.2 61.8 60.7 1.0 –0.1 0.1 –1.8 –0.2
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 70.0 73.7 70.0 58.7 60.5 0.3 0.5 –0.5 –1.7 0.4
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 70.7 72.7 68.8 60.2 65.0 0.2 0.3 –0.5 –1.3 1.0
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 71.4 71.0 69.0 63.8 61.3 0.1 –0.1 –0.3 –0.8 –0.5
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5 63.4 69.7 71.7 62.7 58.6 –0.3 1.0 0.3 –1.3 –0.8
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 65.8 69.3 69.3 56.7 56.4 –0.4 0.5 0.0 –2.0 –0.1
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.9 74.3 71.3 68.5 64.1 61.3 0.3 –0.4 –0.4 –0.7 –0.6
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 53.8 59.1 58.3 49.5 83.6 ... 0.9 –0.1 –1.6 6.8
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 61.5 75.7 74.7 85.1 76.2 ... 2.1 –0.1 1.3 –1.4
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. –0.0 Quantity is between 0 and –0.05. . . . Category not applicable.
1
1940 data are estimated based on published figures.
2 3
Data exclude facilities for the mentally retarded. See Appendix II, Hospital. 1960 data include hospital units of institutions.
4
Starting with 1990, data exclude hospital units of institutions, facilities for the mentally retarded, and alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals. See Appendix II.
5
1990 data used in this calculation (not shown in table) exclude only facilities for the mentally retarded, consistent with exclusions from 1980 data.
NOTES: Occupancy rates exclude data for newborns from the numerator. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: American Medical Association (AMA): Hospital service in United States. JAMA 116(11):1055–1144, 1941. (Copyright 1941: Used with permission of AMA);
American Hospital Association (AHA): Hospitals. JAHA 35(15):383–430, 1961. (Copyright 1961: Used with permission of AHA); National Center for Health Statistics,
Division of Health Care Statistics, and AHA annual surveys for 1970 and 1980; Hospital Statistics 1991–92, 2000 Editions. Chicago (Copyrights 1971, 1981, 1991,
2000: Used with permission of AHA and Health Forum, an AHA company).
318 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 326
Table 113 (page 1 of 2). Nursing homes, beds, occupancy, and residents, according to geographic division and
State: United States, 1995–98
[Data are based on a census of certified nursing facilities]
Nursing homes Beds
Geographic division and State 1995 1996 1997 1998 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,389 16,706 17,121 17,259 1,751,302 1,780,772 1,827,615 1,812,056
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,140 1,131 1,183 1,185 115,488 115,718 121,854 122,317
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 129 135 132 9,243 9,168 9,363 9,227
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 74 80 81 83 7,412 7,972 8,107 7,929
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 43 44 45 1,862 3,548 3,739 3,792
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 528 563 564 54,532 53,109 57,774 58,215
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 90 100 102 9,612 9,594 10,190 10,361
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 261 260 259 32,827 32,327 32,681 32,793
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,650 1,703 1,744 1,819 244,342 247,445 255,366 265,659
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 606 621 660 107,750 104,663 109,538 118,273
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 320 331 359 43,967 46,951 49,402 50,796
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 777 792 800 92,625 95,831 96,426 96,590
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 3,171 3,278 3,324 3,332 367,879 384,310 390,907 375,380
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 1,004 1,014 1,011 106,884 118,193 121,330 104,766
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 569 577 572 59,538 60,887 62,086 61,465
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 858 866 877 103,230 107,482 108,406 109,898
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 430 444 447 49,473 49,919 51,287 51,572
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 417 423 425 48,754 47,829 47,798 47,679
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 2,258 2,314 2,350 2,333 200,109 206,525 209,055 200,562
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 444 449 448 43,865 45,140 45,271 45,202
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 464 469 470 39,959 45,710 45,359 37,859
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 544 570 568 52,679 52,252 55,472 55,466
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 88 88 88 7,125 7,128 7,108 7,087
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 112 114 114 8,296 8,046 8,080 8,034
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 234 237 239 18,169 18,207 18,227 18,354
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 428 423 406 30,016 30,042 29,538 28,560
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,215 2,249 2,348 2,417 243,069 243,174 253,621 261,036
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 43 43 44 4,739 4,883 4,890 5,158
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 220 248 257 28,394 27,929 30,851 31,510
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 19 19 21 21 3,206 2,764 3,097 3,093
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 265 271 280 30,070 29,653 29,915 30,757
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 132 136 140 10,903 10,928 11,203 11,368
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 398 402 404 38,322 39,197 39,508 39,959
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 170 176 176 16,682 16,878 17,463 17,732
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 351 354 360 38,097 37,872 39,016 39,377
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 651 697 735 72,656 73,070 77,678 82,082
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 1,014 1,061 1,090 1,095 99,707 102,835 106,104 107,018
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 308 315 315 23,221 24,535 25,282 25,489
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 336 348 354 37,074 37,891 39,009 39,433
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 223 224 223 23,353 24,083 24,787 25,017
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 194 203 203 16,059 16,326 17,026 17,079
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 2,264 2,248 2,313 2,303 224,695 224,239 229,469 225,277
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 263 261 265 29,952 31,769 31,088 25,903
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 345 339 331 37,769 38,850 38,043 37,834
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 401 413 411 33,918 33,568 34,460 34,246
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 1,239 1,300 1,296 123,056 120,052 125,878 127,294
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 817 843 848 70,134 71,545 74,058 74,668
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 103 103 105 7,210 7,389 7,521 7,657
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 80 86 84 5,747 5,991 6,515 6,390
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 38 38 40 3,035 3,125 3,120 3,158
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 220 225 229 19,912 19,714 20,150 20,397
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 86 85 83 6,969 7,265 7,245 7,329
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 158 165 163 16,162 16,983 17,761 17,703
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 90 96 95 7,101 7,070 7,568 7,596
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 42 45 49 3,998 4,008 4,178 4,438
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,877 1,905 1,926 1,927 185,879 184,981 187,181 180,139
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 284 285 284 28,464 27,428 27,656 27,290
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 164 163 163 13,885 14,101 14,030 14,073
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,382 1,398 1,419 1,421 140,203 138,796 140,837 134,085
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 16 16 15 814 829 828 811
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 43 43 44 2,513 3,827 3,830 3,880
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 319
Extracted source page 327
Table 113 (page 2 of 2). Nursing homes, beds, occupancy, and residents, according to geographic division and
State: United States, 1995–98
[Data are based on a census of certified nursing facilities]
Occupancy rate1 Resident rate2
Geographic division and State 1995 1996 1997 1998 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.5 83.1 82.2 83.5 404.5 393.3 388.3 373.6
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.6 91.5 90.4 90.1 474.2 462.2 468.4 453.2
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.9 89.4 88.0 86.4 417.9 391.4 386.0 364.3
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 92.8 91.8 90.5 92.4 434.1 450.1 441.8 420.9
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.2 94.6 94.9 90.0 207.0 379.7 392.6 362.9
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 90.0 89.2 89.5 477.3 447.8 470.9 462.0
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 93.7 92.2 90.3 476.9 470.2 475.4 459.1
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2 93.4 92.2 91.6 541.7 528.8 510.4 489.9
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.6 93.0 92.4 92.1 384.0 376.5 376.2 374.2
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.0 95.5 94.9 94.4 371.8 352.1 358.1 370.8
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.9 92.6 91.2 90.9 351.6 364.6 364.0 358.9
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.6 90.4 90.3 89.8 419.2 416.8 408.0 387.5
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 80.0 77.5 76.6 79.5 476.1 471.2 463.5 439.9
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 69.3 68.7 79.5 499.5 507.4 506.3 485.0
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.5 73.7 72.0 71.2 548.9 543.9 530.1 496.8
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1 78.8 78.5 77.8 495.3 490.0 480.9 458.6
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.5 86.3 85.9 85.4 345.0 333.8 332.6 316.0
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.2 90.6 88.6 87.5 518.9 501.7 481.1 450.9
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 80.1 80.0 82.1 489.6 485.6 483.6 460.5
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.8 92.4 92.3 91.3 537.4 535.9 528.0 499.2
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 65.8 67.3 80.2 458.0 496.1 497.9 477.6
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 74.0 73.5 72.8 432.8 414.1 430.0 415.8
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 95.4 95.3 92.9 522.0 505.0 491.0 459.4
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.5 94.5 94.9 92.8 543.3 515.0 512.5 477.5
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.0 87.4 85.8 84.9 501.4 488.5 475.1 461.1
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.8 82.2 81.3 81.0 528.9 513.6 492.9 456.0
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.4 89.0 88.0 87.4 335.4 322.4 321.3 311.4
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.6 82.5 79.0 74.7 448.7 455.1 419.8 396.1
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.0 86.5 84.4 82.4 432.7 407.8 423.6 405.8
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 80.3 87.8 94.8 95.0 297.6 279.0 335.1 324.5
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.5 92.3 90.5 90.2 385.2 363.2 348.1 340.7
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.7 93.9 92.3 91.2 355.2 349.1 344.0 332.8
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7 93.2 93.8 92.5 401.1 399.7 392.9 366.7
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.3 87.3 85.7 87.1 366.0 356.7 349.2 339.6
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.3 93.7 91.9 92.2 496.0 474.1 463.3 442.1
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.1 84.0 83.8 83.4 228.2 217.6 222.3 221.9
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 90.9 90.3 90.8 416.6 415.1 415.5 408.6
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.1 88.5 88.2 89.1 391.9 401.3 401.7 400.8
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5 90.7 89.6 89.7 479.6 473.5 469.1 458.9
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.9 92.0 91.7 92.5 370.1 370.0 370.9 363.4
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.9 93.1 93.2 93.1 405.3 394.9 403.0 394.5
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 73.2 71.6 72.2 486.1 460.2 448.6 426.5
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5 65.3 65.9 78.3 508.3 498.6 484.0 462.3
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.0 82.4 81.3 80.2 639.3 616.3 581.6 551.2
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 76.2 73.7 72.6 499.1 475.9 464.3 441.6
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 71.5 69.6 68.5 439.9 409.8 405.0 385.4
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.8 83.9 81.2 80.8 335.9 327.4 313.0 296.2
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.0 87.2 83.0 81.8 491.4 471.6 437.0 423.7
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.7 80.0 73.4 75.7 321.7 315.0 301.5 283.1
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.7 83.5 84.6 83.9 468.2 447.5 440.5 422.9
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 87.2 83.8 83.8 420.6 408.5 386.2 373.1
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.8 84.5 84.6 84.2 332.0 323.3 309.4 294.1
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 79.6 77.8 77.5 233.3 241.6 234.5 218.7
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1 82.6 78.0 77.4 323.5 309.0 298.3 283.0
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2 87.7 90.3 83.2 312.0 275.4 272.1 244.3
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.4 79.1 78.3 81.4 302.4 285.3 275.1 261.3
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.7 85.1 82.9 82.1 362.5 325.0 306.1 283.8
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.1 80.9 80.6 79.1 244.9 231.3 221.3 206.8
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.3 77.6 76.8 81.2 302.9 286.9 277.9 265.9
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.9 75.5 74.8 76.3 348.0 321.5 297.7 273.4
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.0 85.0 91.6 92.0 178.5 224.5 227.4 217.4
1
Percent of beds occupied.
2
Number of nursing home residents (all ages) per 1,000 resident population 85 years of age and over.
NOTE: Annual numbers of nursing homes, beds, and residents are based on a 15-month OSCAR reporting cycle and may differ from annual numbers shown in
previous editions of Health, United States (see Appendix I).
SOURCES: Cowles CM, 1995 Nursing Home Statistical Yearbook. 1996 Nursing Home Statistical Yearbook. 1997 Nursing Home Statistical Yearbook. Anacortes, WA:
Cowles Research Group, 1995; 1997; 1998; and Cowles CM, 1998 Nursing Home Statistical Yearbook. Washington, DC: American Association of Homes and Services
for the Aging, 1999. Based on data from the Health Care Financing Administrations Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) database.
320 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 328
Table 114. Total health expenditures as a percent of gross domestic product and per capita health expenditures
in dollars: Selected countries and years 1960–97
[Data compiled by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]
Country 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 19971
Health expenditures as a percent of gross domestic product
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.1 5.7 7.5 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.4
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.6 5.3 7.2 7.7 6.7 7.2 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.3
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.9 4.1 5.9 6.5 7.3 7.5 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.6
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.9 7.0 7.2 7.2 8.3 9.2 9.8 9.4 9.3 9.2
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3.8 4.5 5.4 7.5 7.5 7.2 7.2
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 --- 5.9 6.3 9.3 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.1 8.0
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.9 5.7 6.4 6.5 7.3 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.4
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 5.2 5.8 7.0 7.6 8.5 8.9 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.6
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.1 6.3 8.8 8.8 9.3 8.7 10.0 10.4 10.8 10.7
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 --- 5.7 --- 6.6 --- 7.6 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.6
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 6.1 7.3 7.0 6.6 6.5
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.9 5.0 5.8 6.2 7.3 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.2 7.9
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.2 5.3 7.7 8.7 7.9 6.7 7.3 7.0 6.4 6.3
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.1 8.1 8.4 7.7 7.8 7.6
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 4.5 4.6 5.6 6.5 6.7 6.1 6.9 7.2 7.1 7.2
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.3 2.3 3.7 4.3 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.9 6.0
Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.7 5.1 6.2 6.1 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.0
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.6 4.7 4.9 4.6 4.7
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.3 5.9 7.5 7.9 7.9 8.3 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.5
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 --- 5.2 6.7 6.0 5.3 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.6
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 6.7 7.8 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.5
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.2
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.8 5.6 5.8 6.3 6.4 7.5 7.8 7.9 7.9
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.6 3.7 4.9 5.6 5.7 6.9 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 5.5 7.1 7.9 9.4 9.0 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.6
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.6 4.9 6.6 6.9 7.7 8.3 9.5 9.6 10.1 10.0
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.2 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.8 4.0
United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.1 4.5 5.5 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.7 7.1 8.0 8.9 10.3 12.2 13.6 13.7 13.6 13.4
Per capita health expenditures2
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94 $122 $207 $438 $ 663 $ 998 $1,320 $1,627 $1,778 $1,874 $1,909
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 88 159 357 663 814 1,205 1,613 1,675 1,773 1,905
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 82 130 305 578 882 1,247 1,656 1,698 1,725 1,768
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 157 262 433 716 1,201 1,695 2,006 2,106 2,112 2,175
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 575 805 898 918 943
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 121 216 344 832 1,173 1,424 1,765 1,855 1,973 2,042
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 91 163 304 510 849 1,292 1,295 1,414 1,486 1,525
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 120 206 389 701 1,082 1,539 1,869 1,984 2,005 2,047
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 125 224 476 824 1,242 1,602 1,973 2,178 2,288 2,364
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 --- 100 --- 345 --- 702 978 1,054 1,113 1,196
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 510 606 625 611 642
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 84 137 288 577 949 1,374 1,579 1,826 1,918 1,981
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 52 98 234 455 592 759 1,156 1,246 1,189 1,293
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 80 154 287 579 830 1,321 1,562 1,534 1,615 1,613
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 64 131 263 524 820 1,082 1,463 1,637 1,713 1,760
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 15 28 87 180 401 593 688 801 870
Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 147 310 605 892 1,495 1,956 2,120 2,147 2,303
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 210 328 335 330 363
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 98 202 399 679 929 1,326 1,653 1,777 1,832 1,933
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 --- 174 354 458 587 937 1,188 1,244 1,267 1,357
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 73 131 297 632 915 1,365 1,746 1,860 2,010 2,017
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 216 239 296 338 386
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 43 145 260 381 614 941 1,046 1,086 1,148
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 36 82 185 325 454 815 1,015 1,063 1,122 1,183
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 145 270 465 850 1,172 1,492 1,533 1,623 1,701 1,762
Health Care Expenditures
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 128 252 483 801 1,250 1,760 2,294 2,464 2,548 2,611
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 23 41 75 74 171 191 188 227 259
United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . 74 98 144 271 444 669 955 1,213 1,253 1,358 1,391
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 202 341 582 1,052 1,735 2,689 3,501 3,637 3,772 3,912
- - - Data not available.
1
Preliminary figures.
2
Per capita health expenditures for each country have been adjusted to U.S. dollars using gross domestic product purchasing power parities for each year.
NOTE: Some numbers in this table have been revised and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCES: Schieber GJ, Poullier JP, and Greenwald LG. U.S. health expenditure performance: An international comparison and data update. Health Care Financing
Review vol 13 no 4. Washington: Health Care Financing Administration. September 1992; Anderson GF and Poullier JP. Health spending, access, and outcomes:
Trends in industrialized countries. Health Affairs vol 18 no 3. May/June 1999; Office of National Health Statistics, Office of the Actuary. National health expenditures,
1997. Health Care Financing Review vol 20 no 1. HCFA pub no 03412. Washington: Health Care Financing Administration. March 1999; Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development Health Data File: Unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 321
Extracted source page 329
Table 115. Gross domestic product, national health expenditures, Federal and State and local government
expenditures, and average annual percent change: United States, selected years 1960–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Gross domestic product,
national health expenditures, and
government health expenditures 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Amount in billions
Gross domestic product (GDP). . . . . . $ 527 $ 719 $1,036 $1,631 $2,784 $4,181 $ 5,744 $ 7,270 $ 7,662 $ 8,111 $ 8,511
Percent
National health expenditures as
percent of GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.7 7.1 8.0 8.9 10.3 12.2 13.7 13.6 13.4 13.5
Source of funds for
national health expenditures Amount in billions
National health expenditures . . . . . . . $ 26.9 $ 41.1 $ 73.2 $130.7 $247.3 $428.7 $ 699.4 $ 993.3 $1,039.4 $1,088.2 $1,149.1
Private funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 30.9 45.5 75.7 142.5 254.5 416.2 537.3 559.0 586.0 626.4
Public funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 10.3 27.7 55.0 104.8 174.2 283.2 456.0 480.4 502.2 522.7
Percent distribution
National health expenditures . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Private funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 75.0 62.2 57.9 57.6 59.4 59.5 54.1 53.8 53.8 54.5
Public funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 25.0 37.8 42.1 42.4 40.6 40.5 45.9 46.2 46.2 45.5
Per capita health expenditures Amount
National health expenditures . . . . . . . $ 141 $ 202 $ 341 $ 582 $1,052 $1,734 $ 2,689 $ 3,637 $ 3,772 $ 3,912 $ 4,094
Private health expenditures. . . . . . . 106 151 212 337 606 1,030 1,600 1,967 2,028 2,107 2,232
Public health expenditures . . . . . . . 35 50 129 245 446 705 1,089 1,669 1,743 1,806 1,862
Amount in billions
Federal government expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 85.8 $116.1 $198.6 $345.4 $576.6 $924.6 $1,228.7 $1,575.7 $1,635.9 $1,676.0 $1,703.8
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 4.8 17.8 36.4 72.0 123.2 195.2 326.1 347.3 363.0 376.9
State and local government
expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38.1 $ 56.8 $107.5 $197.2 $307.8 $447.0 $ 660.8 $ 902.5 $ 939.0 $ 981.5 $1,028.7
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 5.5 9.9 18.6 32.8 51.0 88.0 129.8 133.1 139.2 145.8
Health as a percent of total Percent
Federal government
expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.2 9.0 10.5 12.5 13.3 15.9 20.7 21.2 21.7 22.1
State and local government
expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 9.6 9.2 9.4 10.7 11.4 13.3 14.4 14.2 14.2 14.2
Growth Average annual percent change from previous year shown
Gross domestic product. . . . . . . . . . . ... 6.4 7.6 9.5 11.3 8.5 6.6 4.8 5.4 5.9 4.9
National health expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.9 12.2 12.3 13.6 11.6 10.3 7.3 4.6 4.7 5.6
Per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7.4 11.1 11.3 12.6 10.5 9.2 6.2 3.7 3.7 4.6
Private health expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.8 8.1 10.7 13.5 12.3 10.3 5.2 4.0 4.8 6.9
Per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7.3 7.0 9.7 12.4 11.2 9.2 4.2 3.1 3.9 5.9
Public health expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9.1 21.9 14.7 13.7 10.7 10.2 10.0 5.4 4.5 4.1
Per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7.6 20.7 13.7 12.7 9.6 9.1 8.9 4.4 3.6 3.1
Federal government expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6.2 11.3 11.7 10.8 9.9 5.9 5.1 3.8 2.5 1.7
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 10.6 29.9 15.4 14.6 11.3 9.6 10.8 6.5 4.5 3.8
State and local government
expenditures:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.3 13.6 12.9 9.3 7.7 8.1 6.4 4.0 4.5 4.8
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7.9 12.6 13.5 12.0 9.2 11.5 8.1 2.5 4.6 4.7
. . . Category not applicable.
NOTES: These data include revisions in health expenditures and differ from previous editions of Health, United States. They reflect Social Security Administration
population revisions as of July 1999. Federal and State and local government total expenditures reflect October 1999 revisions from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
SOURCE: National Health Statistics Group, Office of the Actuary. National health expenditures, 1998. Health Care Financing Review vol 21 no 2. HCFA pub no 03420.
Health Care Financing Administration. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Winter 1999.
322 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 330
Table 116. Consumer Price Index and average annual percent change for all items, selected items,
and medical care components: United States, selected years 1960–99
[Data are based on reporting by samples of providers and other retail outlets]
Items and
medical care components 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
All items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.6 38.8 82.4 130.7 152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
All items excluding medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 39.2 82.8 128.8 148.6 152.8 156.3 158.6 162.0
All services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 35.0 77.9 139.2 168.7 174.1 179.4 184.2 188.8
Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 39.2 86.8 132.4 148.4 153.3 157.3 160.7 164.1
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 59.2 90.9 124.1 132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3
Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 36.4 81.1 128.5 148.5 152.8 156.8 160.4 163.9
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 25.5 86.0 102.1 105.2 110.1 111.5 102.9 106.6
Medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 34.0 74.9 162.8 220.5 228.2 234.6 242.1 250.6
Components of medical care
Medical care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 32.3 74.8 162.7 224.2 232.4 239.1 246.8 255.1
Professional services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 37.0 77.9 156.1 201.0 208.3 215.4 222.2 229.2
Physicians’ services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 34.5 76.5 160.8 208.8 216.4 222.9 229.5 236.0
Dental services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.0 39.2 78.9 155.8 206.8 216.5 226.6 236.2 247.2
Eye glasses and eye care1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 117.3 137.0 139.3 141.5 144.1 145.5
Services by other medical professionals1 . . . . --- --- --- 120.2 143.9 146.6 151.8 155.4 158.7
Hospital and related services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 69.2 178.0 257.8 269.5 278.4 287.5 299.5
Hospital services2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 101.7 105.0 109.3
Inpatient hospital services2 . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 101.3 104.0 107.9
Outpatient hospital services1 . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 138.7 204.6 215.1 224.9 233.2 246.0
Hospital rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 23.6 68.0 175.4 251.2 261.0 --- --- ---
Other inpatient services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 142.7 206.8 216.9 --- --- ---
Nursing homes and adult day care . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- 102.3 107.1 111.6
Medical care commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.9 46.5 75.4 163.4 204.5 210.4 215.3 221.8 230.7
Prescription drugs and medical supplies . . . . . . 54.0 47.4 72.5 181.7 235.0 242.9 249.3 258.6 273.4
Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies1 . . --- --- --- 120.6 140.5 143.1 145.4 147.7 148.5
Internal and respiratory over-the-counter
drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 42.3 74.9 145.9 167.0 170.2 173.1 175.4 175.9
Nonprescription medical equipment and
supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 79.2 138.0 166.3 169.1 171.5 174.9 176.7
Average annual percent change from previous year shown
All items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4.3 8.9 4.7 3.1 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.2
All items excluding medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4.1 8.8 4.5 2.9 2.8 2.3 1.5 2.1
All services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5.6 10.2 6.0 3.9 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.5
Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4.0 7.7 4.3 2.3 3.3 2.6 2.2 2.1
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4.4 4.6 3.2 1.2 –0.2 0.9 0.1 –1.3
Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- 9.9 4.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.2
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2.2 15.4 1.7 0.6 4.7 1.3 –7.7 3.6
Medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6.2 9.5 8.1 6.3 3.5 2.8 3.2 3.5
Components of medical care
Medical care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7.3 9.9 8.1 6.6 3.7 2.9 3.2 3.4
Professional services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- 8.9 7.2 5.2 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.2
Physicians’ services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6.6 9.7 7.7 5.4 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.8
Dental services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5.3 8.2 7.0 5.8 4.7 4.7 4.2 4.7
Eye glasses and eye care1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- --- 3.2 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.0
Services by other medical professionals1 . . . . ... --- --- --- 3.7 1.9 3.5 2.4 2.1
Hospital and related services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- 9.9 7.7 4.5 3.3 3.3 4.2
Hospital services2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.2 4.1
Inpatient hospital services2 . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.7 3.8
Outpatient hospital services1 . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- --- 8.1 5.1 4.6 3.7 5.5
Hospital rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 13.9 12.2 9.9 7.4 3.9 --- --- ---
Other inpatient services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- --- 7.7 4.9 --- --- ---
Nursing homes and adult day care . . . . . . . . ... --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.7 4.2
Medical care commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 0.7 7.2 8.0 4.6 2.9 2.3 3.0 4.0
Prescription drugs and medical supplies . . . . . . ... –0.2 7.2 9.6 5.3 3.4 2.6 3.7 5.7
Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies1 . . ... --- --- --- 3.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 0.5
Internal and respiratory over-the-counter
drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1.6 7.7 6.9 2.7 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.3
Nonprescription medical equipment and
supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... --- --- 5.7 3.8 1.7 1.4 2.0 1.0
- - - Data not available.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Dec. 1986 = 100
2
Dec. 1996 = 100.
NOTES: 1982–84 = 100, except where noted. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Price Index. Various releases.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 323
Extracted source page 331
Table 117. Growth in personal health care expenditures and percent distribution of
factors affecting growth: United States, 1960–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Factors affecting growth
Average Inflation1
annual
percent All Economy-
Period increase factors wide Medical Population Intensity2
Percent distribution
1960–98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 100 42 16 10 32
1960–61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 100 20 6 27 47
1961–62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 100 17 11 21 51
1962–63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 100 13 7 16 64
1963–64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 100 15 15 14 56
1964–65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 100 23 9 15 53
1965–66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 100 29 21 11 39
1966–67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 100 25 13 8 54
1967–68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 100 35 11 8 46
1968–69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 100 38 10 8 44
1969–70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 100 40 8 8 43
1970–71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 100 54 11 11 24
1971–72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 100 39 –3 9 55
1972–73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 100 50 –15 8 57
1973–74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 100 62 1 6 30
1974–75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 100 66 9 6 19
1975–76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 100 44 21 6 29
1976–77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 100 50 11 7 32
1977–78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 100 64 5 9 22
1978–79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 100 64 4 7 25
1979–80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 100 60 13 7 20
1980–81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 100 60 17 7 16
1981–82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 100 52 35 9 4
1982–83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 100 44 32 11 13
1983–84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 100 39 40 11 10
1984–85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 100 36 36 10 18
1985–86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 100 29 26 11 34
1986–87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 100 33 19 11 37
1987–88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 100 34 24 10 32
1988–89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 100 42 27 11 20
1989–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 100 38 21 9 31
1990–91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 100 39 16 10 35
1991–92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 100 32 28 12 28
1992–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 100 39 32 15 14
1993–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 100 45 25 18 12
1994–95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 100 43 25 17 15
1995–96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 100 38 22 18 23
1996–97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 100 39 7 20 34
1997–98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 100 20 23 18 39
1
Total inflation is economy-wide and medical inflation is the medical inflation above economy-wide inflation.
2
The residual percent of growth which cannot be attributed to price increases or population growth represents changes in use or kinds of services and supplies.
NOTE: These data include revisions in health expenditures and in population back to 1990 and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: National Health Statistics Group, Office of the Actuary. National health expenditures, 1998. Health Care Financing Review vol 21 no 2. HCFA pub no 03420.
Health Care Financing Administration. Washington: U.S. Government Printing OFfice, Winter 1999.
324 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 332
Table 118 (page 1 of 2). National health expenditures, average annual percent change, and percent distribution,
according to type of expenditure: United States, selected years 1960–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of expenditure 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Amount in billions
All expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26.9 $41.1 $73.2 $130.7 $247.3 $428.7 $699.4 $993.3 $1,039.4 $1,088.2 $1,149.1
Health services and supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 37.7 67.9 122.3 235.6 412.3 674.8 962.5 1,007.5 1,053.5 1,113.7
Personal health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 35.2 63.8 114.5 217.0 376.4 614.7 879.1 924.0 968.6 1,019.3
Hospital care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 14.0 28.0 52.6 102.7 168.3 256.4 347.0 359.4 370.2 382.8
Physician services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 8.2 13.6 23.9 45.2 83.6 146.3 201.9 208.5 217.8 229.5
Dentist services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.8 4.7 8.0 13.3 21.7 31.6 45.0 47.5 51.1 53.8
Nursing home care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.5 4.2 8.7 17.6 30.7 50.9 75.5 80.2 84.7 87.8
Other professional services. . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.7 6.4 16.6 34.7 53.6 57.4 61.5 66.6
Home health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 2.4 5.6 13.1 29.1 31.2 30.5 29.3
Drugs and other medical
nondurables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 5.9 8.8 13.0 21.6 37.1 59.9 88.6 98.0 108.6 121.9
Vision products and other medical
durables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.8 6.7 10.5 13.3 14.1 15.1 15.5
Other personal health care . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 1.3 2.5 4.0 6.1 11.2 25.1 27.6 29.2 32.1
Program administration and net cost
of health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.9 2.7 4.9 11.9 24.3 40.5 53.6 52.1 50.3 57.7
Government public health activities1 . . . . . 0.4 0.6 1.3 2.9 6.7 11.6 19.6 29.8 31.3 34.6 36.6
Research and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 3.4 5.3 8.4 11.6 16.4 24.5 30.8 32.0 34.8 35.3
Noncommercial research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 1.5 2.0 3.3 5.5 7.8 12.2 16.7 17.2 17.9 19.9
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.9 3.4 5.1 6.2 8.5 12.3 14.0 14.8 16.9 15.5
Average annual percent change from previous year shown
All expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.9 12.2 12.3 13.6 11.6 10.3 7.3 4.6 4.7 5.6
Health services and supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.4 12.5 12.5 14.0 11.8 10.4 7.4 4.7 4.6 5.7
Personal health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.3 12.7 12.4 13.6 11.6 10.3 7.4 5.1 4.8 5.2
Hospital care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8.6 14.8 13.4 14.3 10.4 8.8 6.2 3.6 3.0 3.4
Physician services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9.2 10.6 12.0 13.6 13.1 11.8 6.6 3.3 4.5 5.4
Dentist services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7.3 10.8 11.2 10.9 10.2 7.8 7.3 5.6 7.6 5.3
Nursing home care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 11.6 23.4 15.5 15.3 11.7 10.7 8.2 6.3 5.5 3.7
Other professional services. . . . . . . . . . ... 7.4 10.2 14.2 18.4 21.2 15.8 9.1 7.1 7.0 8.3
Home health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9.6 19.7 23.2 30.7 18.9 18.4 17.3 7.1 –2.2 –4.0
Drugs and other medical
nondurables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6.8 8.4 8.1 10.7 11.4 10.1 8.1 10.6 10.8 12.3
Vision products and other medical
durables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9.1 10.2 9.5 8.1 12.4 9.2 5.0 6.0 6.7 2.7
Other personal health care . . . . . . . . . . ... 3.5 9.5 13.8 10.2 8.8 12.9 17.5 9.8 5.9 9.8
Program administration and net cost
of health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 10.6 7.1 12.5 19.3 15.4 10.8 5.7 –2.8 –3.5 14.9
Government public health activities1 . . . . . ... 10.8 17.0 16.8 18.1 11.5 11.0 8.7 5.2 10.2 6.0
Research and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 15.1 9.2 9.4 6.8 7.1 8.4 4.6 3.9 8.8 1.6
Noncommercial research . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 17.1 5.1 11.2 10.4 7.5 9.3 6.5 2.6 4.2 11.1
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 13.7 12.1 8.3 4.1 6.7 7.6 2.7 5.4 14.2 –8.4
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 325
Extracted source page 333
Table 118 (page 2 of 2). National health expenditures, average annual percent change, and percent distribution,
according to type of expenditure: United States, selected years 1960–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of expenditure 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent distribution
All expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Health services and supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . 93.7 91.6 92.7 93.6 95.3 96.2 96.5 96.9 96.9 96.8 96.9
Personal health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.0 85.5 87.1 87.6 87.8 87.8 87.9 88.5 88.9 89.0 88.7
Hospital care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 34.1 38.2 40.2 41.5 39.3 36.7 34.9 34.6 34.0 33.3
Physician services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 19.9 18.5 18.3 18.3 19.5 20.9 20.3 20.1 20.0 20.0
Dentist services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.4 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7
Nursing home care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.6 5.8 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.6
Other professional services. . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.6 3.9 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8
Home health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.3 1.9 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.5
Drugs and other medical
nondurables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 14.3 12.0 10.0 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.9 9.4 10.0 10.6
Vision products and other medical
durables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3
Other personal health care . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8
Program administration and net cost
of health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.7 3.7 3.8 4.8 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.6 5.0
Government public health activities1 . . . . . 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2
Research and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 8.4 7.3 6.4 4.7 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1
Noncommercial research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 4.7 4.6 3.9 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Includes personal care services delivered by government public health agencies.
NOTE: These data include revisions in health expenditures and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: National Health Statistics Group, Office of the Actuary. National health expenditures, 1998. Health Care Financing Review vol 21 no 2. HCFA pub no 03420.
Health Care Financing Administration. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Winter 1999.
326 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 334
Table 119 (page 1 of 2). Personal health care expenditures, according to type of expenditure and source
of funds: United States, selected years 1960–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of personal health
care expenditures and
source of funds 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Amount in billions
Total1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 23.6 $ 35.2 $ 63.8 $114.5 $217.0 $376.4 $614.7 $879.1 $924.0 $968.6 $1,019.3
Amount
Per capita. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 124 $ 172 $ 297 $ 510 $ 923 $1,523 $2,363 $3,219 $3,353 $3,482 $ 3,632
Source of funds Percent distribution
All sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Out-of-pocket payments . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 52.7 39.0 33.3 27.8 26.7 23.6 19.4 19.3 19.5 19.6
Private health insurance . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 24.7 23.2 24.8 28.6 30.3 33.8 32.6 32.3 32.3 33.1
Other private funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.4 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7
Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 20.6 35.3 39.6 40.1 39.2 39.2 44.5 44.8 44.5 43.6
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.4 23.0 27.0 29.2 29.5 28.8 34.0 34.5 34.4 33.7
State and local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 12.2 12.2 12.5 10.9 9.7 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.9
Amount in billions
Hospital care expenditures2 . . . . . . . . . $ 9.3 $ 14.0 $ 28.0 $ 52.6 $102.7 $168.3 $256.4 $347.0 $359.4 $370.2 $ 382.8
Percent distribution
All sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Out-of-pocket payments . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 19.6 9.0 8.3 5.2 5.2 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.4
Private health insurance . . . . . . . . . . 35.6 40.9 32.4 32.9 35.5 35.0 37.3 30.8 30.0 30.0 30.8
Other private funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.9 3.2 2.7 4.9 4.9 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.0
Government3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.5 37.6 55.4 56.0 54.4 54.8 54.5 61.7 62.2 61.8 60.8
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 9.5 10.0 10.3 9.3 11.5 16.3 16.3 15.8 15.9
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 19.2 22.0 25.7 29.1 26.8 31.4 32.4 33.2 32.4
Amount in billions
Nursing home care expenditures4 . . . . . $ 0.8 $ 1.5 $ 4.2 $ 8.7 $ 17.6 $ 30.7 $ 50.9 $ 75.5 $ 80.2 $ 84.7 $ 87.8
Percent distribution
All sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Out-of-pocket payments . . . . . . . . . . 77.9 60.1 53.5 42.6 41.8 44.3 43.1 35.2 33.6 32.8 32.5
Private health insurance . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.7 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.3
Other private funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.7 4.9 4.8 3.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8
Government3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 34.1 41.2 51.9 54.0 51.2 51.0 58.5 59.9 60.5 60.4
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 22.3 47.1 50.0 47.2 45.4 47.1 47.2 47.1 46.3
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 3.4 2.5 1.7 1.5 3.4 9.1 10.5 11.3 11.9
Amount in billions
Physician services expenditures . . . . . . $ 5.3 $ 8.2 $ 13.6 $ 23.9 $ 45.2 $ 83.6 $146.3 $201.9 $208.5 $217.8 $ 229.5
Percent distribution
All sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Out-of-pocket payments . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 60.6 42.2 36.7 32.4 29.2 22.0 15.0 14.9 15.5 15.6
Private health insurance . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 32.5 35.2 35.3 37.9 40.1 45.7 51.6 51.2 50.2 50.5
Other private funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0
Government3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.8 22.5 27.7 28.9 29.1 30.5 31.5 31.9 32.2 31.9
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 4.8 7.5 5.5 4.2 4.8 7.2 7.3 7.1 6.5
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 12.2 14.1 17.6 19.5 20.0 19.8 20.2 20.9 21.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 327
Extracted source page 335
Table 119 (page 2 of 2). Personal health care expenditures, according to type of expenditure and source
of funds: United States, selected years 1960–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of personal health
care expenditures and
source of funds 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
Amount in billions
All other personal health care
expenditures5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8.2 $ 11.5 $ 18.0 $ 29.4 $ 51.5 $ 93.9 $161.0 $254.8 $275.9 $296.0 $319.2
Percent distribution
All sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Out-of-pocket payments . . . . . . . . . . 87.4 86.7 79.9 72.4 63.9 57.3 49.6 40.1 39.3 39.0 38.4
Private health insurance . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.4 5.0 8.7 15.9 22.2 26.9 28.2 28.9 29.7 30.8
Other private funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.0
Government3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.0 12.3 16.1 16.5 16.4 19.2 27.3 27.6 27.2 26.8
Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 4.5 6.0 5.5 5.7 7.3 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 0.7 1.8 3.2 4.6 5.5 9.9 9.9 9.3 8.4
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Includes all expenditures for health services and supplies other than expenses for program administration, net cost of private health insurance, and government public
health activities.
2
Includes expenditures for hospital-based nursing home care and home health agency care.
3
Includes other government expenditures for these health care services, for example, care funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs and State and locally financed
subsidies to hospitals.
4
Includes expenditures for care in freestanding nursing homes. Expenditures for care in facility-based nursing homes are included with hospital care.
5
Includes expenditures for dental services, other professional services, home health care, drugs and other medical nondurables, vision products and other medical
durables, and other personal health care.
NOTE: These data include revisions in health expenditures and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: National Health Statistics Group, Office of the Actuary. National health expenditures, 1998. Health Care Financing Review vol 21 no 2. HCFA pub no 03420.
Health Care Financing Administration. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Winter 1999.
328 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 336
Table 120 (page 1 of 2). Expenditures for health services and supplies and percent distribution, by type
of payer: United States, selected calendar years 1965–95
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of payer 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Amount in billions
Total1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 37.7 $ 67.9 $122.3 $235.6 $411.8 $672.9 $736.8 $806.7 $863.1 $906.7 $957.8
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 48.9 83.7 158.4 282.2 450.8 483.4 522.4 547.0 569.5 597.4
Private business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 13.6 27.5 61.7 108.6 185.8 200.1 217.9 229.5 239.0 249.4
Employer contribution to private health
insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 9.7 19.7 45.3 79.1 138.4 148.2 162.4 172.3 177.1 183.8
Private employer contribution to Medicare
2
hospital insurance trust fund . . . . . . . . . 0.0 2.1 5.0 10.5 20.3 29.5 32.7 34.3 36.0 40.2 43.1
Workers compensation and temporary
disability insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.4 2.4 5.1 7.7 15.7 16.7 18.5 18.4 18.6 19.3
Industrial inplant health services . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.3
Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 33.8 53.8 89.5 160.5 245.3 261.8 282.2 293.7 306.7 323.3
Employee contribution to private health
insurance premiums and individual
policy premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 5.6 8.2 14.6 30.7 51.3 56.8 62.6 66.4 66.0 68.5
Employee and self-employment
contributions and voluntary
premiums paid to Medicare hospital
insurance trust fund2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 2.4 5.7 12.0 24.1 35.5 39.7 41.7 43.8 50.3 55.9
Premiums paid by individuals to Medicare
supplementary medical insurance
trust fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 1.0 1.7 2.7 5.2 10.1 10.3 12.1 11.9 14.4 16.3
Out-of-pocket health spending . . . . . . . . . 18.5 24.9 38.1 60.3 100.6 148.4 155.0 165.8 171.6 176.0 182.6
Nonpatient revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 1.5 2.4 7.2 13.1 19.8 21.6 22.4 23.8 23.7 24.7
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 19.0 38.6 77.3 129.6 222.1 253.3 284.2 316.1 337.3 360.4
Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 10.4 21.2 42.4 68.4 115.1 135.7 159.1 179.5 189.1 203.4
Employer contributions to private health
insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 1.2 2.2 4.3 9.2 9.8 10.7 11.5 11.9 11.3
Medicaid3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 2.9 7.6 14.7 23.1 43.4 57.8 69.2 78.2 83.2 88.7
Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 7.2 12.4 25.5 41.0 62.5 68.1 79.2 89.8 94.0 103.4
State and local government . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 8.6 17.4 34.8 61.2 107.0 117.6 125.2 136.6 148.1 157.0
Employer contributions to private health
insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.7 2.2 7.6 18.2 33.5 37.5 41.2 45.2 47.7 47.1
Medicaid3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 2.5 6.1 11.7 18.6 33.2 37.9 39.2 43.9 49.8 55.6
Other5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 5.4 9.1 15.5 24.4 40.2 42.2 44.8 47.5 50.6 54.3
Percent distribution
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.0 72.0 68.4 67.2 68.5 67.0 65.6 64.8 63.4 62.8 62.4
Private business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 20.0 22.5 26.2 26.4 27.6 27.2 27.0 26.6 26.4 26.0
Employer contribution to private health
insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 14.3 16.1 19.2 19.2 20.6 20.1 20.1 20.0 19.5 19.2
Private employer contribution to Medicare
hospital insurance trust fund2 . . . . . . . . . 0.0 3.1 4.1 4.5 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.5
Workers compensation and temporary
disability insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0
Industrial inplant health services . . . . . . . 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 49.8 44.0 38.0 39.0 36.5 35.5 35.0 34.0 33.8 33.8
Employee contribution to private health
insurance premiums and individual
policy premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 8.2 6.7 6.2 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.2
Employee and self-employment
contributions and voluntary
premiums paid to Medicare hospital
insurance trust fund2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 3.5 4.7 5.1 5.9 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.5 5.8
Premiums paid by individuals to Medicare
supplementary medical insurance
trust fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.7
Out-of-pocket health spending . . . . . . . . . 49.1 36.7 31.2 25.6 24.4 22.1 21.0 20.6 19.9 19.4 19.1
Nonpatient revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 2.2 2.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 329
Extracted source page 337
Table 120 (page 2 of 2). Expenditures for health services and supplies and percent distribution, by type
of payer: United States, selected calendar years 1965–95
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of payer 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Percent distribution
Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 28.0 31.6 32.8 31.5 33.0 34.4 35.2 36.6 37.2 37.6
Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 15.3 17.3 18.0 16.6 17.1 18.4 19.7 20.8 20.9 21.2
Employer contributions to private health
insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
Medicaid3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 4.3 6.2 6.2 5.6 6.4 7.8 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.3
Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 10.6 10.1 10.8 10.0 9.3 9.2 9.8 10.4 10.4 10.8
State and local government . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 12.7 14.2 14.8 14.9 15.9 16.0 15.5 15.8 16.3 16.4
Employer contributions to private health
insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.0 1.8 3.2 4.4 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 4.9
Medicaid3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 3.7 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.9 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.8
Other5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 8.0 7.4 6.6 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7
1
Excludes research and construction.
2
Includes one-half of self-employment contribution to Medicare hospital insurance trust fund.
3
Includes Medicaid buy-in premiums for Medicare.
4
Includes expenditures for Medicare with adjustments for contributions by employers and individuals and premiums paid to the Medicare insurance trust fund and
maternal and child health, vocational rehabilitation, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Indian Health Service, Federal workers’ compensation,
and other miscellaneous general hospital and medical programs, public health activities, Department of Defense, and Department of Veterans Affairs.
5
Includes other public and general assistance, maternal and child health, vocational rehabilitation, public health activities, hospital subsidies, and employer contributions
to Medicare hospital insurance trust fund.
NOTES: This table disaggregates health expenditures according to four classes of payers: businesses, households (individuals), Federal Government, and State and
local governments. Where businesses or households pay dedicated funds into government health programs (for example, Medicare) or employers and employees share
in the cost of health premiums, these costs are assigned to businesses or households accordingly. This results in a lower share of expenditures being assigned to the
Federal Government than for tabulations of expenditures by source of funds. Estimates of national health expenditure by source of funds aim to track
government-sponsored health programs over time and do not delineate the role of business employers in paying for health care. Figures may not sum to totals due to
rounding. These data include revisions and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Office of National Health Statistics, Office of the Actuary. Business, households, and government: Health spending 1995. Health Care Financing Review vol
18, no 3. Washington: Health Care Financing Administration. Spring 1997.
330 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 338
Table 121. Employers’ costs per employee hour worked for total compensation, wages and salaries, and health
insurance, according to selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1991–99
[Data are based on surveys of employers]
Total compensation Wages and salaries
Characteristic 1991 1994 1998 1999 1991 1994 1998 1999
Amount per employee-hour worked
State and local government. . . . . . . . . . . . $22.31 $25.27 $27.28 $28.00 $15.52 $17.57 $19.19 $19.78
Total private industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.40 17.08 18.50 19.00 11.14 12.14 13.47 13.87
Industry:
Goods producing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.48 20.85 22.26 22.86 12.70 13.87 15.35 15.84
Service producing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.31 15.82 17.31 17.82 10.58 11.56 12.88 13.26
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.22 20.72 22.29 22.77 12.40 13.69 15.22 15.66
Nonmanufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.67 16.19 17.66 18.20 10.81 11.76 13.09 13.49
Occupation:
White collar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.15 20.26 22.38 23.02 13.40 14.72 16.54 17.02
Blue collar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.15 16.92 17.56 17.98 10.37 11.31 12.15 12.51
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.82 8.38 9.37 9.58 5.96 6.33 7.25 7.44
Region:
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.56 20.03 20.38 20.94 12.65 14.13 14.70 15.08
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.05 16.26 18.15 18.36 10.70 11.34 12.99 13.21
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.68 15.05 16.45 16.97 10.03 10.85 12.15 12.55
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.97 18.08 19.94 20.74 11.62 13.01 14.75 15.36
Union status:
Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.76 23.26 23.59 24.75 13.02 14.76 15.38 16.21
Nonunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.54 16.04 17.80 18.20 10.78 11.70 13.21 13.54
Establishment employment size:
1–99 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.38 14.58 15.92 16.27 10.00 10.72 12.01 12.29
100 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.34 19.45 21.20 21.88 12.23 13.48 15.01 15.54
100–499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.31 15.88 17.52 18.14 10.32 11.37 12.67 13.17
500 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.60 23.35 25.56 26.37 14.28 15.79 17.78 18.37
Health insurance
as a percent of
Health insurance total compensation
Characteristic 1991 1994 1998 1999 1991 1994 1998 1999
Amount per employee-hour worked
State and local government. . . . . . . . . . . . $1.54 $2.06 $2.05 $2.12 6.9 8.2 7.5 7.6
Total private industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.92 1.14 1.00 1.03 6.0 6.7 5.4 5.4
Industry:
Goods producing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.28 1.70 1.48 1.52 6.9 8.1 6.6 6.6
Service producing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.79 0.95 0.85 0.88 5.5 6.0 4.9 4.9
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.37 1.79 1.54 1.58 7.5 8.6 6.9 6.9
Nonmanufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80 0.98 0.88 0.91 5.5 6.0 5.0 5.0
Occupation:
White collar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 1.25 1.11 1.15 5.6 6.2 5.0 5.0
Blue collar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.06 1.35 1.17 1.20 7.0 8.0 6.7 6.7
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.36 0.45 0.40 0.40 4.6 5.4 4.3 4.2
Region:
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.08 1.37 1.15 1.19 6.2 6.9 5.6 5.7
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.95 1.19 1.04 1.07 6.3 7.3 5.7 5.8
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.76 0.95 0.87 0.89 5.5 6.3 5.3 5.2
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.92 1.10 0.97 1.00 5.8 6.1 4.9 4.8
Union status:
Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.63 2.28 1.97 2.02 8.2 9.8 8.4 8.2
Nonunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.78 0.94 0.86 0.89 5.4 5.9 4.8 4.9
Establishment employment size:
1–99 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.68 0.84 0.73 0.77 5.1 5.7 4.6 4.7
100 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14 1.42 1.28 1.30 6.6 7.3 6.0 5.9
100–499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 1.03 1.01 1.01 6.3 6.5 5.8 5.6
500 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40 1.84 1.59 1.64 6.8 7.9 6.2 6.2
NOTES: Costs are calculated from March survey data each year. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975–92. Bulletin 2413, Nov. 1992; U.S. Department of Labor:
News pub nos 91–292, 94–290, 96–424, 98–285, and 99–173. June 19, 1991, June 16, 1994, Oct. 10, 1996, July 9, 1998, and June 24, 1999. Washington.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 331
Extracted source page 339
Table 122 (page 1 of 2). Hospital expenses, according to type of ownership and size of hospital: United States,
selected years 1975–98
[Data are based on reporting by a census of hospitals]
Type of ownership
and size of hospital 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1985–93 1993–98
Average annual
Total expenses Amount in billions percent change
All hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $48.7 $91.9 $153.3 $234.9 $301.5 $320.3 $330.5 $342.3 $355.5 8.8 3.3
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 7.9 12.3 15.2 19.6 20.2 22.3 22.7 22.6 6.0 2.9
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 84.0 141.0 219.6 281.9 300.0 308.3 319.6 332.9 9.0 3.4
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.0 76.9 130.5 203.7 266.1 285.6 293.8 305.8 318.8 9.3 3.7
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 55.8 96.1 150.7 197.2 209.6 216.0 225.3 238.0 9.4 3.8
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 5.8 11.5 18.8 23.1 26.7 28.4 31.2 31.7 9.1 6.5
State-local government . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 15.2 22.9 34.2 45.8 49.3 49.4 49.3 49.1 9.1 1.4
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 11.2 14.9
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.7 2.6 4.0 5.6 7.2 7.5 8.1 8.8 10.1 9.5
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 5.4 8.6 12.6 15.8 17.8 18.4 19.5 20.0 7.9 4.8
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 12.5 21.4 33.3 44.5 50.7 53.7 54.9 59.4 9.6 5.9
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 13.4 23.3 38.7 50.6 55.8 56.5 57.1 57.1 10.2 2.4
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 11.5 21.8 33.1 43.7 43.3 46.0 48.4 49.6 9.1 2.6
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 10.5 15.7 25.3 30.4 33.7 35.5 35.0 36.4 8.6 3.7
500 beds or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 21.6 36.8 56.2 74.9 76.1 75.0 81.7 86.0 9.3 2.8
Employee expenses as percent
of total expenses3 Percent
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 68.4 68.1 67.1 65.6 65.8 63.0 63.1 65.5 ... ...
Non-Federal1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.8 58.1 56.6 54.8 53.7 54.5 53.9 53.2 53.0 ... ...
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.0 56.3 55.2 53.6 52.7 53.6 53.0 52.4 52.1 ... ...
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.5 57.2 55.9 54.3 53.4 53.9 53.4 52.7 52.4 ... ...
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.5 45.7 45.2 43.7 45.7 47.9 48.2 47.7 48.5 ... ...
State-local government . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 57.3 57.1 55.8 53.6 55.2 54.2 54.2 53.3 ... ...
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 54.9 55.0 54.4 53.9 54.2 54.1 55.6 54.6 ... ...
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 54.0 54.1 53.0 52.8 53.9 53.8 53.0 53.1 ... ...
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 53.7 52.9 51.8 52.4 53.7 53.0 53.0 53.2 ... ...
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.0 54.2 52.6 51.7 52.2 52.9 52.9 52.2 52.5 ... ...
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.8 55.6 54.6 53.0 52.6 53.3 52.8 52.0 52.4 ... ...
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 56.9 55.7 54.1 53.1 53.4 52.5 52.1 51.4 ... ...
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 57.8 56.2 55.1 53.2 54.1 53.9 52.7 51.3 ... ...
500 beds or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 57.9 56.9 54.5 52.9 54.1 53.1 52.6 52.1 ... ...
Expenses per inpatient day Amount
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 151 $ 245 $ 460 $ 687 $ 881 $ 968 $1,006 $1,033 $1,067 8.5 3.9
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 246 463 692 898 994 1,042 1,074 1,111 8.6 4.3
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 257 500 752 914 947 945 962 968 7.8 1.2
State-local government . . . . . . . . . . 157 239 433 634 800 878 903 914 949 8.0 3.5
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 203 380 526 664 678 757 731 823 7.2 4.4
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 197 379 489 635 696 749 775 817 6.7 5.2
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 191 363 493 598 647 664 686 699 6.4 3.2
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 215 402 585 729 796 827 853 877 7.7 3.8
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 239 449 665 854 943 993 1,011 1,035 8.4 3.9
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 248 484 731 956 1,070 1,109 1,129 1,176 8.9 4.2
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 215 489 756 977 1,135 1,175 1,195 1,256 9.0 5.2
500 beds or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 239 527 825 1,087 1,212 1,267 1,304 1,353 9.5 4.5
See footnotes at end of table.
332 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 340
Table 122 (page 2 of 2). Hospital expenses, according to type of ownership and size of hospital: United States,
selected years 1975–98
[Data are based on reporting by a census of hospitals]
Type of ownership
and size of hospital 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1985–93 1993–98
Average annual
Expenses per inpatient stay Amount percent change
Community2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,165 $1,851 $3,245 $4,947 $6,132 $6,216 $6,225 $6,262 $6,386 8.3 0.8
Nonprofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,178 1,902 3,307 5,001 6,178 6,279 6,344 6,393 6,526 8.1 1.1
For profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 1,676 3,033 4,727 5,643 5,425 5,207 5,219 5,262 8.1 –1.4
State-local government . . . . . . . . . . 1,197 1,750 3,106 4,838 6,206 6,445 6,419 6,475 6,612 9.0 1.3
6–24 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 1,072 1,876 2,701 3,471 3,578 3,630 3,348 3,757 8.0 1.6
25–49 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 1,138 2,007 2,967 3,687 3,797 3,879 3,989 4,106 7.9 2.2
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 1,271 2,342 3,461 4,312 4,427 4,474 4,598 4,734 7.9 1.9
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 1,512 2,683 4,109 4,999 5,103 5,121 5,146 5,219 8.1 0.9
200–299 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,096 1,767 3,044 4,618 5,713 5,851 5,917 5,948 6,012 8.2 1.0
300–399 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,225 1,881 3,394 5,096 6,351 6,512 6,550 6,429 6,642 8.1 0.9
400–499 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,290 2,090 3,571 5,500 6,706 7,164 7,253 7,279 7,431 8.2 2.1
500 beds or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,677 2,517 4,254 6,667 8,460 8,531 8,450 8,508 8,670 9.0 0.5
. . . Category not applicable.
1
The category of non-Federal hospitals is comprised of psychiatric, tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases hospitals, and long-term and short-term hospitals.
2
Community hospitals are short-term hospitals excluding hospital units in institutions such as prison and college infirmaries, facilities for the mentally retarded, and
alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals.
3
Includes employee payroll and benefit expenses. Does not include contracted labor services.
NOTE: Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: American Hospital Association: Hospital Statistics, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991–2000 Editions. Chicago, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991–2000 (Copyrights 1976, 1981,
1986, 1991–2000: Used with the permission of the American Hospital Association); and unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 333
Extracted source page 341
Table 123. Nursing home average monthly charges per resident and percent of residents, according to
selected facility and resident characteristics: United States, 1973–74, 1977, 1985, 1995, and 1997
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of nursing homes]
Average monthly charge1 Percent of residents
Facility and resident
characteristic 1973–74 2 1977 1985 1995 1997 1973–74 2 1977 1985 1995 1997
Facility characteristic
All facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $479 $689 $1,456 $3,135 $3,609 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Ownership:
Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 670 1,379 3,047 3,508 69.8 68.2 68.7 63.6 65.5
Nonprofit and government . . . . . . . 456 732 1,624 3,288 3,792 30.2 31.8 31.3 36.4 34.5
Certification:3
Skilled nursing facility. . . . . . . . . . . 566 880 1,905 --- --- 39.8 20.7 18.5 --- ---
Skilled nursing and intermediate
facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 762 1,571 --- --- 24.5 40.5 45.2 --- ---
Intermediate facility . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 556 1,179 --- --- 22.4 28.3 24.9 --- ---
Not certified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 390 875 --- --- 13.3 10.6 11.4 --- ---
Both Medicare and Medicaid. . . . . . --- --- --- 3,317 3,765 --- --- --- 78.4 84.9
Medicare only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 4,211 4,221 --- --- --- 3.0 2.9
Medicaid only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,169 2,436 --- --- --- 15.8 9.7
Neither . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- 2,323 2,422 --- --- --- 2.8 2.4
Bed size:
Less than 50 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 546 1,036 4,978 3,521 15.2 12.9 8.9 4.5 3.9
50–99 beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 643 1,335 2,691 3,178 34.1 30.5 27.6 24.9 24.7
100–199 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 706 1,478 3,028 3,592 35.6 38.8 43.2 51.1 51.9
200 beds or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 837 1,759 3,560 4,211 15.1 17.9 20.2 19.5 19.5
Geographic region:
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 918 1,781 3,904 4,589 22.0 22.4 23.6 22.8 23.3
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 640 1,399 2,740 3,203 34.6 34.5 32.5 32.3 31.0
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 585 1,256 2,752 3,225 26.0 27.2 29.4 32.0 32.6
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 653 1,458 3,710 3,791 17.4 15.9 14.5 12.9 13.1
Resident characteristic
All residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 689 1,456 3,135 3,609 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Age:
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 585 1,379 3,662 3,760 10.6 13.6 11.6 8.0 8.5
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 669 1,372 3,409 3,877 15.0 16.2 14.2 12.0 12.8
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 710 1,468 3,138 3,595 35.5 35.7 34.1 32.5 32.8
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 719 1,497 2,974 3,521 38.8 34.5 40.0 47.5 45.9
Sex:
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 652 1,438 3,345 3,758 29.1 28.8 28.4 26.6 27.8
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 705 1,463 3,059 3,553 70.9 71.2 71.6 73.4 72.2
- - - Data not available.
1
Includes life-care residents and no-charge residents.
2
Data exclude residents of personal care homes.
3
Medicare extended care facilities and Medicaid skilled nursing homes from the 1973–74 survey were considered to be equivalent to Medicare or Medicaid skilled
nursing facilities in 1977 and 1985 for the purposes of this comparison. In the 1995 and 1997 surveys the certification categories were based on Medicare and
Medicaid certification.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hing E. Charges for care and sources of payment for residents in nursing homes, United States, National
Nursing Home Survey, August 1973–April 1974. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(32). 1977; Van Nostrand JF, Zappolo A, Hing E, et al. The
National Nursing Home Survey, 1977 summary for the United States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(43). 1979; and Hing E, Sekscenski E,
Strahan G. The National Nursing Home Survey: 1985 summary for the United States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(97). 1989; and
unpublished data.
334 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 342
Table 124. Nursing home average monthly charges per resident and percent of residents, according to
primary source of payments and selected facility characteristics: United States, 1985, 1995, and 1997
[Data are based on reporting by a sample of nursing homes]
All Own income or
sources family support1 Medicare Medicaid
Facility characteristic 1997 1985 1995 1997 1985 1995 1997 1985 1995 1997
Average monthly charge2
All facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,609 $1,450 $3,081 $3,643 $ 2,141 $ 5,546 $ 6,037 $1,504 $2,769 $3,081
Ownership
Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,508 1,444 3,190 3,784 2,058 5,668 6,051 1,363 2,560 2,883
Nonprofit and government . . . . . . . . . . 3,792 1,462 2,967 3,475 *2,456 5,304 6,008 1,851 3,201 3,516
Certification3
Skilled nursing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,797 --- --- 2,315 --- --- 2,000 --- ---
Skilled nursing and intermediate facility . --- 1,643 --- --- 2,156 --- --- 1,509 --- ---
Intermediate facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,222 --- --- ... --- --- 1,150 --- ---
Not certified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 999 --- --- ... --- --- ... ... ...
Both Medicare and Medicaid . . . . . . . . 3,765 --- 3,365 3,868 --- 5,472 6,134 --- 2,910 3,179
Medicare only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,221 --- 3,344 4,068 --- *10,074 4,922 --- ... 3,451
Medicaid only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,436 --- 2,352 2,485 --- ... 2,829 --- 2,069 2,409
Neither . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,422 --- 2,390 2,482 --- ... 2,424 --- ... 2,178
Bed size
4 4
Less than 50 beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,521 886 3,377 2,972 *1,348 *17,224 10,133 1,335 2,990 2,987
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,178 1,388 2,849 3,253 1,760 4,929 5,814 1,323 2,335 2,693
100–199 beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,592 1,567 3,138 3,788 2,192 4,918 5,877 1,413 2,659 2,975
200 beds or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,211 1,701 3,316 4,161 2,767 4,523 6,214 1,919 3,520 3,820
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,589 1,645 4,117 4,884 2,109 4,883 6,542 2,035 3,671 4,039
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,203 1,398 2,650 3,231 2,745 5,439 5,546 1,382 2,478 2,732
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,225 1,359 2,945 3,320 2,033 4,889 6,173 1,200 2,333 2,642
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,791 1,498 3,666 3,916 1,838 8,825 5,630 1,501 2,848 3,240
Percent of residents
All facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 41.6 27.8 24.5 1.4 9.9 14.4 50.4 60.2 57.9
Ownership
Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 40.1 24.1 20.9 1.6 10.4 15.0 52.1 63.8 61.5
Nonprofit and government . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 44.9 34.3 31.4 *0.9 9.2 13.2 46.6 54.0 51.0
Certification3
Skilled nursing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 39.1 --- --- 2.6 --- --- 53.7 --- ---
Skilled nursing and intermediate facility . --- 36.8 --- --- 1.9 --- --- 57.8 --- ---
Intermediate facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 41.4 --- --- ... --- --- 55.9 --- ---
Not certified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 65.5 --- --- ... --- --- ... ... ...
Both Medicare and Medicaid . . . . . . . . 100.0 --- 23.1 21.9 --- 11.6 15.9 --- 63.9 59.6
Medicare only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 --- 71.2 63.3 --- 16.2 23.0 --- ... 2.6
Medicaid only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 --- 32.1 22.3 --- ... 1.1 --- 63.0 73.4
Neither . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 --- 91.0 78.0 --- ... 3.9 --- ... 4.0
Bed size
Less than 50 beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 53.1 35.3 39.1 *1.2 13.1 13.8 33.8 49.9 43.2
50–99 beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 49.5 34.5 29.4 *1.3 6.2 12.9 42.9 57.6 55.6
100–199 beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 39.6 26.2 22.9 1.5 10.6 15.4 55.2 61.5 58.8
200 beds or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 30.1 22.0 19.9 *1.5 12.1 13.6 57.7 62.4 61.3
Geographic region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 34.8 18.2 19.6 1.7 14.0 16.0 52.9 64.9 59.9
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 49.1 36.3 32.8 *0.8 6.7 11.9 45.9 55.8 52.8
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 39.4 26.1 20.7 *1.2 10.1 13.9 53.8 62.2 63.3
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 40.4 27.9 23.3 *2.7 10.5 18.5 49.2 57.9 53.1
* Relative standard error greater than 30 percent.
- - - Data not available.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Includes private health insurance.
2
Includes life-care residents and no-charge residents.
3
In the 1995 and 1997 surveys the certification categories were based on Medicare and Medicaid certification.
4
Likely to include a high proportion of patients in subacute units of hospitals.
SOURCES: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hing E, Sekscenski E, Strahan G. The National Nursing Home Survey: 1985 summary for the United States.
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(97). 1985; and unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 335
Extracted source page 343
Table 125. Mental health expenditures, percent distribution, and per capita expenditures, according to type of
mental health organization: United States, selected years 1975–94
[Data are based on inventories of mental health organizations]
Type of organization 1975 1979 1983 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Amount in millions
All organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,564 $8,764 $14,432 $18,458 $23,028 $28,410 $29,765 $33,136
State and county mental hospitals . . . . . . . 3,185 3,757 5,491 6,326 6,978 7,774 7,970 7,825
Private psychiatric hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . 467 743 1,712 2,629 4,588 6,101 5,302 6,468
Non-Federal general hospitals with
separate psychiatric services. . . . . . . . . . 621 723 2,176 2,878 3,610 4,662 5,193 5,344
Department of Veterans Affairs
medical centers1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 848 1,316 1,338 1,290 1,480 1,530 1,386
Residential treatment centers for
emotionally disturbed children . . . . . . . . . 279 436 573 978 1,305 1,969 2,167 2,360
Freestanding psychiatric
outpatient clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 589 430 518 657 671 821 878
All other organizations2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 187 2,734 3,792 4,600 5,753 6,782 8,875
Percent distribution
All organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
State and county mental hospitals . . . . . . . 48.5 42.9 38.0 34.4 30.3 27.4 26.8 23.6
Private psychiatric hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 8.5 11.9 14.2 19.9 21.5 17.8 19.5
Non-Federal general hospitals with
separate psychiatric services. . . . . . . . . . 9.5 8.2 15.1 15.6 15.7 16.4 17.4 16.1
Department of Veterans Affairs
medical centers1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 9.7 9.1 7.2 5.6 5.2 5.1 4.2
Residential treatment centers for
emotionally disturbed children . . . . . . . . . 4.3 5.0 4.0 5.3 5.7 6.9 7.3 7.1
Freestanding psychiatric
outpatient clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.7
All other organizations2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.1 18.9 20.5 20.0 20.2 22.8 26.8
Amount per capita3
All organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 31 $ 40 $ 62 $ 77 $ 95 $ 117 $ 117 $ 128
State and county mental hospitals . . . . . . . 15 17 24 26 29 32 31 30
Private psychiatric hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 7 11 19 25 21 25
Non-Federal general hospitals with
separate psychiatric services. . . . . . . . . . 3 3 9 12 15 19 20 21
Department of Veterans Affairs
medical centers1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 6 6 5 6 6 5
Residential treatment centers for
emotionally disturbed children . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 9
Freestanding psychiatric
outpatient clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
All other organizations2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 12 16 19 24 27 35
1
Includes Department of Veterans Affairs neuropsychiatric hospitals, general hospital psychiatric services, and psychiatric outpatient clinics.
2
Includes freestanding outpatient clinics, freestanding day–night organizations, multiservice organizations, and other residential organizations. Multiservice mental health
organizations were redefined in 1983; see Appendix I, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
3
Civilian population.
NOTES: Comparisons of data from 1979 and 1983 with data from other years should be made with caution because changes in reporting procedures may affect the
comparability of data. Mental health expenditures include salaries, other operating expenditures, and capital expenditures.
SOURCES: Survey and Analysis Branch, Division of State and Community Systems Development, Center for Mental Health Services. Manderscheid RW,
Sonnenschein MA. Mental health, United States, 1996. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996; unpublished data from the 1994 inventory of mental health organizations
and general hospital mental health services.
336 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 344
Table 126. Funding for health research and development, according to source of funds: United States,
selected fiscal years 1970–97
[Data are compiled by the National Institutes of Health from Federal Government sources]
Source of funds 1970 1980 1985 1990 19931 1994 1995 1996 1997
Amount in millions
All funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,847 $7,967 $13,567 $23,095 $31,088 $33,399 $35,816 --- ---
Industry2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 2,459 5,360 10,719 15,711 17,106 18,645 --- ---
Private nonprofit organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 305 538 960 1,215 1,276 1,325 --- ---
State and local governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 480 878 1,625 2,054 2,196 2,423 --- ---
Federal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,667 4,723 6,791 9,791 12,108 12,821 13,423 --- 15,081
National Institutes of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9,756 10,329 10,681 11,251 11,993
National Institute on Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 382 405 419 441 470
National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,001 1,060 1,096 1,154 1,230
National Cancer Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,903 2,015 2,084 2,195 2,340
National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 497 526 544 573 610
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 637 675 698 735 783
National Institute on Drug Abuse . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 396 419 434 457 487
National Institute of General Medical
Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 715 757 783 825 879
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute . . --- --- --- --- 1,123 1,189 1,229 1,295 1,380
National Institute of Mental Health . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 540 572 592 623 664
National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 578 613 633 667 711
Other National Institutes of Health3 . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,984 2,098 2,169 2,286 2,439
Average annual percent change from previous year shown
All funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 10.8 11.2 11.2 6.3 7.4 7.2 --- ---
Industry2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 12.0 16.9 14.9 9.1 8.9 9.0 --- ---
Private nonprofit organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3.6 12.0 12.3 2.7 5.0 3.8 --- ---
State and local governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 10.9 12.8 13.1 6.3 6.9 10.3 --- ---
Federal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 11.0 7.5 7.6 3.3 5.9 4.7 --- 6.0
National Institutes of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... 5.9 3.4 5.3 6.6
Percent distribution of Federal funding
All Federal agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- 100.0
Department of Health and Human Services . . 70.6 78.2 79.7 85.2 85.0 85.6 85.1 --- 84.1
National Institutes of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 67.4 71.1 72.9 80.7 80.6 79.6 --- 79.5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. --- 1.8 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.4 --- 2.1
Other Public Health Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 7.9 7.3 10.8 2.4 2.7 2.5 --- 2.1
Other Department of Health and Human
Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 --- 0.4
Other departments and agencies . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 21.8 20.3 14.8 15.0 14.4 14.9 --- 15.9
Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 4.5 6.5 4.4 5.6 5.3 5.3 --- 7.3
Department of Energy4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 4.5 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 --- 2.1
Department of Veterans Affairs. . . . . . . . . . 3.5 2.8 3.3 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 --- 1.7
Environmental Protection Agency . . . . . . . . ... 1.7 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 --- 0.8
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 2.6 --- 1.2
All other departments and agencies . . . . . . 6.9 6.8 5.4 3.4 2.7 2.9 2.5 --- 2.8
- - - Data not available.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
In fiscal year 1993 the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration was reorganized and renamed the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration and its three research institutes were transferred into the National Institutes of Health.
2
Includes expenditures for drug research. These expenditures are included in the ‘‘drugs and sundries’’ component of the Health Care Financing Administration’s
National Health Expenditure Series, not under ‘‘research.’’
3
Includes the National Institutes on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders, of Dental Research, of Environmental Health Sciences, of Nursing Research, and the National Eye Institute, the National Center for Human Genome
Research, the National Library of Medicine, the Fogarty International Center, the Division of Research Resources, and the Office of the Director.
4
Includes Atomic Energy Commission and Energy Research and Development Administration.
NOTES: Data for 1970 and 1975 fiscal years ending June 30; all other data for fiscal year ending September 30. Data on the National Institutes of Health are
presented from 1993 onwards since there was frequent reorganization of the Institutes in prior years. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, Office of Reports and Analysis.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 337
Extracted source page 345
Table 127. Federal spending for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related activities, according to agency
and type of activity: United States, selected fiscal years 1985–99
[Data are compiled from Federal Government appropriations]
Agency and type of activity 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19991
Agency Amount in millions
All Federal spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $205 $3,064 $4,498 $5,328 $6,329 $6,821 $7,522 $8,363 $8,931 $9,988
Department of Health and Human Services,
total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 2,620 3,824 4,426 5,399 4,941 5,598 6,367 6,835 7,708
Department of Health and Human Services
discretionary spending, total2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 1,591 1,963 2,081 2,569 2,700 2,898 3,267 3,535 4,108
National Institutes of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 907 1,047 1,073 1,296 1,334 1,411 1,501 1,604 1,799
Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . – 50 26 26 27 24 54 64 70 93
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 443 480 498 543 590 584 617 625 657
Food and Drug Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 57 72 73 72 73 73 73 73 77
Health Resources and Services
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 113 317 390 608 661 762 1,001 1,155 1,416
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research . . . – 8 10 10 11 9 6 4 1 2
Office of Public Health and Science3 . . . . . . . . . – 8 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 11
Indian Health Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4
Emergency Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50
Other Department of Health and
Human Services agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 3 3 3 2 2 2 – – 1
Health Care Financing Administration . . . . . . . . . . 75 780 1,360 1,675 1,990 2,240 2,700 3,100 3,300 3,600
Social Security Administration4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 249 501 670 840 ... ... ... ... ...
Social Security Administration4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... 940 976 1,001 1,061 1,136
Department of Veterans Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 220 279 325 312 317 331 332 343 403
Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 125 129 159 129 112 98 100 105 106
Agency for International Development . . . . . . . . . . . – 71 94 117 115 120 115 117 121 135
Department of Housing and Urban Development . . . . – – 107 196 258 171 171 196 204 225
Office of Personnel Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 21 58 98 108 212 226 241 253 266
Other departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 7 7 7 8 8 7 9 9 9
Activity
Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1,142 1,311 1,361 1,561 1,589 1,653 1,730 1,831 2,045
Department of Health and Human Services
discretionary spending2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 1,093 1,259 1,284 1,508 1,544 1,619 1,702 1,801 2,014
Department of Veterans Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 15 6 7 6 5 6 6 6 7
Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 34 46 70 47 40 28 22 24 24
Education and prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 486 518 576 619 658 635 685 701 793
Department of Health and Human Services
discretionary spending2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 351 378 395 445 492 476 522 534 610
Department of Veterans Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 22 31 31 31 31 31 31 32
Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 28 18 27 22 12 11 12 13 13
Agency for International Development . . . . . . . . . . – 71 94 117 115 120 115 117 121 135
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 5 6 6 6 3 2 3 2 3
Medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 1,187 2,061 2,523 3,051 3,462 4,087 4,752 5,134 5,790
Health Care Financing Administration:
Medicaid (Federal share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 670 1,080 1,290 1,490 1,640 1,600 1,800 1,900 2,100
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 110 280 385 500 600 1,100 1,300 1,400 1,500
Department of Health and Human Services
discretionary spending2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 144 323 397 613 664 803 1,044 1,200 1,485
Department of Veterans Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 174 251 287 275 281 294 295 306 364
Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 63 65 62 60 60 59 66 68 69
Office of Personnel Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 21 58 98 108 212 226 241 253 266
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 5 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 6
Cash assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 249 608 866 1,098 1,111 1,147 1,197 1,265 1,361
Social Security Administration:
Disability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 210 390 505 600 640 696 691 726 776
Supplemental Security Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 39 111 165 240 300 280 310 335 360
Department of Housing and Urban Development . . – – 107 196 258 171 171 196 204 225
– Quantity zero. . . . Category not applicable.
1
Preliminary figures.
2
Department of Health and Human Services discretionary spending is spending that is not entitlement spending. Medicare and Medicaid are examples of entitlement
spending.
3
The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health prior to FY 1996.
4
Prior to 1995 the Social Security Administration was part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
SOURCE: Budget Office, Public Health Service. Unpublished data.
338 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 346
Table 128 (page 1 of 3). Health care coverage for persons under 65 years of age, according to type of coverage
and selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Private insurance Private insurance obtained through workplace1
Characteristic 1984 1989 19942 1995 1996 19972,3 1984 1989 19942 1995 1996 19972,3
Number in millions
Total4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157.5 162.7 160.7 165.0 165.9 165.8 141.8 146.3 146.7 151.4 151.4 152.5
Percent of population
Total, age adjusted4,5 . . . . . . . . . 77.1 76.2 70.7 71.9 71.6 70.9 69.2 68.4 64.5 66.0 65.3 65.1
Total, crude4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.8 75.9 70.3 71.6 71.4 70.7 69.1 68.3 64.2 65.7 65.1 65.0
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 71.8 63.8 65.7 66.4 66.1 66.5 65.8 59.0 60.9 61.1 61.4
Under 6 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.9 58.3 60.1 61.1 61.3 62.1 62.3 53.9 55.6 56.5 57.3
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 74.0 66.8 68.7 69.1 68.5 68.7 67.7 61.8 63.7 63.4 63.4
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 75.5 69.8 71.2 70.6 69.4 69.6 68.4 63.9 65.6 64.7 64.4
18–24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 64.5 58.3 61.2 60.4 59.3 58.7 55.3 50.7 53.9 52.3 53.8
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 75.9 69.4 70.3 69.5 68.1 71.2 69.5 64.1 65.3 64.4 63.6
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.9 82.7 77.1 78.0 77.5 76.4 77.4 76.2 71.6 72.9 72.0 71.2
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 82.5 80.3 80.4 79.5 79.0 71.8 71.6 71.8 72.4 71.4 70.8
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 83.4 81.3 81.1 80.4 80.4 74.6 74.4 74.6 74.9 74.0 73.6
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 81.6 78.8 79.3 78.1 76.9 69.0 68.3 67.9 68.6 67.5 66.6
Sex5
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.7 76.5 71.2 72.3 72.0 71.2 70.1 68.9 65.0 66.5 65.8 65.4
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 75.9 70.2 71.6 71.3 70.6 68.4 67.9 64.0 65.4 64.9 64.9
Race5,6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.1 79.3 74.1 74.9 74.6 74.3 72.0 71.2 67.4 68.8 67.9 68.0
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.2 58.7 53.0 55.6 56.2 56.1 53.3 53.6 50.2 51.8 53.0 53.7
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . 70.9 71.6 67.9 68.8 68.3 68.2 64.4 60.2 57.8 60.2 59.4 60.5
Hispanic origin and race5,6
All Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 53.2 49.4 48.3 48.4 47.9 52.9 48.6 45.1 44.9 44.6 44.5
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 48.5 46.4 44.7 44.4 43.9 51.7 45.6 44.3 42.7 41.5 41.8
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.0 46.8 49.5 49.1 52.5 48.2 48.3 43.4 46.3 45.9 49.9 45.5
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 70.0 63.7 63.4 65.7 70.7 57.6 56.3 45.7 53.8 54.8 55.9
Other Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.4 53.1 53.1 53.4 51.2 57.7 55.7 47.1 47.9 48.4 47.6
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.5 77.7 78.9 78.6 78.0 74.0 74.0 70.7 72.3 71.5 71.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 58.8 53.4 56.1 56.7 56.3 53.4 53.7 50.6 52.3 53.3 53.9
Age and percent of poverty level7
All ages:5
Below 100 percent . . . . . . . . . 33.0 27.5 22.3 22.7 20.7 23.6 23.8 19.7 16.8 17.7 15.8 19.6
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 54.2 46.6 47.7 46.8 42.0 51.1 45.0 40.6 41.7 40.4 36.8
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 70.6 65.2 66.1 67.1 63.6 68.6 61.9 58.3 60.0 60.0 58.1
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . 91.6 91.0 88.8 89.1 89.3 87.6 85.0 83.9 82.7 83.4 83.0 82.0
Under 18 years:
Below 100 percent . . . . . . . . . 28.7 22.3 14.9 16.8 16.1 17.5 23.2 17.5 12.4 13.4 13.4 15.4
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 59.6 47.8 48.5 49.5 42.5 58.3 52.5 43.2 43.6 43.7 38.4
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . 80.9 75.9 69.3 68.5 73.0 66.8 75.8 70.1 64.0 63.0 67.4 63.1
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . 92.3 92.7 89.7 90.4 90.7 88.9 86.9 86.7 84.5 85.5 84.6 83.7
Geographic region5
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.7 82.1 75.3 75.7 75.5 74.3 74.1 75.1 70.0 70.1 69.2 69.7
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.9 81.7 77.7 77.8 78.8 77.3 72.1 73.4 71.4 71.6 72.6 71.4
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.5 71.7 66.0 67.6 66.7 67.5 66.2 63.8 60.0 62.4 61.0 61.6
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 71.8 66.0 68.5 67.7 65.8 64.9 64.2 58.8 61.2 60.1 59.4
Location of residence5
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 76.8 71.3 72.8 73.0 71.5 71.0 69.8 65.5 67.2 67.0 66.0
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 74.0 68.7 68.3 66.4 68.5 65.3 63.5 60.8 61.0 59.0 61.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 339
Extracted source page 347
Table 128 (page 2 of 3). Health care coverage for persons under 65 years of age, according to type of coverage
and selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Medicaid9 Not covered10
Characteristic 1984 1989 19942 1995 1996 19972,3 1984 1989 19942 1995 1996 19972,3
Number in millions
Total4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 15.4 24.1 25.3 25.0 22.9 29.8 33.4 40.4 37.4 38.9 41.0
Percent of population
Total, age adjusted4,5 . . . . . . . . . 6.7 7.1 10.3 10.8 10.5 9.6 14.3 15.3 17.4 16.0 16.6 17.4
Total, crude4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 7.2 10.6 11.0 10.8 9.7 14.5 15.6 17.7 16.2 16.7 17.5
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 12.6 20.0 20.6 20.1 18.4 13.9 14.7 15.3 13.6 13.4 14.0
Under 6 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 15.7 27.2 28.3 27.4 24.7 14.9 15.1 13.7 11.9 11.9 12.5
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 10.9 16.2 16.6 16.4 15.2 13.4 14.5 16.2 14.5 14.1 14.7
18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 7.3 7.4 7.3 6.6 17.1 18.4 21.9 20.5 21.2 22.4
18–24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.8 9.6 9.7 9.2 8.8 25.0 27.1 31.1 28.2 29.6 30.1
25–34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.2 7.7 7.7 7.5 6.8 16.2 18.3 22.1 21.3 22.5 23.8
35–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 4.0 5.4 5.6 6.0 5.2 11.2 12.3 16.0 15.2 15.2 16.7
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.3 4.5 5.3 5.2 4.6 9.6 10.5 12.0 11.0 12.1 12.4
45–54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.8 3.8 4.9 4.8 4.0 10.5 11.0 12.6 11.7 12.5 12.8
55–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.9 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.6 8.7 10.0 11.2 10.0 11.6 11.8
Sex5
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.6 8.3 8.9 8.7 8.1 15.0 16.4 18.6 17.3 17.8 18.5
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 8.6 12.2 12.6 12.4 11.0 13.6 14.3 16.3 14.8 15.4 16.2
Race5,6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 5.1 7.8 8.4 8.4 7.5 13.4 14.2 16.7 15.4 15.9 16.3
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 17.8 24.5 24.6 22.2 20.5 20.0 21.4 20.2 18.6 19.8 20.2
Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . . . . 9.1 11.3 9.2 10.1 11.3 9.4 18.0 18.5 20.3 18.3 19.1 19.3
Hispanic origin and race5,6
All Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 12.7 17.8 19.1 17.9 16.0 29.1 32.4 32.3 31.7 32.7 34.3
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 11.5 16.5 18.0 16.8 15.3 33.2 38.8 36.7 36.5 38.0 39.2
Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 26.9 33.8 30.5 31.1 28.9 18.1 23.3 16.3 18.5 15.1 19.4
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 7.8 8.4 13.7 12.6 8.2 21.6 20.9 27.5 22.1 18.9 20.5
Other Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 10.4 14.6 16.5 14.5 13.9 27.5 25.2 31.0 29.9 30.8 32.9
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 3.7 4.2 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.2 11.8 11.9 14.5 13.0 13.3 13.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 17.8 24.5 24.3 21.9 20.3 19.7 21.3 19.8 18.5 19.7 20.1
Age and percent of poverty level7
All ages:5
Below 100 percent . . . . . . . . . 30.5 35.3 42.3 44.1 43.9 38.8 34.7 35.8 34.0 32.4 34.4 34.4
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 11.0 15.0 17.2 16.1 17.5 27.0 31.3 35.0 32.1 34.0 36.1
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 5.0 5.5 7.1 7.2 7.4 17.4 21.8 25.8 23.6 23.5 25.9
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 5.8 6.8 8.7 8.1 7.8 8.8
Under 18 years:
Below 100 percent . . . . . . . . . 43.1 47.8 63.6 65.6 65.9 59.7 28.9 31.6 23.3 20.6 21.3 22.4
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 12.3 22.9 26.3 24.8 30.2 22.8 26.1 27.7 25.5 25.2 26.1
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 6.1 8.6 11.7 10.8 12.2 12.7 15.8 19.0 17.7 16.1 19.7
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.6 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.9 4.2 4.4 6.8 6.0 5.3 6.1
See footnotes at end of table.
340 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 348
Table 128 (page 3 of 3). Health care coverage for persons under 65 years of age, according to type of coverage
and selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Medicaid9 Not covered10
Characteristic 1984 1989 19942 1995 1996 19972,3 1984 1989 19942 1995 1996 19972,3
Geographic regions5 Percent of population
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 6.8 10.8 11.3 11.2 11.2 10.1 10.7 13.7 13.1 13.6 13.4
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 7.5 9.4 9.8 8.4 8.2 11.1 10.5 12.3 12.2 12.3 13.1
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 6.4 10.0 10.3 10.7 8.6 17.4 19.4 21.2 19.4 20.1 20.7
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 8.2 11.4 11.9 12.1 11.4 17.8 18.4 20.6 17.8 18.7 20.4
Location of residence5
Within MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.0 10.4 10.6 10.0 9.5 13.3 14.9 17.0 15.3 15.8 16.7
Outside MSA8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 7.8 10.0 11.6 12.5 9.9 16.4 16.9 19.2 18.8 19.7 19.9
1
Private insurance originally obtained through a present or former employer or union.
2
The questionnaire changed compared with previous years. See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
3
Preliminary data.
4
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty level.
5
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using three age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, and 45–64 years. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
6
The race groups white, black, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
7
Poverty level is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. See Appendix II.
8
Metropolitan statistical area.
9
Includes other public assistance through 1996. In 1997 includes state-sponsored health plans. In 1997 the age-adjusted percent of the population under 65 years of
age covered by Medicaid was 9.5 percent, and 1.2 percent were covered by state-sponsored health plans.
10
Includes persons not covered by private insurance, Medicaid, public assistance (through 1996), state-sponsored or other government-sponsored health plans (1997),
Medicare, or military plans. Estimates of the percentage of persons lacking health care coverage based on the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) are slightly
higher than those based on the March Current Population Survey (CPS) (table 146). See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
NOTE: Percents do not add to 100 because the percent with other types of health insurance (for example, Medicare, military) is not shown, and because persons with
both private insurance and Medicaid appear in both columns.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 341
Extracted source page 349
Table 129 (page 1 of 2). Health care coverage for persons 65 years of age and over, according to type of
coverage and selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Private insurance1 Private insurance obtained through workplace1,2
Characteristic 1984 1989 19943 1995 1996 19973,4 1984 1989 19943 1995 1996 19973,4
Number in millions
Total5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 22.4 24.0 23.5 22.9 22.3 10.2 11.2 12.5 12.5 12.1 12.0
Percent of population
Total, age adjusted5,6 . . . . . . . . . 72.5 76.1 77.2 74.8 71.9 69.5 37.2 37.3 39.6 39.0 37.6 37.0
Total, crude5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.3 76.5 77.3 74.8 72.0 69.5 38.8 38.4 40.4 39.6 38.1 37.5
Age
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 78.2 78.4 75.3 72.4 69.9 45.1 43.7 45.6 43.3 41.5 42.0
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 73.9 75.8 74.2 71.3 69.1 28.6 30.2 33.0 34.3 33.3 31.6
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 75.9 77.9 76.0 73.3 70.2 30.8 32.0 35.0 36.1 35.5 33.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 56.8 65.5 67.9 67.8 63.9 64.7 18.9 22.8 25.1 27.5 25.3 25.6
Sex6
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4 77.4 78.9 76.6 73.8 72.1 42.5 42.1 43.9 43.3 42.0 42.0
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 75.4 76.1 73.6 70.7 67.7 33.7 34.0 36.6 36.0 34.5 33.5
Race6,7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 79.8 80.9 78.4 75.2 72.7 38.8 38.7 41.2 40.5 38.8 37.9
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 42.3 43.6 40.8 42.9 42.5 22.9 23.7 25.3 24.9 28.6 30.8
Hispanic origin and race6,7
All Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 42.3 50.0 39.9 37.7 30.6 23.1 22.2 20.5 18.4 18.0 17.7
Mexican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 33.5 42.5 31.9 34.4 31.8 23.9 20.2 20.8 15.9 17.3 17.7
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 76.9 81.0 82.3 80.5 77.0 74.9 39.4 39.3 42.2 41.7 39.9 39.0
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 42.4 44.2 40.6 43.5 42.6 22.6 23.7 25.7 24.7 29.2 30.7
Percent of poverty level6,8
Below 100 percent. . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 46.1 41.6 38.3 34.3 31.9 12.9 11.6 10.7 11.5 10.6 7.2
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 67.7 69.1 68.6 59.0 54.5 27.2 22.2 25.1 25.3 22.2 17.4
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.9 81.1 81.4 77.8 75.6 69.8 39.7 39.0 37.3 39.5 37.2 33.3
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . . 85.0 85.5 88.5 86.2 84.1 81.8 50.9 49.4 52.4 50.5 48.9 48.5
Geographic region6
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.1 76.1 78.0 76.3 72.8 72.7 41.8 42.2 43.9 44.6 41.6 42.3
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.0 81.9 84.4 82.4 80.5 78.5 38.9 40.0 42.2 44.8 41.7 40.7
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 73.0 70.7 71.1 67.3 66.0 33.4 32.0 35.5 33.9 33.6 32.9
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.3 74.7 77.9 69.1 68.7 59.9 36.0 37.1 38.0 33.7 35.0 33.6
Location of residence6
Within MSA9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6 76.6 77.7 75.0 72.1 68.4 40.3 39.9 41.2 41.1 39.6 38.6
Outside MSA9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.7 74.8 75.7 74.0 71.2 73.2 32.0 30.2 35.1 32.2 31.1 31.8
See footnotes at end of table.
342 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 350
Table 129 (page 2 of 2). Health care coverage for persons 65 years of age and over, according to type of
coverage and selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1984–97
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Medicaid1,10 Medicare only11
Characteristic 1984 1989 19943 1995 1996 1997 3,4 1984 1989 19943 1995 1996 1997 3,4
Number in millions
Total5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.6 5.7 6.7
Percent of population
Total, age adjusted5,6 . . . . . . . . . 7.2 7.2 8.1 9.3 8.6 7.9 18.6 15.7 13.4 14.8 18.1 20.8
Total, crude5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 7.0 7.9 9.2 8.5 7.9 17.9 15.4 13.2 14.8 18.1 20.8
Age
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 6.3 6.8 8.3 7.5 7.5 15.2 13.8 12.3 14.4 18.0 20.3
75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 8.2 9.6 10.4 9.9 8.4 22.3 17.8 14.5 15.2 18.2 21.5
75–84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 7.9 8.4 9.5 9.0 7.9 20.6 16.2 13.3 14.1 16.8 20.5
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . 11.7 9.7 14.2 13.7 13.0 10.2 29.8 24.9 19.0 19.3 23.4 25.2
Sex6
Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 5.2 4.9 5.7 5.6 5.1 18.4 14.9 13.0 14.3 16.9 19.6
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 8.6 10.4 11.8 10.7 9.9 18.8 16.2 13.6 15.1 18.8 21.7
Race6,7
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.6 6.3 7.1 6.9 6.5 17.3 13.9 11.9 13.5 16.9 19.3
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 21.2 23.0 27.4 22.4 19.7 31.2 34.9 29.2 29.4 30.6 34.8
Hispanic origin and race6,7
All Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.6 26.4 27.9 32.5 29.7 29.0 29.1 22.7 18.5 23.8 28.8 35.1
White, non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.4 17.0 13.6 11.5 12.9 16.4 18.4
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 21.1 22.3 27.5 22.5 19.5 31.3 34.9 29.4 29.5 29.7 34.8
Percent of poverty level6,8
Below 100 percent. . . . . . . . . . . 27.6 28.2 37.0 39.9 38.7 40.0 27.9 26.4 22.6 21.8 25.4 27.0
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 9.0 10.6 13.0 12.7 13.9 22.8 20.7 18.5 17.7 26.5 28.3
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.7 3.8 5.4 5.1 5.1 16.9 13.6 12.9 15.9 18.9 22.7
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.7 11.6 11.0 8.1 10.1 12.4 14.6
Geographic region6
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.4 7.5 8.9 7.7 6.5 17.8 17.4 14.4 15.3 20.2 19.8
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.7 3.8 5.7 5.0 5.0 15.8 13.8 10.9 11.1 13.3 15.4
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 9.7 10.9 11.4 10.3 10.0 20.7 16.6 16.2 15.9 19.4 21.6
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 9.4 9.7 11.1 11.0 9.9 19.5 14.4 10.5 17.3 18.8 28.3
Location of residence6
Within MSA9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 6.5 7.5 8.6 7.9 7.5 18.4 15.9 13.2 15.0 18.8 22.3
Outside MSA9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 8.8 9.7 11.6 10.9 9.4 18.9 15.5 14.0 14.2 15.7 15.9
1
Almost all persons 65 years of age and over are covered by Medicare also. In 1997, 92 percent of older persons with private insurance also had Medicare.
2
Private insurance originally obtained through a present or former employer or union.
3
The questionnaire changed compared with previous years. See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
4
Preliminary data.
5
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty level.
6
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using two age groups: 65–74 years and 75 years and over. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
7
The race groups white and black include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
8
Poverty level is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. See Appendix II.
9
Metropolitan statistical area.
10
Includes public assistance through 1996. In 1997 includes state-sponsored health plans. In 1997 the age-adjusted percent of the population 65 years of age and over
covered by Medicaid was 7.4 percent, and 0.4 percent were covered by state-sponsored health plans.
11
Persons covered by Medicare but not covered by private health insurance, Medicaid, public assistance (through 1996), state-sponsored or other
government-sponsored health plans (1997), or military plans. See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
NOTE: Percents do not add to 100 because persons with both private health insurance and Medicaid appear in more than one column, and because the percent of
persons without health insurance (1.1 percent in 1997) is not shown.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 343
Extracted source page 351
Table 130. Private health insurance by health maintenance organization (HMO) and other types
of coverage according to selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1989–97
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Private health insurance
Health maintenance organization1 Other
2
Characteristic 1989 1994 1995 1996 1997 1989 1994 1995 1996 1997 2
Number of persons in millions
Total3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 61.2 68.3 76.2 76.5 140.2 123.4 120.1 112.5 111.5
Percent of population
Total, age adjusted3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 23.5 26.0 28.8 29.1 58.0 47.9 46.2 42.9 41.2
Total, crude3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 23.6 26.1 28.9 28.7 57.6 47.5 45.9 42.6 41.8
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 24.0 27.4 30.2 29.9 51.7 39.8 38.3 36.2 36.2
Under 6 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 22.7 26.8 28.9 29.8 47.8 35.5 33.2 32.2 31.5
6–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 24.6 27.6 30.9 30.0 53.8 42.2 41.0 38.2 38.5
18–44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 25.6 28.7 31.6 31.4 55.2 44.1 42.5 39.0 38.1
18–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 20.0 22.0 24.6 24.9 47.8 38.2 39.1 35.8 34.4
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 26.8 29.3 32.0 32.4 54.7 42.5 41.0 37.5 35.7
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 27.8 32.0 35.3 34.1 61.0 49.3 46.0 42.2 42.3
45–64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 25.5 27.7 31.5 31.3 65.0 54.8 52.6 48.0 47.7
45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 27.8 29.5 34.3 33.6 63.9 53.4 51.5 46.2 46.9
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 22.1 24.9 27.2 27.9 66.4 56.7 54.3 50.9 49.0
65 years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 13.1 12.2 12.3 12.5 67.0 64.3 62.6 59.6 57.0
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 14.8 13.9 14.0 14.4 67.7 63.6 61.3 58.4 55.5
75 years or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 10.6 9.8 10.0 10.0 65.9 65.2 64.4 61.4 59.0
Sex4
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 23.4 26.1 28.7 29.0 58.2 48.7 46.7 43.5 41.8
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 23.7 25.9 28.8 29.1 57.7 47.3 45.8 42.4 40.7
Race4,5
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 23.6 26.2 29.1 29.3 61.4 51.3 49.2 45.5 44.7
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 22.3 24.0 26.5 27.9 37.2 29.5 29.6 28.1 25.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . 24.1 30.6 31.8 33.6 35.2 45.0 35.1 33.9 29.9 30.5
Hispanic origin and race4,5
All Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 23.1 23.2 25.9 25.4 33.3 26.2 23.9 21.1 20.4
Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 23.9 21.6 24.5 23.6 30.3 21.9 21.4 18.6 18.7
Puerto Rican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 22.5 22.2 23.8 23.9 28.3 26.6 25.6 26.9 20.9
Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 25.0 31.2 34.9 37.7 42.1 37.5 29.5 28.8 28.7
Other Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 21.1 25.4 28.2 27.4 39.9 32.7 27.1 22.7 21.9
White, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 23.8 26.7 29.8 30.0 64.3 54.4 52.3 48.7 47.7
Black, non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 22.4 24.2 26.5 27.9 37.3 29.8 29.8 28.5 26.1
Percent of poverty level4,6
Below 100 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 6.5 6.8 6.5 8.8 24.5 18.2 17.8 15.9 14.8
100–149 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 14.4 16.5 17.2 17.3 42.7 34.9 33.8 31.1 26.0
150–199 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 21.7 23.6 26.4 26.2 54.7 45.3 43.9 41.8 38.4
200 percent or more . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 30.5 33.1 37.3 37.1 68.0 58.2 55.6 51.3 50.0
Geographic region4
Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 26.3 30.1 31.6 37.7 61.4 49.3 45.6 43.6 36.2
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 20.8 23.5 27.6 25.6 61.6 57.7 54.9 51.4 51.5
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 18.3 20.8 23.2 23.6 60.3 48.3 47.1 43.5 43.2
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 32.0 33.4 36.2 34.9 46.6 35.5 35.2 31.7 29.8
Location of residence4
Within MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 27.1 29.2 32.3 32.1 55.6 44.9 43.9 40.6 38.6
Outside MSA7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 11.0 13.4 15.6 17.0 66.0 58.5 55.5 51.4 51.5
1
Persons reporting private health insurance coverage are considered to have health maintenance organization (HMO) coverage if they responded positively to the
question ‘‘Is this plan an HMO or IPA (individual practice association)?’’ Does not include Medicaid or Medicare HMO plans.
2
Preliminary data. The questionnaire changed compared with previous years. See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
3
Includes all other races not shown separately and unknown poverty level.
4
Estimates are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using five age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years and over. See
Appendix II, Age adjustment.
5
The race groups white, black, and Asian or Pacific Islander include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
6
Poverty level is based on family income and family size using Bureau of the Census poverty thresholds. See Appendix II.
7
Metropolitan statistical area.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey.
344 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 352
Table 131. Health maintenance organizations (HMO’s) and enrollment, according to model type,
geographic region, and Federal program: United States, selected years 1976–99
[Data are based on a census of health maintenance organizations]
Plans and enrollment 1976 1980 19851 1990 1993 19942 19952 19962 19972 19982 19992
Plans Number
All plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 235 478 572 551 543 562 630 652 651 643
Model type:3
Individual practice association4 . . . . . . . . 41 97 244 360 332 321 332 367 284 317 309
Group5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 138 234 212 150 118 108 122 98 116 123
Mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 69 104 122 141 258 212 208
Geographic region:
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 55 81 115 102 101 100 111 110 107 110
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 72 157 160 169 159 157 182 184 185 179
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 45 141 176 167 173 196 218 236 237 239
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 63 99 121 113 110 109 119 121 122 115
Enrollment Number of persons in millions
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 9.1 21.0 33.0 38.4 45.1 50.9 59.1 66.8 76.6 81.3
Model type:3
Individual practice association4 . . . . . . . . 0.4 1.7 6.4 13.7 15.3 17.8 20.1 26.0 26.7 32.6 32.8
Group5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 7.4 14.6 19.3 15.4 13.9 13.3 14.1 11.0 13.8 15.9
Mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 7.7 13.4 17.6 19.0 29.0 30.1 32.6
Federal program:6
Medicaid7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.7 5.6 7.8 10.4
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 0.4 1.1 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.7 4.8 5.7 6.5
Percent of HMO enrollees
Model type:3
Individual practice association4 . . . . . . . . 6.6 18.7 30.4 41.6 39.8 39.4 39.4 44.1 39.9 42.6 40.3
Group5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 81.3 69.6 58.4 40.1 30.7 26.0 23.7 16.5 18.0 19.6
Mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 20.1 29.9 34.5 32.2 43.4 39.2 40.1
Federal program:6
Medicaid7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2.9 2.7 3.5 4.4 5.8 6.9 8.0 8.2 10.2 12.7
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 4.3 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.2 7.4 8.0
Percent of population enrolled in HMO’s
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.0 8.9 13.4 15.1 17.3 19.4 22.3 25.2 28.6 30.1
Geographic region:
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 3.1 7.9 14.6 18.0 20.8 24.4 25.9 32.4 37.8 36.7
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.8 9.7 12.6 13.2 15.2 16.4 18.8 19.5 22.7 23.3
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.8 3.8 7.1 8.4 10.2 12.4 15.2 17.9 21.0 23.9
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 12.2 17.3 23.2 25.1 27.4 28.6 33.2 36.4 39.1 41.4
- - - Data not available.
1
Increases partly due to changes in reporting methods. See Appendix I, InterStudy.
2
Open-ended enrollment in HMO plans, amounting to 8.9 million on Jan. 1, 1999, is included from 1994 onwards. See Appendix II, Health maintenance organization.
3
In 1976, 11 HMO’s with 35,000 enrollment did not report model type. In 1997, 11 HMO’s with 153,000 enrollment did not report model type. In 1998, 6 HMO’s with
109,000 enrollment did not report model type. In 1999, 3 HMO’s with 18,000 enrollment did not report model type.
4
An HMO operating under an individual practice association model contracts with an association of physicians from various settings (a mixture of solo and group
practices) to provide health services.
5
Group includes staff, group, and network model types.
6
Federal program enrollment in HMO’s refers to enrollment by Medicaid or Medicare beneficiaries, where the Medicaid or Medicare program contracts directly with the
HMO to pay the appropriate annual premium.
7
Data for 1990 and later include enrollment in managed care health insuring organizations.
NOTES: Data as of June 30 in 1976–80, December 31 in 1985, and January 1 in 1990–99. Medicaid enrollment in 1990 is as of June 30. HMO’s in Guam are included
starting in 1994; HMO’s in Puerto Rico, starting in 1998. In 1999 HMO enrollment in Guam was 93,000 and in Puerto Rico, 1,354,000. Data for additional years are
available (see Appendix III).
SOURCES: Office of Health Maintenance Organizations: Summary of the National HMO census of prepaid plans—June 1976 and National HMO Census 1980. Public
Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 80–50159; InterStudy: National HMO Census: Annual Report on the Growth of
HMO’s in the U.S., 1984–1985 Editions; The InterStudy Edge, 1990, vol. 2; Competitive Edge, vols. 1–9, 1991–1999; 1986 December Update of Medicare Enrollment in
HMO’s. 1988 January Update of Medicare Enrollment in HMO’s. Excelsior, Minnesota (Copyrights 1983–98: Used with the permission of InterStudy); U.S. Bureau of the
Census. Current Population Reports. Series P–25, Nos. 998 and 1058. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Dec. 1986 and Mar. 1990. U.S. Dept. of
Commerce. Press release CB 91–100. Mar. 11, 1991; Health Care Financing Administration: Unpublished data.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 345
Extracted source page 353
Table 132 (page 1 of 2). Medical care benefits for employees of private establishments by size of establishment
and occupation: United States, selected years 1990–97
[Data are based on a survey of employers]
Professional, technical,
All and related Clerical and sales Blue-collar and service
Size of establishment
and type of benefit 1990 1994 1996 1990 1994 1996 1990 1994 1996 1990 1994 1996
Small private establishments1 Percent of all employees
Participation in medical care benefit:
Full-time employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 66 64 82 80 76 75 70 69 60 57 56
Part-time employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 6 6 11 14 7 9 9 6 5 3
Type of medical care benefit among
participating full-time employees Percent of participating full-time employees
Fee arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Traditional fee-for-service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 55 36 69 53 31 77 55 34 73 57 41
Preferred provider organization (PPO) . . . . . 13 24 35 16 27 41 13 24 36 11 23 32
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . 14 19 27 15 20 27 10 19 28 15 20 25
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 2
Individual coverage:
Employee contributions not required . . . . . . 58 47 48 56 49 49 53 44 46 62 48 48
Employee contributions required . . . . . . . . . 42 53 52 44 51 51 47 56 54 38 52 51
Family coverage:
Employee contributions not required . . . . . . 32 19 24 28 17 21 29 15 20 37 23 29
Employee contributions required . . . . . . . . . 68 81 75 72 83 78 71 85 80 63 77 70
Individual coverage: Average monthly contribution
Average monthly employee contribution:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25 $ 41 $ 43 $ 24 $ 47 $ 41 $ 24 $ 41 $ 42 $ 27 $ 38 $ 44
Non-HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 39 43 24 46 40 24 38 43 28 36 45
HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 49 41 24 48 42 27 50 42 25 47 41
Family coverage:
Average monthly employee contribution:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 160 182 112 181 190 106 160 181 111 149 177
Non-HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 151 181 110 173 192 102 155 181 101 137 175
HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 190 182 118 204 183 134 178 183 145 191 182
See footnotes at end of table.
346 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 354
Table 132 (page 2 of 2). Medical care benefits for employees of private establishments by size of establishment
and occupation: United States, selected years 1990–97
[Data are based on a survey of employers]
Professional, technical,
All and related Clerical and sales Blue-collar and service
Size of establishment
and type of benefit 1991 1995 1997 1991 1995 1997 1991 1995 1997 1991 1995 1997
Medium and large private establishments2 Percent of all employees
Participation in medical care benefit:
Full-time employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 77 76 85 80 79 81 76 78 84 75 74
Part-time employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 19 21 42 31 29 26 20 20 26 15 19
Type of medical care benefit among
participating full-time employees Percent of participating full-time employees
Fee arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Traditional fee-for-service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 37 27 62 29 20 59 30 22 73 45 33
Preferred provider organization (PPO) . . . . . 16 34 40 19 36 40 21 36 42 12 33 39
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . 17 27 33 18 33 40 19 32 36 14 21 28
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0
Individual coverage:
Employee contributions not required . . . . . . 49 33 31 45 21 20 43 24 24 55 44 40
Employee contributions required . . . . . . . . . 51 67 69 55 79 80 57 76 76 45 56 60
Family coverage:
Employee contributions not required . . . . . . 31 22 20 25 11 10 27 15 14 37 33 29
Employee contributions required . . . . . . . . . 69 78 80 75 89 90 73 85 86 63 67 71
Individual coverage: Average monthly contribution
Average monthly employee contribution:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27 $ 34 $ 39 $ 26 $ 35 $ 37 $ 28 $ 36 $ 39 $ 26 $ 32 $ 40
Non-HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 33 42 26 33 40 27 34 41 25 32 43
HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 36 34 29 38 33 32 39 36 28 32 34
Family coverage:
Average monthly employee contribution:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 118 130 96 120 125 108 127 135 91 112 131
Non-HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 112 132 93 116 128 104 120 134 84 106 134
HMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 133 126 110 128 120 121 141 138 122 130 124
1
Less than 100 employees in all private nonfarm industries.
2
100 or more employees in all private nonfarm industries.
NOTE: In 1992–93, 88 percent of full-time employees in private establishments were offered health care plans by their employers (96 percent in medium and large
private establishments and 80 percent in small private establishments).
SOURCES: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee benefits in small private establishments, 1990 Bulletin 2388, September 1991, 1994
Bulletin 2475, April 1996, and 1996 Bulletin 2507, April 1999. Employee benefits in medium and large private establishments, 1991 Bulletin 2422, May 1993, 1997
Bulletin 2517, Sept. 1999, and news release USDL 97–246. July 25, 1997. Blostin AP and Pfuntner JN. Employee medical care contributions on the rise. Compensation
and Working Conditions, Spring 1998.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 347
Extracted source page 355
Table 133 (page 1 of 2). Medicare enrollees and expenditures and percent distribution, according to type
of service: United States and other areas, selected years 1970–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of service 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 19981
Enrollees Number in millions
Total2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 28.5 31.1 34.2 37.5 38.1 38.4 38.8
Hospital insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 28.1 30.6 33.7 37.1 37.7 38.1 38.4
Supplementary medical insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 27.4 30.0 32.6 35.7 36.1 36.5 36.8
Expenditures Amount in millions
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,493 $36,822 $72,294 $110,984 $184,203 $200,337 $213,576 $213,401
Total hospital insurance (HI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,281 25,577 48,414 66,997 117,604 129,929 139,452 135,771
HI payments to managed care organizations3 . . . . --- 7 768 2,654 6,701 11,777 16,338 18,759
HI payments for fee-for-service utilization . . . . . . . 5,281 25,570 47,646 64,343 110,903 118,152 123,114 117,012
Inpatient hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,827 24,109 44,172 56,922 81,984 85,756 88,498 87,029
Skilled nursing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 395 548 2,488 9,236 11,101 12,995 13,487
Home health agency4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 540 1,913 3,661 16,373 17,825 17,680 12,337
Hospice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 43 325 1,883 1,997 2,082 2,180
Administrative expenses5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 525 970 947 1,428 1,472 1,860 1,980
Total supplementary medical insurance (SMI) . . . . . . 2,212 11,245 23,880 43,987 66,599 70,408 74,124 77,630
SMI payments to managed care organizations3 . . . 26 203 720 2,827 6,610 9,558 10,962 15,338
SMI payments for fee-for-service utilization6. . . . . . 2,186 11,042 23,160 41,160 59,989 60,850 63,162 62,292
Physician/supplies7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,790 8,187 17,312 29,609 --- --- --- ---
Outpatient hospital8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 1,897 4,319 8,482 --- --- --- ---
Independent laboratory9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 114 558 1,476 --- --- --- ---
Physician fee schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 31,660 31,631 31,901 32,456
Durable medical equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3,689 3,826 4,237 4,033
Laboratory10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 4,255 3,861 3,833 3,564
Other11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 9,859 10,770 12,109 12,271
Hospital12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 8,663 8,691 9,455 8,844
Home health agency4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 234 38 74 236 262 261 –382
Administrative expenses5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 610 933 1,519 1,627 1,810 1,368 1,505
Percent distribution of expenditures
Total hospital insurance (HI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
HI payments to managed care organizations3 . . . . --- 0.0 1.6 4.0 5.7 9.1 11.7 13.8
HI payments for fee-for-service utilization . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 98.4 96.0 94.3 90.9 88.3 86.2
Inpatient hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.4 94.3 91.2 85.0 69.7 66.0 63.5 64.1
Skilled nursing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 1.5 1.1 3.7 7.9 8.5 9.3 9.9
Home health agency4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 2.1 4.0 5.5 13.9 13.7 12.7 9.1
Hospice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 0.1 0.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6
Administrative expenses5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5
See footnotes at end of table.
348 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 356
Table 133 (page 2 of 2). Medicare enrollees and expenditures and percent distribution, according to type
of service: United States and other areas, selected years 1970–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of service 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 19981
Percent distribution of expenditures
Total supplementary medical insurance (SMI) . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
SMI payments to managed care organizations3 . . . 1.2 1.8 3.0 6.4 10.0 13.6 14.5 19.8
SMI payments for fee-for-service utilization6. . . . . . 98.8 98.2 97.0 93.6 90.0 86.4 85.5 80.2
Physician/supplies7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.9 72.8 72.5 67.3 --- --- --- ---
Outpatient hospital8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 16.9 18.1 19.3 --- --- --- ---
Independent laboratory9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 1.0 2.3 3.4 --- --- --- ---
Physician fee schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 47.5 44.9 43.0 41.8
Durable medical equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.2
Laboratory10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 6.4 5.5 5.2 4.6
Other11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.8 15.3 16.3 15.8
Hospital12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 13.0 12.3 12.8 11.4
Home health agency4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 –0.5
Administrative expenses5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 5.4 3.9 3.5 2.4 2.6 1.8 1.9
- - - Data not available.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Preliminary figures; home health agency expenditures for 1998 reflect annual home health SMI to HI transfer amounts.
2
Number enrolled in the hospital insurance and/or supplementary medical insurance programs on July 1.
3
Medicare-approved managed care organizations. Prior to 1998 this category was called group practice prepayment.
4
Reflects annual home health SMI to HI transfer amounts for 1998 and later.
5
Includes research, costs of experiments and demonstration projects, and peer review activity.
6
Type of service reporting categories for fee-for-service reimbursement differ before and after 1991.
7
Includes payment for physicians, practitioners, durable medical equipment and all suppliers other than Independent laboratory, which is shown separately through
1990. Beginning in 1991, those physician services subject to the Physician fee schedule are so broken out. Payments for laboratory services paid under the Laboratory
fee schedule and performed in a physician office are included under ‘‘Laboratory’’ beginning in 1991. Payments for durable medical equipment are broken out and so
labeled beginning in 1991. The remaining services from the ‘‘Physician’’ category are included in ‘‘Other.’’
8
Includes payments for hospital outpatient department services, for skilled nursing facility outpatient services, for Part B services received as an inpatient in a hospital
or skilled nursing facility setting and for other types of outpatient facilities. Beginning 1991, payments for hospital outpatient department services, except for laboratory
services, are listed under ‘‘Hospital.’’ Hospital outpatient laboratory services are included in the ‘‘Laboratory’’ line.
9
Beginning in 1991 most of the independent laboratory services were paid under the Laboratory fee schedule and are included in the ‘‘Laboratory’’ line; the remaining
services are included in ‘‘Physician fee schedule’’ and ‘‘Other’’ lines.
10
Payments for laboratory services paid under the Laboratory fee schedule performed in a physician office, independent lab, or in a hospital outpatient department.
11
Includes payments for free-standing ambulatory surgical center facility services; ambulance services; supplies; free-standing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) dialysis
facility services; rural health clinics; outpatient rehabilitation facilities; psychiatric hospitals; and federally qualified health centers.
12
Includes the hospital facility costs for Medicare Part B services which are predominantly in the outpatient department, with the exception of hospital outpatient
laboratory services, which are included on the ‘‘Laboratory’’ line. The physician reimbursement is included on the ‘‘Physician fee schedule’’ line.
NOTES: Table includes service disbursements as of December 1999 for Medicare enrollees residing in Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, other outlying areas, foreign
countries, and unknown residence. Some numbers in this table have been revised and differ from previous editions of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration. Medicare and Medicaid Cost Estimates Group, Office of the Actuary and Office of Information Services.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 349
Extracted source page 357
Table 134. Medicare enrollees and program payments among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries,
according to sex and age: United States and other areas, 1994–97
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Sex and age 1994 1995 1996 1997
Fee-for-service enrollees in thousands
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,076 34,062 33,704 33,009
Sex
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,533 14,563 14,440 14,149
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,543 19,499 19,264 18,860
Age
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,031 4,239 4,413 4,498
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,713 16,373 15,810 15,099
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,845 9,911 9,915 9,847
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,486 3,540 3,566 3,565
Fee-for-service program payments in millions
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $146,549 $158,980 $167,063 $175,423
Sex
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,907 68,758 71,011 75,357
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,642 90,222 95,052 100,066
Age
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,835 21,029 24,160 25,798
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,147 58,093 58,737 59,687
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,719 55,256 58,058 61,708
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,847 24,602 26,108 28,231
Percent distribution of fee-for-service program payments
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Sex
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 43.2 42.5 43.0
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 56.8 56.9 57.0
Age
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 13.2 14.5 14.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 36.5 35.2 34.0
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.8 34.8 35.2
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 15.5 15.6 16.1
Average fee-for-service payment per enrollee
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,301 $ 4,667 $ 4,957 $ 5,314
Sex
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,397 4,721 4,918 5,326
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,229 4,627 4,934 5,306
Age
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,673 4,960 5,475 5,735
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,300 3,548 3,715 3,953
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,152 5,576 5,856 6,267
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,267 6,950 7,321 7,919
NOTE: Table includes data for Medicare enrollees residing in Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, other outlying areas, foreign countries, and unknown residence.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration, Office of Strategic Planning. Health Care Financing Review: Medicare and Medicaid Statistical Supplements for years
1996 to 1999.
350 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 358
Table 135 (page 1 of 2). Medicare beneficiaries by race and ethnicity, according to selected
characteristics: United States, selected years 1992–96
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of current Medicare beneficiaries and Medicare administrative records]
All White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic
Characteristic 1996 1992 1994 1996 1992 1994 1996 1992 1994 1996
Number of beneficiaries in millions
All Medicare beneficiaries . . . . . . 39.4 30.9 31.8 32.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 1.9 2.1 2.4
Percent distribution of beneficiaries
All Medicare beneficiaries . . . . . . 100.0 84.2 83.4 82.4 8.9 9.1 8.9 5.2 5.6 6.2
Medical care use Percent of beneficiaries with at least one service
All Medicare beneficiaries:
Long-term care facility stay . . . 9.2 8.0 9.3 9.6 6.2 7.8 7.9 4.2 3.9 4.5
Community only residents:
Inpatient hospital . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 18.1 18.1 18.5 18.4 21.1 20.0 16.6 16.5 17.6
Outpatient hospital . . . . . . . . . 64.6 57.8 61.3 65.1 61.1 59.0 65.7 53.1 59.4 60.2
Physician/supplier1 . . . . . . . . . 93.6 93.0 94.0 94.3 89.1 88.5 88.7 87.9 89.4 90.7
Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 43.1 42.5 43.9 23.5 19.4 18.8 29.1 26.6 27.6
Prescription medicine . . . . . . . 86.7 85.5 85.7 86.8 83.1 82.0 85.0 84.6 86.1 86.8
Expenditures2 Expenditures per beneficiary
All Medicare beneficiaries:
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,032 $ 6,718 $ 7,878 $ 8,893 $ 6,912 $ 9,085 $10,670 $ 5,642 $ 7,057 $ 7,798
Long-term care facility . . . . . 2,263 1,679 2,140 2,373 1,258 1,837 2,005 760 943 1,187
Community only residents:
Total personal health care . . . . $ 6,635 $ 4,988 $ 5,616 $ 6,492 $ 5,530 $ 6,622 $ 8,058 $ 4,938 $ 5,995 $ 6,328
Inpatient hospital . . . . . . . . . 2,410 2,058 2,191 2,358 2,493 2,857 2,895 1,999 2,090 2,243
Outpatient hospital . . . . . . . 706 478 547 624 668 657 1,282 511 803 874
Physician/supplier1 . . . . . . . 1,981 1,525 1,639 1,969 1,398 1,679 2,124 1,587 1,838 1,957
Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 153 175 224 70 71 84 97 80 128
Prescription medicine . . . . . 669 481 546 680 417 506 602 389 508 653
Long-term care facility residents
only:
Long-term care facility. . . . . . . 29,771 23,177 26,612 29,498 21,272 27,963 28,258 25,026 32,006 34,329
Sex Percent distribution of beneficiaries
Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 42.7 43.0 43.7 42.0 42.1 43.5 46.7 47.7 48.2
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 57.3 57.0 56.3 58.0 58.0 56.6 53.3 52.3 51.8
Eligibility criteria and age
All Medicare beneficiaries . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 8.6 9.2 10.0 19.1 22.2 24.2 16.5 18.5 22.1
Under 45 years . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 2.9 3.2 3.5 7.6 8.7 9.3 6.9 6.6 5.8
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 5.8 6.1 6.5 11.5 13.6 14.9 9.6 11.9 16.3
Aged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.9 91.4 90.8 90.0 81.0 77.7 75.8 83.5 81.7 77.7
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 52.0 51.1 46.9 48.0 46.2 42.5 49.4 48.8 47.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 29.5 29.3 31.9 24.0 23.0 24.4 27.1 24.9 23.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . 10.7 9.9 10.4 11.2 9.0 8.4 8.9 6.9 8.0 6.9
Living arrangement
All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 27.5 27.2 28.9 27.7 27.5 31.3 20.2 20.2 24.0
With spouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.9 53.3 53.6 52.2 33.3 33.3 32.6 50.4 50.6 46.4
With children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.7 7.4 6.8 16.8 16.6 15.3 16.6 16.5 16.5
With others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 6.2 6.1 5.8 18.1 17.9 15.4 10.8 10.8 10.7
Long-term care facility. . . . . . . 6.0 5.3 5.7 6.3 4.0 4.8 5.4 2.0 1.9 2.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 351
Extracted source page 359
Table 135 (page 2 of 2). Medicare beneficiaries by race and ethnicity, according to selected
characteristics: United States, selected years 1992–96
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of current Medicare beneficiaries and Medicare administrative records]
All White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic
Characteristic 1996 1992 1994 1996 1992 1994 1996 1992 1994 1996
Age and limitation of activity3 Percent distribution of beneficiaries
Under 65 years (disabled) . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
None. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.9 21.8 25.3 22.9 26.2 33.0 30.5 21.2 24.5 25.0
IADL only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 38.9 35.1 39.7 35.8 34.0 38.5 46.1 42.5 43.4
1 or 2 ADL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 21.5 23.9 21.9 21.2 20.0 21.3 20.9 16.9 16.7
3–5 ADL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 17.9 15.7 15.6 16.8 13.0 9.6 11.9 16.2 14.9
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
None. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 68.7 70.2 71.7 55.1 54.3 60.7 59.2 63.0 69.8
IADL only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 17.0 16.7 15.5 22.9 22.9 16.5 20.9 21.9 20.1
1 or 2 ADL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 9.6 8.7 8.3 14.4 13.9 14.9 15.7 10.6 7.4
3–5 ADL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.5 7.6 8.8 7.9 4.2 4.6 2.7
75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
None. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.3 47.5 48.8 54.2 42.0 41.9 47.3 44.3 52.0 47.4
IADL only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 23.6 22.2 20.4 26.7 21.6 18.6 27.8 19.9 24.3
1 or 2 ADL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 16.8 16.9 14.9 15.3 18.4 19.0 14.9 15.4 14.2
3–5 ADL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 12.2 12.1 10.6 15.9 18.1 15.2 13.0 12.7 14.1
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
None. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 20.2 19.3 23.3 19.6 18.7 24.7 19.7 19.5 21.4
IADL only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 20.2 21.7 21.3 22.1 25.0 17.9 24.7 28.7 23.8
1 or 2 ADL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 23.5 22.3 21.3 24.3 18.3 20.3 23.7 19.6 24.3
3–5 ADL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 36.1 36.7 34.1 34.0 38.0 37.2 31.8 32.1 30.5
1
Physician/supplier services include medical and osteopathic doctor and health practitioner visits; diagnostic laboratory and radiology services; medical and surgical
services; durable medical equipment and nondurable medical supplies.
2
Total health expenditures by Medicare beneficiaries, including expenses paid by Medicare and all other sources of payment.
3
See Appendix II for definitions of Limitation of activity, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). Includes data for both
community and long-term care facility residents.
SOURCES: Health Care Financing Administration. Health and Health Care of the Medicare Population: Data from the 1992 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey; Data
from the 1994 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. 1996 data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey at http://www.hcfa.gov.
352 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 360
Table 136. Medicaid recipients and medical vendor payments, according to basis of eligibility, and race and
ethnicity: United States, selected fiscal years 1972–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Basis of eligibility and
race and ethnicity 1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 19981
Recipients Number in millions
All recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 22.0 21.6 21.8 25.3 36.3 36.1 34.9 40.6
Percent of recipients
Basis of eligibility:2
Aged (65 years and over) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.8 16.4 15.9 14.0 12.7 11.4 11.9 11.3 9.8
Blind and disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 11.2 13.5 13.8 14.7 16.1 17.2 17.6 16.3
Adults in families with dependent children3 . . . . 17.8 20.6 22.6 25.3 23.8 21.0 19.7 19.5 19.5
Children under age 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 43.6 43.2 44.7 44.4 47.3 46.3 45.3 46.7
Other Title XIX5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.2 6.9 5.6 3.9 1.7 1.8 6.3 7.8
Race and ethnicity:6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 42.8 45.5 44.8 44.4 41.3
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 25.1 24.7 23.9 23.5 24.2
American Indian or Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.5
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 15.2 17.2 17.5 14.3 15.6
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 14.0 9.6 10.9 14.9 15.5
Vendor payments7 Amount in billions
All payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6.3 $ 12.2 $ 23.3 $ 37.5 $ 64.9 $120.1 $121.7 $124.4 $ 142.3
Percent distribution
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Basis of eligibility:
Aged (65 years and over) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 35.6 37.5 37.6 33.2 30.4 30.4 30.3 28.5
Blind and disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 25.7 32.7 35.9 37.6 41.1 42.8 43.5 42.4
Adults in families with dependent children3 . . . . 15.3 16.8 13.9 12.7 13.2 11.2 10.1 9.9 10.4
Children under age 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 17.9 13.4 11.8 14.0 15.0 14.4 14.1 16.0
Other Title XIX5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 4.0 2.6 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.6
Race and ethnicity:6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 53.4 54.3 54.1 55.0 54.3
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 18.3 19.2 18.7 18.5 19.6
American Indian or Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.4
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 5.3 7.3 7.4 6.8 8.2
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 21.3 17.6 18.1 18.2 15.7
Vendor payments per recipient7 Amount
All recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 358 $ 556 $1,079 $1,719 $2,568 $3,311 $3,369 $3,568 $ 3,501
Basis of eligibility:
Aged (65 years and over) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 1,206 2,540 4,605 6,717 8,868 8,622 9,538 10,242
Blind and disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 1,276 2,618 4,459 6,564 8,435 8,369 8,832 9,095
Adults in families with dependent children3 . . . . 307 455 662 860 1,429 1,777 1,722 1,809 1,876
Children under age 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 228 335 452 811 1,047 1,048 1,111 1,203
Other Title XIX5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 273 398 657 1,062 2,380 2,152 1,242 1,166
Race and ethnicity:6
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3,207 3,953 4,074 4,421 4,609
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,878 2,568 2,631 2,798 2,836
American Indian or Alaska Native. . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,706 2,142 2,298 2,500 3,297
Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 1,257 1,713 1,767 1,610 1,924
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 903 1,400 1,428 1,699 1,842
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- 3,909 6,099 5,603 4,356 3,531
- - - Data not available.
1
Prior to 1998 recipient counts exclude those individuals who only received coverage under prepaid health care and for whom no direct vendor payments were made
during the year. Prior to 1998 vendor payments exclude payments to health maintenance organizations and other prepaid health plans ($19.3 billion in 1998 and $18
billion in 1997). The total number of persons who were Medicaid eligible and enrolled was 41.4 million in 1998, 41.6 million in 1997, and 41.2 million in 1996 (HCFA
Medicaid Statistics, Program and Financial Statistics FY1996, FY1997, and FY1998. unpublished).
2
In 1980 and 1985 recipients included in more than one category. In 1990–96, 0.2–2.5 percent of recipients have unknown basis of eligibility. From 1997 onwards,
unknowns are included in Other Title XIX.
3
Includes adults in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program.
4
Includes children in the AFDC program. From 1997 onwards includes foster care.
5
Includes some participants in the Supplemental Security Income program and other people deemed medically needy in participating States. From 1997 onwards
excludes foster care and includes unknown eligibility.
6
Race and ethnicity as determined on initial Medicaid application. Categories are mutually exclusive.
7
Vendor payments exclude disproportionate share hospital payments ($16 billion in 1997 and $15 billion in 1998).
NOTES: 1972 and 1975 data are for fiscal year ending June 30. All other years are for fiscal year ending September 30. Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III). Some numbers in this table have been revised and differ from the previous edition of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration. Office of Information Services, Enterprise Databases Group, Division of Information Distribution.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 353
Extracted source page 361
Table 137 (page 1 of 2). Medicaid recipients and medical vendor payments, according to type of service:
United States, selected fiscal years 1972–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of service 1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 19981
Recipients Number in millions
All recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.6 22.0 21.6 21.8 25.3 36.3 36.1 34.9 40.6
Percent of recipients
Inpatient general hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 15.6 17.0 15.7 18.2 15.3 14.8 13.6 10.5
Inpatient mental hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Mentally retarded intermediate care facilities . . . . --- 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
Nursing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.0
Skilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4 --- --- --- ---
Intermediate care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.4 --- --- --- ---
Physician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 69.1 63.7 66.0 67.6 65.6 63.3 60.7 45.6
Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 17.9 21.5 21.4 18.0 17.6 17.2 17.0 12.2
Other practitioner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 12.1 15.0 15.4 15.3 15.2 14.8 14.7 10.7
Outpatient hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.6 33.8 44.9 46.2 49.0 46.1 44.0 39.1 29.9
Clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.9 7.1 9.7 11.1 14.7 14.0 13.5 13.0
Laboratory and radiological. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 21.5 14.9 29.1 35.5 36.0 34.9 31.8 23.1
Home health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 1.6 1.8 2.5 2.8 4.5 4.8 5.3 3.0
Prescribed drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 64.3 63.4 63.8 68.5 65.4 62.5 60.1 47.6
Family planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5.5 5.2 7.5 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 4.9
Early and periodic screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 8.7 11.7 18.2 18.2 18.5 15.2
Rural health clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 0.4 0.9 3.4 3.9 4.1 ---
Prepaid health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 49.7
Other care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 13.2 11.9 15.5 20.3 31.5 36.3 35.5 36.0
Vendor payments2 Amount in billions
All payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6.3 $ 12.2 $ 23.3 $ 37.5 $ 64.9 $120.1 $121.7 $124.4 $142.3
Percent distribution
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Inpatient general hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 27.6 27.5 25.2 25.7 21.9 20.7 18.6 15.1
Inpatient mental hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.6 2.0
Mentally retarded intermediate care facilities . . . . --- 3.1 8.5 12.6 11.3 8.6 7.9 7.9 6.7
Nursing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 24.2 24.3 24.5 22.4
Skilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 19.9 15.8 13.5 12.4 --- --- --- ---
Intermediate care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 15.4 18.0 17.4 14.9 --- --- --- ---
Physician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 10.0 8.0 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.7 4.3
Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.8 2.0 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6
Other practitioner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.4
Outpatient hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 3.0 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.0 4.0
Clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 3.2 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 2.8
Laboratory and radiological. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7
Home health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.6 1.4 3.0 5.2 7.8 8.9 9.8 1.9
Prescribed drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 6.7 5.7 6.2 6.8 8.1 8.8 9.6 9.5
Family planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
Early and periodic screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.9
Rural health clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 ---
Prepaid health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 13.6
Other care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.5 3.7 7.7 8.4 8.9 13.6
See footnotes at end of table.
354 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 362
Table 137 (page 2 of 2). Medicaid recipients and medical vendor payments, according to type of service:
United States, selected fiscal years 1972–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Type of service 1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 19981
Vendor payments per recipient2 Amount
Total payment per recipient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 358 $ 556 $ 1,079 $ 1,719 $ 2,568 $ 3,311 $ 3,369 $ 3,568 $ 3,501
Inpatient general hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 983 1,742 2,753 3,630 4,735 4,696 4,877 5,031
Inpatient mental hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,825 6,045 11,742 19,867 18,548 29,847 21,873 22,990 20,701
Mentally retarded intermediate care facilities . . . . --- 5,507 16,438 32,102 50,048 68,613 68,232 72,033 74,960
Nursing facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- 17,424 18,589 19,029 19,379
Skilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,665 3,864 6,081 9,274 13,356 --- --- --- ---
Intermediate care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2,764 5,326 7,882 11,236 --- --- --- ---
Physician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 81 136 163 235 309 317 333 327
Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 86 99 98 130 160 166 175 182
Other practitioner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 48 61 75 96 178 205 190 135
Outpatient hospital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 50 113 178 269 397 409 453 474
Clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 358 209 337 602 804 833 902 742
Laboratory and radiological. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 27 38 53 80 90 96 93 100
Home health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 204 847 2,094 4,733 5,740 6,293 6,575 2,206
Prescribed drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 58 96 166 256 413 474 571 699
Family planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 55 72 119 151 206 200 200 223
Early and periodic screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 45 67 177 212 251 216
Rural health clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 81 154 174 215 213 ---
Prepaid health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 955
Other care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 80 172 274 465 807 782 891 1,331
- - - Data not available.
. . . Category not applicable.
1
Prior to 1998 recipient counts exclude those individuals who only received coverage under prepaid health care and for whom no direct vendor payments were made
during the year. Prior to 1998 vendor payments exclude payments to health maintenance organizations and other prepaid health plans ($19.3 billion in 1998 and $18
billion in 1997). The total number of persons who were Medicaid eligible and enrolled was 41.4 million in 1998, 41.6 million in 1997, and 41.2 million in 1996 (HCFA
Medicaid Statistics, Program and Financial Statistics FY1996, FY1997, and FY1998. unpublished).
2
Payments exclude disproportionate share hospital payments ($16 billion in 1997 and $15 billion in 1998).
NOTES: 1972 and 1975 data are for fiscal year ending June 30. All other years are for fiscal year ending September 30. Data for additional years are available (see
Appendix III). Some numbers in this table have been revised and differ from the previous edition of Health, United States.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration. Office of Information Services, Enterprise Databases Group, Division of Information Distribution.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 355
Extracted source page 363
Table 138. Department of Veterans Affairs health care expenditures and use, and persons treated according
to selected characteristics: United States, selected fiscal years 1970–98
[Data are compiled by Department of Veterans Affairs]
1970 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Health care expenditures Amount in millions
All expenditures1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,689 $ 5,981 $11,500 $14,612 $15,401 $16,126 $16,373 $17,149 $17,441
Percent distribution
All services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Inpatient hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 64.3 57.5 54.8 53.8 49.0 46.3 43.1 38.3
Outpatient care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 19.1 25.3 28.0 28.4 30.2 33.6 37.1 41.8
Nursing home care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 7.1 9.5 10.4 10.5 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.2
All other2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 9.6 7.7 6.8 7.3 10.8 10.0 9.6 9.9
Health care use Number in thousands
Inpatient hospital stays3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 1,248 1,029 920 907 879 807 671 617
Outpatient visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,312 17,971 22,602 24,236 25,158 27,527 29,295 31,919 34,972
Nursing home stays4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 57 75 78 78 79 79 87 98
Inpatients5
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 598 556 547 527 491 417 380
Percent distribution
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Veterans with service-connected disability . . . . --- --- 38.9 39.4 39.1 39.3 39.5 39.2 38.2
Veterans without service-connected
disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 60.3 59.6 60.0 59.9 59.6 59.7 60.8
Low income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 54.8 55.2 56.6 56.2 55.7 55.5 55.4
Exempt6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.5 2.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Other7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.8 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.8
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7
Nonveterans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0
Outpatients5 Number in thousands
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2,564 2,684 2,714 2,790 2,846 2,958 3,235
Percent distribution
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Veterans with service-connected disability . . . . --- --- 38.3 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.8 37.9 38.7
Veterans without service-connected
disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 49.8 50.6 50.5 50.5 50.2 51.5 52.9
Low income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 41.1 41.5 42.6 42.2 41.9 41.9 41.3
Exempt6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.9 2.6 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5
Other7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 3.6 2.9 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.9 8.4
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 2.2 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.7
Nonveterans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.0 12.1 10.6 10.4
- - - Data not available.
1
Health care expenditures exclude construction, medical administration, and miscellaneous operating expenses.
2
Includes miscellaneous benefits and services, contract hospitals, education and training, subsidies to State veterans hospitals, nursing homes, and domiciliaries, and
the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
3
One-day dialysis patients were included in fiscal year 1980. Interfacility transfers were included beginning in fiscal year 1990.
4
Includes Department of Veterans Affairs nursing home and domiciliary stays, and community nursing home stays.
5
Individuals.
6
Prisoner of war, exposed to Agent Orange, and so forth. Prior to fiscal year 1994, veterans who reported exposure to Agent Orange were classified as exempt.
Beginning in fiscal year 1994 those veterans reporting Agent Orange exposure but not treated for it were means tested and placed in the low income or other group
depending on income.
7
Financial means-tested veterans who receive medical care subject to copayments according to income level.
NOTES: Figures may not add to totals due to rounding. In 1970 and 1980, the fiscal year ended June 30; for all other years the fiscal year ends September 30. The
veteran population was estimated at 25.2 million in 1998 with 37 percent age 65 or over, compared with 11 percent in 1980. Twenty-five percent had served during
World War II, 17 percent during the Korean conflict, 32 percent during the Vietnam era, 8 percent during the Persian Gulf War, and 23 percent during peacetime.
Beginning in fiscal year 1995 categories for health care expenditures and health care use were revised. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Policy and Planning, National Center for Veteran Analysis and Statistics. Unpublished data.
356 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 364
Table 139. Hospital care expenditures by geographic division and State and average annual percent change:
United States, selected years 1980–93
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Average annual
Amount in millions percent change
Geographic division and State1 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1980–90 1990–93
United States2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $101,510 $166,545 $254,239 $279,820 $303,461 $323,919 9.6 8.4
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,467 10,332 15,540 16,773 17,855 19,056 9.2 7.0
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 735 1,119 1,207 1,280 1,376 9.3 7.1
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 313 590 1,056 1,102 1,233 1,388 12.9 9.5
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 290 447 494 532 562 9.9 7.9
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,646 5,628 8,159 8,826 9,380 10,034 8.4 7.1
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 760 1,095 1,177 1,237 1,314 8.6 6.3
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,396 2,328 3,664 3,967 4,193 4,380 10.1 6.1
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,361 29,462 45,472 49,673 53,779 57,854 9.5 8.4
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,582 14,585 22,739 24,784 26,387 28,001 9.0 7.2
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,763 4,751 7,857 8,586 9,406 10,312 11.0 9.5
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,017 10,126 14,876 16,303 17,987 19,540 9.5 9.5
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 19,590 30,093 42,984 47,026 50,835 54,172 8.2 8.0
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,808 8,026 11,419 12,359 13,394 14,305 9.0 7.8
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,125 3,399 5,288 5,918 6,473 6,998 9.5 9.8
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,217 8,998 12,400 13,560 14,744 15,621 7.1 8.0
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,482 6,882 9,500 10,309 11,008 11,711 7.8 7.2
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,959 2,788 4,377 4,880 5,216 5,537 8.4 8.2
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 7,810 12,261 18,012 19,664 21,116 22,252 8.7 7.3
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,740 2,716 4,094 4,473 4,674 4,796 8.9 5.4
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,179 1,733 2,634 2,856 2,996 3,111 8.4 5.7
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,532 4,172 5,986 6,527 7,077 7,652 9.0 8.5
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 524 717 786 853 903 8.6 8.0
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 450 694 786 863 920 9.7 9.9
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 1,060 1,587 1,749 1,881 2,003 8.8 8.1
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,090 1,607 2,300 2,487 2,771 2,868 7.8 7.6
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,588 26,925 44,077 48,917 52,971 56,711 11.0 8.8
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 434 709 777 854 937 10.6 9.7
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,034 2,980 4,655 5,097 5,516 5,926 8.6 8.4
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 913 1,469 2,133 2,291 2,437 2,612 8.9 7.0
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,077 3,530 5,661 6,240 6,618 7,031 10.5 7.5
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 1,219 1,763 1,977 2,190 2,346 7.8 10.0
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,963 3,250 5,901 6,658 7,311 7,801 11.6 9.8
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 1,753 3,108 3,588 3,962 4,221 12.3 10.7
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,148 3,885 6,685 7,398 8,092 8,704 12.0 9.2
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,385 8,404 13,462 14,890 15,992 17,131 11.9 8.4
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 5,713 9,673 15,149 16,955 18,715 19,921 10.2 9.6
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,230 2,157 3,437 3,900 4,268 4,515 10.8 9.5
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,027 3,483 5,511 6,146 6,761 7,208 10.5 9.4
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,590 2,606 4,015 4,511 5,028 5,301 9.7 9.7
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 1,427 2,187 2,398 2,658 2,897 9.7 9.8
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 9,210 16,230 25,344 28,335 31,236 33,601 10.7 9.9
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 1,313 2,109 2,336 2,546 2,723 11.0 8.9
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,744 3,155 4,627 5,164 5,575 5,956 10.2 8.8
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,177 1,896 2,674 2,938 3,182 3,329 8.6 7.6
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,543 9,866 15,935 17,897 19,932 21,592 11.1 10.7
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,255 7,652 11,748 13,092 14,223 15,095 10.7 8.7
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 438 679 764 841 894 9.9 9.6
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 419 665 752 844 900 10.6 10.6
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 248 353 381 396 417 9.2 5.7
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218 2,087 3,101 3,480 3,776 3,932 9.8 8.2
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 873 1,364 1,538 1,703 1,848 11.7 10.7
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,093 2,103 3,218 3,532 3,765 3,999 11.4 7.5
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 816 1,325 1,483 1,631 1,743 11.3 9.6
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 667 1,043 1,162 1,267 1,362 10.4 9.3
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,515 23,918 35,912 39,384 42,731 45,259 9.5 8.0
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,396 2,516 3,961 4,546 5,090 5,305 11.0 10.2
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928 1,486 2,297 2,403 2,714 2,966 9.5 8.9
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,632 18,883 27,949 30,554 32,880 34,827 9.2 7.6
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 385 557 631 690 701 10.8 8.0
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 648 1,148 1,250 1,358 1,460 12.3 8.3
1
States where services were provided.
2
These estimates differ from National Health Expenditures estimates presented elsewhere in Health, United States. See Appendix I, Health Care Financing
Administration.
NOTE: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration, Office of the Actuary. Estimates prepared by the Office of National Health Statistics.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 357
Extracted source page 365
Table 140. Physician service expenditures by geographic division and State and average annual percent
change: United States, selected years 1980–93
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Average annual
Amount in millions percent change
Geographic division and State1 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1980–90 1990–93
United States2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $45,245 $83,636 $140,499 $150,318 $161,783 $171,226 12.0 6.8
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,072 4,010 7,656 8,088 8,678 9,250 14.0 6.5
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 275 480 520 570 601 13.0 7.8
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 130 281 491 583 719 780 14.2 16.7
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 131 221 229 248 265 12.5 6.2
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 1,890 3,766 3,892 4,130 4,442 14.4 5.7
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 304 514 527 543 575 12.0 3.8
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 1,127 2,185 2,336 2,468 2,587 14.0 5.8
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,636 12,255 20,470 22,035 24,044 25,238 11.9 7.2
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,332 5,822 9,697 10,238 11,287 12,003 11.3 7.4
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 2,533 4,519 4,771 5,526 5,776 12.8 8.5
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,950 3,901 6,254 7,026 7,230 7,460 12.4 6.1
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 8,078 13,646 21,823 23,280 24,837 26,275 10.4 6.4
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,130 3,692 6,048 6,486 6,786 7,118 11.0 5.6
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 1,607 2,680 2,821 3,061 3,263 11.6 6.8
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,118 3,672 5,864 6,191 6,707 6,970 10.7 5.9
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,002 3,080 4,668 5,017 5,224 5,562 8.8 6.0
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 1,595 2,564 2,765 3,059 3,362 10.6 9.5
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 3,286 5,739 9,125 9,594 10,395 10,987 10.8 6.4
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 1,765 2,957 3,202 3,322 3,617 12.1 6.9
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 769 1,142 1,178 1,294 1,376 8.9 6.4
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 1,537 2,485 2,581 2,879 2,958 11.0 6.0
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 288 368 371 433 445 10.2 6.5
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 173 274 280 319 342 10.4 7.7
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 433 688 700 785 825 9.6 6.2
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 774 1,211 1,280 1,362 1,425 10.1 5.6
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,141 14,169 25,449 26,853 28,588 30,041 13.6 5.7
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 214 377 405 439 466 12.1 7.3
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 1,702 2,968 3,249 3,498 3,704 13.5 7.7
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 237 362 657 662 651 672 10.7 0.8
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 1,772 3,172 3,462 3,565 3,769 13.6 5.9
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 642 856 882 973 988 10.0 4.9
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 1,543 3,005 3,213 3,458 3,717 13.2 7.3
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 734 1,325 1,423 1,552 1,685 12.8 8.3
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 1,930 3,645 3,957 4,321 4,543 14.0 7.6
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,482 5,272 9,444 9,600 10,131 10,498 14.3 3.6
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 2,361 4,188 7,379 8,051 8,418 8,913 12.1 6.5
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 955 1,639 1,762 1,950 2,038 11.3 7.5
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 1,499 2,569 2,822 2,988 3,137 11.8 6.9
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 1,167 2,247 2,477 2,466 2,631 13.5 5.4
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 568 925 990 1,015 1,107 11.0 6.2
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 4,649 8,666 13,566 14,280 15,334 15,947 11.3 5.5
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 680 1,134 1,228 1,217 1,244 11.7 3.1
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 1,424 2,129 2,282 2,450 2,537 11.1 6.0
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 972 1,382 1,431 1,558 1,640 9.9 5.9
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,996 5,590 8,920 9,340 10,108 10,526 11.5 5.7
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,211 4,336 7,347 7,731 8,357 8,897 12.8 6.6
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 205 311 325 350 392 8.5 8.0
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 235 374 410 453 486 10.3 9.1
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 118 146 142 152 160 8.6 3.1
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 1,230 1,891 2,032 2,242 2,452 12.2 9.0
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 368 574 590 665 716 12.2 7.6
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 1,287 2,500 2,559 2,676 2,799 14.7 3.8
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 472 739 794 832 864 11.7 5.3
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 421 812 879 988 1,029 14.6 8.2
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,811 16,627 27,682 30,406 33,132 35,677 12.1 8.8
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 1,667 2,834 3,155 3,413 3,720 12.0 9.5
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 990 1,597 1,626 1,798 1,904 10.4 6.0
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,959 13,311 22,365 24,654 26,903 28,981 12.4 9.0
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 214 258 265 276 301 10.3 5.3
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 444 629 706 742 771 9.7 7.0
1
States where services were provided.
2
These estimates differ from National Health Expenditures estimates presented elsewhere in Health, United States. See Appendix I, Health Care Financing
Administration.
NOTE: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration, Office of the Actuary. Estimates prepared by the Office of National Health Statistics.
358 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 366
Table 141. Expenditures for purchases of prescription drugs by geographic division and State and
average annual percent change: United States, selected years 1980–93
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Average annual
Amount in millions percent change
Geographic division and State1 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1980–90 1990–93
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,049 $21,405 $38,198 $42,755 $45,730 $48,840 12.2 8.5
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 1,217 2,250 2,463 2,578 2,710 13.7 6.4
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 93 174 192 202 213 13.1 7.0
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 39 77 160 174 185 197 15.2 7.2
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 43 86 95 101 108 14.6 7.9
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 596 1,113 1,214 1,270 1,337 14.4 6.3
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 96 174 190 198 206 13.7 5.8
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 312 544 597 622 650 12.1 6.1
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,817 3,334 5,911 6,513 6,859 7,219 12.5 6.9
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 1,506 2,665 2,929 3,077 3,232 12.5 6.6
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 723 1,298 1,432 1,515 1,601 13.0 7.2
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 1,105 1,948 2,152 2,267 2,386 12.2 7.0
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 2,219 3,850 6,691 7,437 7,895 8,360 11.7 7.7
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 1,010 1,684 1,869 1,982 2,095 10.7 7.6
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 508 874 974 1,038 1,106 11.1 8.2
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 1,006 1,771 1,964 2,084 2,206 12.2 7.6
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 939 1,654 1,837 1,947 2,054 12.1 7.5
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 387 708 791 844 899 12.5 8.3
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 887 1,495 2,557 2,835 3,012 3,195 11.2 7.7
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 324 580 648 691 739 11.7 8.4
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 255 419 463 490 516 10.4 7.2
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 461 783 868 919 975 11.1 7.6
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 51 86 93 98 103 11.9 6.2
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 50 82 91 97 104 10.6 8.2
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 136 235 261 277 293 11.4 7.6
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 218 373 412 439 465 11.3 7.6
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,997 3,694 7,181 8,120 8,746 9,412 13.7 9.4
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 49 98 111 120 129 14.6 9.6
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 443 888 998 1,069 1,140 14.7 8.7
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 32 57 93 99 101 103 11.3 3.5
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 522 1,026 1,154 1,248 1,343 14.1 9.4
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 204 333 369 389 412 11.1 7.4
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 569 1,061 1,199 1,287 1,392 12.1 9.5
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 268 511 580 622 665 12.7 9.2
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 540 1,035 1,176 1,283 1,397 13.4 10.5
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 1,041 2,135 2,435 2,627 2,832 14.8 9.9
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 890 1,537 2,659 2,969 3,175 3,402 11.6 8.6
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 392 667 741 791 846 11.5 8.2
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 500 886 996 1,072 1,153 11.9 9.2
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 404 707 790 845 904 11.6 8.5
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 241 399 442 468 499 10.9 7.7
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 1,431 2,440 3,846 4,331 4,671 5,039 10.4 9.4
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 235 382 425 452 484 9.6 8.2
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 440 668 740 788 832 10.2 7.6
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 299 450 500 535 569 9.9 8.1
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 1,467 2,346 2,666 2,896 3,153 10.7 10.4
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 916 1,738 1,998 2,201 2,436 13.5 11.9
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 54 90 101 110 120 11.2 10.1
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 74 129 149 164 182 11.4 12.2
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 37 49 55 59 64 7.9 9.3
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 223 379 434 481 534 11.6 12.1
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 101 190 216 237 259 13.8 10.9
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 250 526 600 659 728 15.6 11.4
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 110 218 249 274 302 15.0 11.5
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 67 158 193 218 246 15.9 15.9
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,694 2,921 5,365 6,089 6,593 7,067 12.2 9.6
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 340 618 711 781 853 11.3 11.3
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 187 318 364 396 431 9.8 10.7
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,296 2,274 4,222 4,776 5,155 5,501 12.5 9.2
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 34 58 69 77 85 13.7 13.6
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 87 148 169 184 197 12.9 10.0
1
State where prescriptions were provided.
NOTES: Prescription drug expenditures are limited to spending for products purchased in retail outlets. The value of drugs and other products provided by hospitals,
nursing homes, or other health professionals is included in estimates of spending for these providers’ services. Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding.
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration, Office of the Actuary. Estimates prepared by the Office of National Health Statistics.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 359
Extracted source page 367
Table 142. State mental health agency per capita expenditures for mental health services and average annual
percent change by geographic division and State: United States, selected fiscal years 1981–97
[Data are based on reporting by State mental health agencies]
Average annual
percent change
1 1,2 1,2
Geographic division and State 1981 1983 1985 1987 1990 1993 1997 1981–97
Amount per capita
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27 $31 $35 $ 38 $ 48 $ 54 $ 64 5.5
New England:
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 32 36 42 67 70 88 8.2
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 39 42 36 63 78 99 6.8
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 40 44 44 54 74 92 6.8
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 36 46 62 84 83 90 6.7
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 32 35 41 50 61 63 3.6
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 39 44 56 73 82 99 7.4
Middle Atlantic:
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 74 90 99 118 131 113 3.3
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 31 36 43 57 68 69 6.2
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 47 52 50 57 68 68 3.3
East North Central:
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 29 30 34 41 47 52 4.8
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 23 27 31 47 39 40 4.8
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 21 24 25 34 36 51 6.8
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 39 49 61 74 75 87 6.3
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 27 28 31 37 35 44 4.3
West North Central:
Minnesota3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 30 32 42 54 69 87 10.8
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10 11 12 17 13 29 8.5
Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 28 32 35 41 56 5.5
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 42 36 42 40 43 48 1.4
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 21 22 27 25 47 54 7.5
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 21 21 29 34 39 5.5
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 22 27 28 35 48 59 7.9
South Atlantic:
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 51 46 41 55 56 73 3.2
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 37 40 49 61 64 76 5.4
District of Columbia4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 23 28 130 268 315 337 ---
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 29 32 35 45 40 49 4.9
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 22 23 24 22 23 1.0
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 29 38 41 46 50 62 6.2
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 33 33 45 51 56 64 4.7
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 26 23 32 51 49 47 4.0
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 23 26 25 37 31 44 5.1
East South Central:
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 17 19 23 23 25 35 5.5
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 20 23 24 29 37 23 1.6
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 24 28 29 38 43 47 5.5
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 16 24 22 34 41 56 9.2
West South Central:
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 20 24 24 26 30 30 3.7
Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 23 26 25 28 39 43 5.3
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 33 31 30 36 38 41 3.9
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 16 17 19 23 31 39 7.1
Mountain:
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 28 29 28 28 34 93 8.7
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 15 15 17 20 26 29 4.9
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 28 31 30 35 42 43 4.0
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 28 30 34 41 57 5.6
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 25 24 23 24 31 1.7
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 12 16 27 60 68 12.7
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 16 17 19 21 25 28 4.8
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 25 26 28 33 32 45 4.6
Pacific:
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 24 30 37 43 66 79 9.8
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21 25 28 41 60 68 7.8
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 29 34 30 42 50 58 4.6
Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 41 45 50 72 86 79 4.7
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 22 23 26 38 71 85 9.9
- - - Data not available.
1 2
Puerto Rico is included in U.S. total. Guam is included in U.S. total.
3
Data for 1981 not comparable with 1983–93 data for Minnesota. Average annual percent change is for 1983–97.
4
Transfer of St. Elizabeths Hospital from the National Institute of Mental Health to the District of Columbia Office of Mental Health took place over the years 1985–93.
NOTE: Expenditures for mental illness, excluding mental retardation and substance abuse.
SOURCES: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors and the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute,
Inc.: Final Report: Funding sources and expenditures of State mental health agencies: Revenue/expenditure study results, fiscal year 1990. Nov. 1992; Supplemental
report fiscal year 1993. Mar. 1996; Fiscal year 1997: Final report. July 1999.
360 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 368
Table 143. Medicare enrollees, enrollees in managed care, payments per enrollee, and
short-stay hospital utilization by geographic division and State: United States, 1994 and 1997
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Short-stay hospital utilization
Percent of
Enrollment enrollees in Payments Discharges Average length of stay
in thousands1 managed care2 per enrollee3 per 1,000 enrollees3 in days3
Geographic division
and State 1997 1994 1997 1994 1997 1994 1997 1994 1997
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,657 7.9 14.5 $4,375 $5,416 345 370 7.5 6.3
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,081 4.0 12.2 4,497 5,821 320 334 7.7 6.2
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 0.1 0.2 3,464 4,325 322 323 7.6 5.9
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 160 0.2 4.1 3,414 4,524 281 301 7.6 6.1
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 0.1 1.4 3,182 3,771 283 276 7.6 5.9
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 6.1 19.1 5,147 6,716 350 367 7.6 6.0
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.0 14.2 4,148 5,973 312 355 8.1 6.8
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 2.6 7.8 4,426 5,767 287 299 8.1 6.4
Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,917 4.6 15.9 4,917 5,974 354 388 9.8 7.9
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,646 6.2 14.4 4,855 6,117 334 365 11.2 9.0
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,191 2.6 11.4 4,531 5,889 354 369 10.2 8.2
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,080 3.3 20.2 5,212 5,831 379 428 8.0 6.6
East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 6,274 2.8 6.3 4,045 5,008 345 362 7.2 6.0
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691 2.4 9.9 3,982 4,989 350 374 7.1 6.0
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 2.6 3.2 3,945 4,775 345 349 6.9 5.8
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,625 5.5 8.9 4,324 5,192 374 385 7.3 6.1
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,364 0.7 2.2 4,307 5,442 328 353 7.6 6.4
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 2.0 3.7 3,246 4,142 310 319 6.8 5.7
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . 2,816 6.7 8.5 3,578 4,385 334 353 6.6 5.7
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 19.6 17.2 3,394 4,131 334 346 5.7 5.2
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 3.1 3.5 3,080 3,865 322 346 6.6 5.6
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 3.4 9.8 4,191 5,038 349 372 7.3 6.1
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 0.6 0.6 3,218 3,650 327 324 6.3 5.6
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 0.1 0.1 2,952 3,737 356 347 6.1 5.5
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 2.2 4.1 2,926 3,938 281 316 6.3 5.3
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 3.3 4.8 3,847 4,752 348 363 6.5 5.7
South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,207 6.1 11.5 4,390 5,322 341 359 7.4 6.2
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 0.2 8.1 4,712 4,968 326 326 8.1 6.5
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 1.4 11.1 4,997 5,561 362 353 7.5 6.2
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 77 3.9 11.1 5,655 7,548 376 397 10.1 8.1
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 1.5 3.5 3,748 4,587 348 355 7.3 6.4
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 8.3 7.6 3,798 4,896 420 437 7.1 6.1
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,071 0.5 1.4 3,465 4,552 314 349 8.0 6.5
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 0.1 1.0 3,777 4,681 319 346 8.3 6.6
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 0.4 2.4 4,402 5,223 378 379 6.9 6.0
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,732 13.8 23.8 5,027 6,152 326 352 7.1 6.0
East South Central . . . . . . . . . . 2,464 0.9 2.9 4,262 5,333 398 416 7.1 6.1
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 2.3 4.1 3,862 4,888 396 404 7.2 5.9
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 0.3 1.5 4,441 5,379 375 384 7.1 6.2
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 0.8 5.0 4,454 5,459 413 429 7.0 5.9
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 0.1 0.5 4,189 5,680 423 472 7.4 6.7
West South Central . . . . . . . . . . 3,673 2.8 9.8 4,628 6,212 351 386 7.2 6.1
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 0.2 2.1 3,719 4,517 366 383 7.0 6.2
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 0.4 11.0 5,468 6,984 399 449 7.2 6.1
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 2.5 6.8 4,098 5,557 355 373 7.0 6.1
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,158 4.1 11.7 4,703 6,531 333 372 7.2 6.1
Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,067 15.9 23.9 3,806 4,546 290 320 5.9 5.2
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 0.4 0.4 3,114 3,808 306 312 5.9 5.0
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 2.5 4.5 3,045 4,044 274 298 5.2 4.7
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3 2.7 3,537 4,235 315 315 5.6 5.2
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 17.2 28.9 3,935 5,021 302 315 6.0 5.2
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 13.6 18.0 3,110 3,939 301 314 6.0 5.4
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 24.8 35.4 4,442 4,707 292 358 5.9 5.1
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 9.4 13.5 3,443 4,334 238 251 5.4 4.9
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 19.0 30.2 4,306 5,361 291 341 7.0 5.8
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,156 27.2 36.2 4,657 5,740 341 391 6.0 5.4
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 12.5 23.8 3,401 4,405 269 296 5.3 5.0
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 27.7 37.2 3,285 4,274 305 373 5.2 4.6
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,768 30.0 38.9 5,219 6,335 366 421 6.1 5.5
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 0.6 0.9 3,687 5,487 269 298 6.3 6.0
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 29.8 32.0 3,069 4,043 301 330 9.1 7.8
1
Total persons enrolled in hospital insurance, supplementary medical insurance, or both, as of July 1. Includes fee-for-service and managed care enrollees.
2
Includes enrollees in Medicare-approved managed care organizations.
3
Data are for fee-for-service enrollees only.
NOTES: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding. Data for additional years are available (see Appendix III).
SOURCE: Health Care Financing Administration, Office of Strategic Planning. Health Care Financing Review: Medicare and Medicaid Statistical Supplements for years
1996 and 1999.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 361
Extracted source page 369
Table 144 (page 1 of 2). Medicaid recipients, recipients in managed care, payments per recipient, and
recipients per 100 persons below the poverty level by geographic division and State: United States,
selected fiscal years 1989–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Recipients Percent of recipients Payments Recipients per 100 persons
in thousands in managed care per recipient below the poverty level
Geographic division
and State 1996 19981 1996 1998 1990 1996 19981 1989–90 1997–98
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,118 40,649 40 54 $ 2,568 $3,369 $3,501 75 108
New England:
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 170 1 11 3,248 4,321 4,383 88 132
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . 100 94 16 10 5,423 5,496 6,449 53 83
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 124 – 48 2,530 2,954 2,834 108 208
Massachusetts2 . . . . . . . . . . . 715 908 70 63 4,622 5,285 5,075 103 129
2 3
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 153 63 63 3,778 5,280 6,004 163 116
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 381 61 72 4,829 6,179 6,350 167 98
Middle Atlantic:
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,281 3,073 23 30 5,099 6,811 7,907 95 103
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 813 43 59 4,054 5,217 5,188 83 94
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,168 1,523 53 68 2,449 3,993 3,992 88 95
East North Central:
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,478 1,291 32 28 2,566 3,729 4,742 98 108
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 607 31 58 3,859 4,130 4,222 45 106
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 1,364 13 13 2,271 3,689 4,526 69 107
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,172 1,363 73 68 2,094 2,867 3,188 85 119
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 519 32 49 3,179 4,384 4,255 95 105
West North Central:
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 538 33 53 3,709 5,342 5,432 70 95
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 315 41 92 2,589 3,534 4,092 80 115
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 734 35 42 2,002 3,171 3,601 63 110
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 62 55 52 3,955 4,889 5,476 58 67
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 90 65 71 3,368 4,114 3,974 51 85
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 211 27 73 2,595 3,548 3,566 61 111
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 242 32 49 2,524 3,425 3,788 71 95
South Atlantic:
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 101 78 77 3,004 3,773 4,138 68 122
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 561 64 67 3,300 5,138 4,437 74 123
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . 143 166 55 45 2,629 4,955 4,402 86 130
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 653 68 60 2,596 2,849 3,243 53 86
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 343 30 43 1,443 2,855 3,628 80 117
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130 1,168 37 69 2,531 3,255 3,437 66 121
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 595 1 4 2,343 3,026 3,393 52 109
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,185 1,222 32 76 3,190 2,604 2,465 64 113
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,638 1,905 64 65 2,273 2,851 2,986 55 88
East South Central:
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 644 53 63 2,089 3,014 3,763 81 114
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409 1,844 100 100 1,896 2,049 1,718 67 212
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 527 11 71 1,731 2,675 3,609 43 84
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 486 7 40 1,354 2,633 2,969 67 105
West South Central:
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 425 39 56 2,267 3,375 3,239 55 89
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 721 6 5 2,247 3,154 3,308 58 97
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 342 19 50 2,516 2,852 3,439 56 72
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,572 2,325 4 25 1,928 2,672 3,071 47 77
Mountain:
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 101 59 98 2,793 3,478 3,585 47 67
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 123 37 35 2,973 3,402 3,446 36 68
3
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 46 1 – 2,036 3,571 4,163 59 81
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 345 80 99 2,705 3,815 4,173 45 87
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 329 45 80 2,120 2,757 2,617 39 86
Arizona4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 508 86 85 --- --- 3,238 --- 65
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 216 82 91 2,279 2,775 2,867 72 96
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 128 41 39 3,161 3,361 3,606 37 61
See footnotes at end of table.
362 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 370
Table 144 (page 2 of 2). Medicaid recipients, recipients in managed care, payments per recipient, and
recipients per 100 persons below the poverty level by geographic division and State: United States,
selected fiscal years 1989–98
[Data are compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration]
Recipients Percent of recipients Payments Recipients per 100 persons
in thousands in managed care per recipient below the poverty level
Geographic division
and State 1996 19981 1996 1998 1990 1996 19981 1989–90 1997–98
Pacific:
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 1413 100 91 2,128 2,242 1,447 98 196
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 511 91 89 2,283 2,915 2,695 74 118
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,107 7,082 23 46 1,795 2,178 2,010 88 113
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 75 – – 3,562 4,027 4,434 70 128
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 185 80 80 2,252 6,574 2,749 73 133
– Quantity zero.
- - - Data not available.
1
Prior to 1998 recipient counts exclude those individuals who only received coverage under prepaid health care and for whom no direct vendor payments were made
during the year. Prior to 1998 vendor payments exclude payments to health maintenance organizations and other prepaid health plans ($19.3 billion in 1998 and $18
billion in 1997). The total number of persons who were Medicaid eligible and enrolled was 41.4 million in 1998, 41.6 million in 1997, and 41.2 million in 1996 (HCFA
Medicaid Statistics, Program and Financial Statistics FY1996, FY1997, and FY1998. unpublished).
2
Data for categorically eligible blind Medicaid recipients in 1990 are estimated by the Bureau of Data Management and Strategy, HCFA.
3
Data are estimated by the Bureau of Data Management and Strategy, HCFA.
4
Arizona has a limited Medicaid program, with care financed largely on a capitated basis.
NOTE: Payments exclude disproportionate share hospital payments ($16 billion in 1997 and $15 billion in 1998).
SOURCES: Health Care Financing Administration. Office of Information Services, Enterprise Databases Group, Division of Information Distribution; Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 363
Extracted source page 371
Table 145. Persons enrolled in health maintenance organizations (HMO’s) by geographic division and
State: United States, selected years 1980–99
[Data are based on a census of health maintenance organizations]
Number in
thousands Percent of population
Geographic division and State 1999 1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
United States1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,333 4.0 7.9 13.5 17.3 19.4 22.3 25.2 28.6 30.1
New England:
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 0.4 0.3 2.6 5.1 7.0 9.5 15.9 19.1 20.2
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 1.2 5.6 9.6 14.2 18.5 21.9 23.9 33.8 34.9
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 – – 6.4 11.2 12.5 13.4 – – 4.0
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,252 2.9 13.7 26.5 34.5 39.0 39.0 44.6 54.2 52.9
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 3.7 9.1 20.6 26.6 19.6 23.7 11.8 29.8 40.5
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,272 2.4 7.1 19.9 21.2 21.2 29.8 34.7 42.9 38.8
Middle Atlantic:
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,940 5.5 8.0 15.1 23.4 26.6 29.2 35.7 37.8 38.2
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,391 2.0 5.6 12.3 11.4 14.7 23.0 27.5 31.3 29.5
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,036 1.2 5.0 12.5 18.3 21.5 27.4 29.9 37.1 33.6
East North Central:
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,843 2.2 6.7 13.3 15.2 16.3 18.5 17.6 23.4 25.4
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 0.5 3.6 6.1 7.4 8.3 9.9 11.9 14.0 13.2
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,506 1.9 7.1 12.6 16.2 17.2 20.0 17.1 20.8 20.8
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,648 2.4 9.9 15.2 18.3 20.5 22.2 23.5 25.3 27.0
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614 8.5 17.8 21.7 22.4 24.0 27.6 24.9 30.8 30.9
West North Central:
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437 9.9 22.2 16.4 25.4 26.5 28.6 32.7 32.4 30.4
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 0.2 4.8 10.1 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.9
Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,860 2.3 6.0 8.2 15.0 18.5 24.0 30.2 33.7 34.2
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 0.4 2.5 1.7 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.5
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – – 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.5 5.1 6.1
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 1.1 1.8 5.1 6.9 8.6 10.8 15.4 16.9 18.4
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 – 3.3 7.9 5.2 4.7 6.3 11.5 14.4 16.8
South Atlantic:
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 – 3.9 17.5 16.6 18.4 29.3 38.8 48.1 45.7
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,362 2.0 4.8 14.2 24.5 29.5 30.9 38.0 43.6 46.0
District of Columbia2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 --- --- --- --- --- --- 34.1 33.0 33.7
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,332 – 1.1 6.1 7.2 7.7 8.7 15.7 16.9 19.6
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 0.7 1.7 3.9 4.1 5.8 7.0 9.4 10.7 10.5
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,416 0.6 1.6 4.8 6.7 8.3 11.1 14.6 17.1 18.8
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 0.2 1.0 1.9 3.6 5.5 9.0 8.4 9.9 10.0
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,239 0.1 2.9 4.8 6.7 7.6 9.4 12.7 15.5 16.2
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,900 1.5 5.6 10.6 15.7 18.8 23.0 29.0 31.5 32.9
East South Central:
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,281 0.9 1.6 5.7 10.6 16.1 15.3 27.4 35.1 32.5
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,046 – 1.8 3.7 11.0 12.2 13.9 15.3 24.1 37.7
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 0.3 0.9 5.3 6.2 7.3 7.9 9.8 10.8 10.0
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 – – – 0.1 0.7 1.2 2.4 3.6 3.2
West South Central:
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 – 0.1 2.2 5.4 3.8 15.2 8.7 10.7 12.3
Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 0.6 0.9 5.4 7.5 7.2 11.0 14.7 16.6 17.7
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 – 2.1 5.5 7.1 7.6 10.3 12.4 13.8 14.2
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,676 0.6 3.4 6.9 9.1 12.0 12.3 15.3 17.8 18.6
Mountain:
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 – – 1.0 1.6 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.9 6.6
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 1.2 – 1.8 1.1 1.4 3.7 4.3 5.7 6.4
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – – – – – – 0.4 0.7 1.2
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,563 6.9 10.8 20.0 22.2 23.3 25.8 31.1 36.4 39.4
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 1.4 2.0 12.7 12.7 15.1 15.5 21.0 32.3 38.1
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,496 6.0 10.3 16.2 22.5 25.8 29.0 28.8 30.3 32.0
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 0.6 8.8 13.9 23.4 25.1 30.1 40.7 35.6 35.2
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 – 5.8 8.5 11.9 15.9 18.7 20.8 26.8 23.5
Pacific:
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 9.4 8.7 14.6 21.0 18.7 23.2 25.1 26.3 17.3
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,422 12.0 14.0 24.7 29.6 40.0 44.8 47.2 45.3 43.3
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,025 16.8 22.5 30.7 33.7 36.0 40.3 43.8 47.1 52.1
Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – – – – – – – – – –
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 15.3 18.1 21.6 21.1 21.0 21.6 25.0 32.8 33.7
– Quantity zero. - - - Data not available.
1
HMO’s in Guam are included starting in 1994; HMO’s in Puerto Rico, starting in 1998. In 1999 HMO enrollment in Guam was 93,000 and in Puerto Rico, 1,354,000.
2
Data for the District of Columbia (DC) were not included for 1980–96 because the data were not adjusted for the high proportion of enrollees of DC-based HMO’s
living in Maryland and Virginia.
NOTES: Data for 1980–90 are for pure HMO enrollment at midyear. Data for 1994–99 are for pure and open-ended enrollment as of January 1. In 1990 open-ended
enrollment accounted for 3 percent of HMO enrollment compared with 11 percent in 1999. See Appendix II, Health maintenance organization.
SOURCE: The InterStudy Edge, Managed care: A decade in review 1980–1990. The InterStudy Competitive Edge, vols 4–9, 1994–1999. St. Paul, Minnesota
(Copyrights 1991, 1994–1999: Used with the permission of InterStudy).
364 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 372
Table 146. Persons without health care coverage by geographic division and State: United States,
selected years 1987–98
[Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population]
Number in
thousands Percent of population
Geographic division and State 1998 1987 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,281 12.9 13.9 15.0 15.3 15.2 15.4 15.6 16.1 16.3
New England:
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8.4 11.2 11.1 11.1 13.1 13.5 12.1 14.9 12.7
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.1 9.9 12.6 12.5 11.9 10.1 9.6 11.8 11.3
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 9.8 9.5 9.5 11.9 8.6 13.0 11.0 9.5 9.9
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 6.3 9.1 10.6 11.7 12.5 11.1 12.4 12.6 10.3
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.8 11.1 9.5 10.3 11.5 12.9 9.9 10.2 10.0
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 6.4 6.9 8.2 10.0 10.4 8.8 11.0 12.0 12.6
Middle Atlantic:
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,177 11.6 12.1 13.9 13.9 16.0 15.2 17.0 17.5 17.3
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,329 7.9 10.0 13.3 13.7 13.0 14.2 16.8 16.5 16.4
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,248 7.2 10.1 8.7 10.8 10.6 10.0 9.5 10.1 10.5
East North Central:
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,169 9.2 10.3 11.0 11.1 11.0 11.9 11.5 11.5 10.4
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 13.4 10.7 11.0 11.9 10.5 12.6 10.6 11.4 14.4
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,842 9.7 10.9 13.2 12.6 11.4 11.0 11.3 12.4 15.0
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,328 8.4 9.4 10.0 11.2 10.8 9.7 8.9 11.6 13.2
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 6.5 6.7 9.1 8.7 8.9 7.3 8.4 8.0 11.8
West North Central:
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 6.6 8.9 8.1 10.1 9.5 8.0 10.2 9.2 9.3
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 7.3 8.1 10.3 9.2 9.7 11.3 11.6 12.0 9.3
Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 10.5 12.7 14.4 12.2 12.2 14.6 13.2 12.6 10.5
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.7 6.3 8.2 13.4 8.4 8.2 9.8 15.2 14.2
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 13.7 11.6 15.1 13.0 10.0 9.4 9.5 11.8 14.3
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 9.6 8.5 9.4 11.9 10.7 9.0 11.4 10.8 9.0
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 10.3 10.8 10.9 12.7 12.9 12.4 11.4 11.7 10.3
South Atlantic:
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 10.5 13.9 11.2 13.4 13.5 15.8 13.3 13.1 14.7
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 9.8 12.7 11.3 13.5 12.6 15.3 11.4 13.4 16.6
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 15.6 19.2 21.7 20.7 16.4 17.3 14.8 16.2 17.0
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946 10.4 15.7 14.6 13.0 12.0 13.5 12.5 12.6 14.1
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 13.5 13.8 15.4 18.3 16.2 15.3 14.9 17.2 17.2
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,111 13.3 13.8 13.9 14.0 13.3 14.3 16.0 15.5 15.0
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 11.1 16.2 17.2 16.9 14.2 14.6 17.1 16.8 15.4
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,341 13.0 15.3 19.1 18.4 16.2 17.9 17.8 17.6 17.5
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,564 17.4 18.0 19.8 19.6 17.2 18.3 18.9 19.6 17.5
East South Central:
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 15.2 13.2 14.6 12.5 15.2 14.6 15.4 15.0 14.1
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 14.5 13.7 13.6 13.2 10.2 14.8 15.2 13.6 13.0
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 15.8 17.4 16.8 17.2 19.2 13.5 12.8 15.5 17.0
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 17.1 19.9 19.4 17.9 17.8 19.7 18.5 20.1 20.0
West South Central:
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 20.7 17.4 19.9 19.7 17.4 18.0 21.7 24.4 18.7
Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 17.1 19.7 22.3 23.9 19.2 20.5 20.8 14.9 19.0
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 18.1 18.6 22.0 23.6 17.8 19.2 17.0 17.8 18.3
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,880 21.1 21.1 23.1 21.8 24.2 24.5 24.3 24.5 24.5
Mountain:
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 15.5 14.0 9.4 15.3 13.6 12.7 13.6 19.5 19.6
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 15.3 15.2 16.5 14.8 14.0 14.0 16.5 17.7 17.7
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 11.4 12.5 11.7 15.0 15.4 15.9 13.4 15.5 16.9
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 13.8 14.7 12.7 12.6 12.4 14.8 16.6 15.1 15.1
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 22.7 22.2 19.8 22.0 23.1 25.6 22.3 22.6 21.1
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,187 18.4 15.5 15.5 20.2 20.2 20.4 24.1 24.5 24.2
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 12.4 9.0 11.8 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.0 13.4 13.9
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 15.9 16.5 23.0 18.1 15.7 18.7 15.6 17.5 21.2
Pacific:
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 13.0 11.4 10.4 12.6 12.7 12.4 13.5 11.4 12.3
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 15.0 12.4 13.6 14.7 13.1 12.5 15.3 13.3 14.3
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,373 16.8 19.1 20.0 19.7 21.1 20.6 20.1 21.5 22.1
Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 16.2 15.4 16.8 13.3 13.3 12.5 13.4 18.1 17.3
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.5 7.3 6.1 11.1 9.2 8.9 8.6 7.5 10.0
NOTES: New health insurance questions were introduced for a quarter sample for 1993 data and the full sample for 1994 data. Starting with 1993 data, the collection
method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. 1990 census population controls were implemented starting with 1992 data. Estimates of the
percent of persons lacking health care coverage based on the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (table 128) are slightly higher than those based on the March
Current Population Survey (CPS). See Appendix II, Health insurance coverage.
SOURCES: U.S. Bureau of the Census: Household Economic Studies. Current population reports, series P–60, no 190. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Nov. 1995; press release CB98–172, Sept. 28, 1998; and unpublished data from the Current Population Survey provided by the Income Statistics Branch.
Health, United States, 2000 ...................................................................................................... 365
Extracted source page 373
[No extractable text was available for this source page.]
Extracted source page 374
........................................................................................... Appendix Contents
I. Sources and Limitations of Data 372
Introduction 372
Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Health Statistics
National Vital Statistics System 373
National Linked File of Live Births and Infant Deaths 377
Compressed Mortality File 378
National Survey of Family Growth 378
National Health Interview Survey 379
National Immunization Survey 381
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 381
National Health Provider Inventory (National Master Facility Inventory) 383
National Home and Hospice Care Survey 383
National Hospital Discharge Survey 384
National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery 385
National Nursing Home Survey 385
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 387
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 387
National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention
AIDS Surveillance 388
Epidemiology Program Office
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System 388
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Abortion Surveillance 389
Health Resources and Services Administration
Bureau of Health Professions
Nurse Supply Estimates 390
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Office of Applied Studies
National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse 390
Drug Abuse Warning Network 391
Uniform Facility Data Set 391
Center for Mental Health Services
Surveys of Mental Health Organizations 392
National Institutes of Health
National Cancer Institute
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program 393
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Monitoring the Future Study (High School Senior Survey) 393
Health Care Financing Administration
Office of the Actuary
Estimates of National Health Expenditures 394
Estimates of State Health Expenditures 395
Medicare National Claims History Files 395
Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey 396
Medicaid Data System 396
Online Survey Certification and Reporting Database 397
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 369
Extracted source page 375
Appendix Contents ...........................................................................................
Department of Commerce
Bureau of the Census
Census of Population 397
Current Population Survey 398
Population Estimates 398
Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses 398
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries 399
Consumer Price Index 400
Employment and Earnings 401
Employer Costs for Employee Compensation 401
Department of Veterans Affairs
The Patient Treatment File 401
The Patient Census File 401
The Outpatient Clinic File 402
Environmental Protection Agency
Aerometric Information Retrieval System 402
United Nations
Demographic Yearbook 402
World Health Statistics Annual 403
Alan Guttmacher Institute
Abortion Survey 403
American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine 403
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy 404
American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine 404
American Dental Association 404
American Hospital Association
Annual Survey of Hospitals 404
American Medical Association
Physician Masterfile 404
Annual Census of Hospitals 405
Association of American Medical Colleges 405
Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry 405
Association of Schools of Public Health 405
InterStudy
National Health Maintenance Organization Census 406
National League for Nursing 406
II. Glossary 407
Glossary Tables
I. Standard million age distribution used to adjust death rates to the U.S. population in 1940 408
II. Numbers of live births and mother’s age groups used to adjust maternal mortality rates to live
births in the United States in 1970 409
III. Populations and age groups used to age adjust NCHS survey data 409
IV. Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, according to year of conference by which
adopted and years in use in the United States 411
V. Cause-of-death codes, according to applicable revision of International Classification of Diseases 412
VI. Codes for first-listed external causes of injury from the International Classification of Diseases,
Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification 416
VII. Codes for industries; according to the Standard Industrial Classificiation (SIC) Manual 421
370 ....................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 376
........................................................................................... Appendix Contents
VIII. Codes for diagnostic categories from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,
Clinical Modification 422
IX. Codes for procedure categories from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,
Clinical Modification 423
X. Mental health codes, according to applicable revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases 425
XI. Current cigarette smoking by persons 18 years of age and over, according to race and Hispanic
origin under the 1977 and 1997 Standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity: United States,
average annual, 1993–95 432
XII. Private health care coverage for persons under 65 years of age, according to race and Hispanic
origin under the 1977 and 1997 Standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity: United States,
average annual 1993–95 433
III. Additional Data 438
Index to Trend Tables 440
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 371
Extracted source page 377
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Introduction expenditures cover the entire population. Most data on
morbidity and utilization of health resources cover
This report consolidates the most current data on only the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Thus,
the health of the population of the United States, the statistics are not included for military personnel who
availability and use of health resources, and health care are usually young; for institutionalized people who
expenditures. The information was obtained from the may be any age; or for nursing home residents who
data files and/or published reports of many are usually old.
governmental and nongovernmental agencies and All data collection systems are subject to error,
organizations. In each case, the sponsoring agency or and records may be incomplete or contain inaccurate
organization collected data using its own methods and information. People may not remember essential
procedures. Therefore, the data in this report vary information, a question may not mean the same thing
considerably with respect to source, method of to different respondents, and some institutions or
collection, definitions, and reference period. individuals may not respond at all. It is not always
Much of the data presented in the detailed tables possible to measure the magnitude of these errors or
are from the ongoing data collection systems of the their impact on the data. Where possible, the tables
National Center for Health Statistics. For an overview have notes describing the universe and the method of
of these systems, see: Kovar MG. Data systems of the data collection to enable the user to place his or her
National Center for Health Statistics. National Center own evaluation on the data. In many instances data do
for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(23). 1989. not add to totals because of rounding.
However, health care personnel data come primarily Some information is collected in more than one
from the Bureau of Health Professions, Health survey and estimates of the same statistic may vary
Resources and Services Administration, and the among surveys. For example, cigarette use is measured
American Medical Association. National health by the Health Interview Survey, the National
expenditures data were compiled by the Office of the Household Survey of Drug Abuse, and the Monitoring
Actuary, Health Care Financing Administration. the Future Survey. Estimates of cigarette use may
Although a detailed description and comprehensive differ among surveys because of different survey
evaluation of each data source is beyond the scope of methodologies, sampling frames, questionnaires,
this appendix, users should be aware of the general definitions, and tabulation categories.
strengths and weaknesses of the different data Overall estimates generally have relatively small
collection systems. For example, population-based sampling errors, but estimates for certain population
surveys obtain socioeconomic data, data on family subgroups may be based on small numbers and have
characteristics, and information on the impact of an relatively large sampling errors. Numbers of births and
illness, such as days lost from work or limitation of deaths from the vital statistics system represent
activity. They are limited by the amount of information complete counts (except for births in those States
a respondent remembers or is willing to report. where data are based on a 50-percent sample for
Detailed medical information, such as precise certain years). Therefore, they are not subject to
diagnoses or the types of operations performed, may sampling error. However, when the figures are used for
not be known and so will not be reported. Health care analytical purposes, such as the comparison of rates
providers, such as physicians and hospitals, usually over a period, the number of events that actually
have good diagnostic information but little or no occurred may be considered as one of a large series of
information about the socioeconomic characteristics of possible results that could have arisen under the same
individuals or the impact of illnesses on individuals. circumstances. When the number of events is small
The populations covered by different data and the probability of such an event is small,
collection systems may not be the same, and considerable caution must be observed in interpreting
understanding the differences is critical to interpreting the conditions described by the figures. Estimates that
the data. Data on vital statistics and national
372 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 378
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
are unreliable because of large sampling errors or CHSS. The number of participating States grew from 6
small numbers of events are noted with asterisks in in 1972 to 46 in 1984. Starting in 1985 all 50 States
selected tables. The criteria used to designate and the District of Columbia participated in VSCP.
unreliable estimates are indicated as notes to the In most areas practically all births and deaths are
applicable tables. registered. The most recent test of the completeness of
The descriptive summaries that follow provide a birth registration, conducted on a sample of births from
general overview of study design, methods of data 1964 to 1968, showed that 99.3 percent of all births in
collection, and reliability and validity of the data. the United States during that period were registered.
More complete and detailed discussions are found in No comparable information is available for deaths, but
the publications referenced at the end of each it is generally believed that death registration in the
summary. The data set or source is listed under the United States is at least as complete as birth
agency or organization that sponsored the data registration.
collection. Demographic information on the birth certificate
such as race and ethnicity is provided by the mother at
the time of birth. Medical and health information is
Department of Health and Human Services based on hospital records. Demographic information on
the death certificate is provided by the funeral director
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on information supplied by an informant.
Medical certification of cause of death is provided by a
National Center for Health Statistics physician, medical examiner, or coroner.
National Vital Statistics System U.S. Standard Certificates—U.S. Standard Live
Birth and Death Certificates and Fetal Death Reports
Through the National Vital Statistics System, the
are revised periodically, allowing careful evaluation of
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) collects
each item and addition, modification, and deletion of
and publishes data on births, deaths, marriages, and
items. Beginning with 1989 revised standard
divorces in the United States. Fetal deaths are
certificates replaced the 1978 versions. The 1989
classified and tabulated separately from other deaths.
revision of the birth certificate includes items to
The Division of Vital Statistics obtains information on
identify the Hispanic parentage of newborns and to
births and deaths from the registration offices of all
expand information about maternal and infant health
States, New York City, the District of Columbia,
characteristics. The 1989 revision of the death
Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam.
certificate includes items on educational attainment and
Geographic coverage for births and deaths has been
Hispanic origin of decedents as well as changes to
complete since 1933. U.S. data shown in detailed
improve the medical certification of cause of death.
tables in this book are for the 50 States and the
Standard certificates recommended by NCHS are
District of Columbia, unless otherwise specified.
modified in each registration area to serve the area’s
Until 1972 microfilm copies of all death
needs. However, most certificates conform closely in
certificates and a 50-percent sample of birth certificates
content and arrangement to the standard certificate, and
were received from all registration areas and processed
all certificates contain a minimum data set specified by
by NCHS. In 1972 some States began sending their
NCHS. For selected items, reporting areas expanded
data to NCHS through the Cooperative Health
during the years spanned by this report. For items on
Statistics System (CHSS). States that participated in
the birth certificate, the number of reporting States
the CHSS program processed 100 percent of their
increased for mother’s education, prenatal care, marital
death and birth records and sent the entire data file to
status, Hispanic parentage, and tobacco use; and on the
NCHS on computer tapes. Currently, the data are sent
death certificate, for educational attainment and
to NCHS through the Vital Statistics Cooperative
Hispanic origin of the decedent.
Program (VSCP), following the same procedures as
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 373
Extracted source page 379
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Birth certificate items— from 4 additional States, Connecticut, Delaware,
Race—Data on birth rates, birth characteristics, Georgia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia,
and fetal death rates for 1980 and more recent increasing the number of States reporting mother’s
years for liveborn infants and fetal deaths are education to 42 and the District of Columbia.
presented in this report according to race of Between 1980 and 1988 only three States,
mother, unless specified otherwise. Before 1980 California, Texas, and Washington did not report
data were tabulated by race of newborn and fetus, mother’s education. In 1988 mother’s education
taking into account the race of both parents. If the was also missing from New York State outside of
parents were of different races and one parent was New York City. In 1989–91 mother’s education
white, the child was classified according to the was missing only from Washington and New York
race of the other parent. When neither parent was State outside of New York City. Starting in 1992
white, the child was classified according to mother’s education was reported by all 50 States
father’s race, with one exception: if either parent and the District of Columbia.
was Hawaiian, the child was classified Hawaiian. Prenatal care—Prenatal care was reported on the
Before 1964, if race was unknown, the birth was birth certificate by 39 States and the District of
classified as white. Beginning in 1964 unknown Columbia in 1970. Data were not available from
race was classified according to information on the Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
previous record. Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Massachusetts, New
Maternal age—Mother’s age was reported on the Mexico, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In 1975 these
birth certificate by all States. Data are presented data were available from 3 additional States,
for mothers age 10–49 years through 1996 and Connecticut, Delaware, and Georgia, increasing
10–54 years starting in 1997, based on mother’s the number of States reporting prenatal care to 42
date of birth or age as reported on the birth and the District of Columbia. Starting in 1980
certificate. The age of mother is edited for upper prenatal care information was available for the
and lower limits. When the age of the mother is entire United States.
computed to be under 10 years or 55 years or over Marital status—Mother’s marital status was
(50 years or over in 1964–96), it is considered not reported on the birth certificate by 39 States and
stated and imputed according to the age of the the District of Columbia in 1970, and by 38 States
mother from the previous birth record of the same and the District of Columbia in 1975. The
race and total birth order (total of fetal deaths and incidence of births to unmarried women in States
live births). Before 1963 not stated ages were with no direct question on marital status was
distributed in proportion to the known ages for assumed to be the same as the incidence in
each racial group. Beginning in 1997 the birth rate reporting States in the same geographic division.
for the maternal age group 45–49 years includes Starting in 1980 for States without a direct
data for mother’s age 50–54 years in the question, marital status was inferred by comparing
numerator and is based on the population of the parents’ and child’s surnames and other
women 45–49 years in the denominator. information concerning the father. In 1980–96
Maternal education—Mother’s education was marital status was reported on the birth certificates
reported on the birth certificate by 38 States in of 41–45 States. In 1997, all but four States
1970. Data were not available from Alabama, (Connecticut, Michigan, Nevada, and New York)
Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, and, in 1998, all but two States (Michigan and
District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, New York) included a direct question about
New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Texas, and mother’s marital status on their birth certificates.
Washington. In 1975 these data were available
374 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 380
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
Hispanic origin—In 1980 and 1981 information information on tobacco use was available for 46
on births of Hispanic parentage was reported on States and the District of Columbia with the
the birth certificate by the following 22 States: addition of Oklahoma to the reporting area; and in
Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, 1994–97, for 46 States, the District of Columbia,
Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, and New York City.
Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New
Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Death certificate items—
Utah, and Wyoming. In 1982 Tennessee, and in Education of decedent—Information on
1983 the District of Columbia began reporting this educational attainment of decedents became
information. Between 1983 and 1987 information available for the first time in 1989 due to the
on births of Hispanic parentage was available for revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death.
23 States and the District of Columbia. In 1988 Mortality data by educational attainment for 1989
this information became available for Alabama, were based on data from 20 States and by
Connecticut, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Montana, 1994–96 increased to 45 States and the District of
North Carolina, and Washington, increasing the Columbia. In 1994–96 the following States either
number of States reporting information on births did not report educational attainment on the death
of Hispanic parentage to 30 States and the District certificate or the information was more than
of Columbia. In 1989 this information became 20 percent incomplete: Georgia, Kentucky,
available from an additional 17 States, increasing Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and South Dakota. In
the number of Hispanic-reporting States to 47 and 1997 and 1998 information on decedent’s
the District of Columbia. In 1989 only Louisiana, education was available from Oklahoma,
New Hampshire, and Oklahoma did not report increasing the reporting area to 46 States and the
Hispanic parentage on the birth certificate. In 1990 District of Columbia. Information on the death
Louisiana began reporting Hispanic parentage. certificate about the decedent’s educational
Hispanic origin of the mother was reported on the attainment is reported by the funeral director based
birth certificates of 49 States and the District of on information provided by an informant such as
Columbia in 1991 and 1992; only New Hampshire next of kin.
did not provide this information. Starting in 1993 Calculation of unbiased death rates by
Hispanic origin of mother was reported by all 50 educational attainment based on the National Vital
States and the District of Columbia. In 1990, Statistics System requires that the reporting of
99 percent of birth records included information education on the death certificate be complete and
on mother’s origin. consistent with the reporting of education on the
Tobacco use—Information on tobacco use during Current Population Survey, the source of
pregnancy became available for the first time in population estimates that form the denominators
1989 with the revision of the U.S. Standard Birth for death rates. Death records with education not
Certificate. In 1989 data on tobacco use were stated have not been included in the calculation of
collected by 43 States and the District of rates. Therefore the levels of the rates shown in
Columbia. The following States did not require the this report are underestimated by approximately
reporting of tobacco use in the standard format on the percent not stated, which ranged from 3 to
the birth certificate: California, Indiana, Louisiana, 5 percent.
Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, and South The validity of information about the
Dakota. In 1990 information on tobacco use decedent’s education was evaluated by comparing
became available from Louisiana and Nebraska, self-reported education obtained in the Current
increasing the number of reporting States to 45 Population Survey with education on the death
and the District of Columbia. In 1991–93 certificate for decedents in the National
Longitudinal Mortality Survey (NLMS). (Sorlie
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 375
Extracted source page 381
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
PD, Johnson NJ: Validity of education information Jersey began reporting Hispanic origin of
on the death certificate, Epidemiology 7(4):437–9, decedent, increasing the number of reporting
1996.) Another analysis compared self-reported States to 18 and the District of Columbia in 1986
education collected in the first National Health and and 1987. In 1988 Alabama, Kentucky, Maine,
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) with Montana, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island,
education on the death certificate for decedents in and Washington were added to the reporting area,
the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study. increasing the number of States to 26 and the
(Makuc DM, Feldman JJ, Mussolino ME: Validity District of Columbia. In 1989 an additional 18
of education and age as reported on death States were added, increasing the Hispanic
certificates, American Statistical Association 1996 reporting area to 44 States and the District of
Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, Columbia. In 1989 only Connecticut, Louisiana,
102–6, 1997.) Results of both studies indicated Maryland, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, and
that there is a tendency for some people who did Virginia were not included in the reporting area.
not graduate from high school to be reported as Starting with 1990 data in this book, the criterion
high school graduates on the death certificate. This was changed to include States whose data were at
tendency results in overstating the death rate for least 80 percent complete. In 1990 Maryland,
high school graduates and understating the death Virginia, and Connecticut, in 1991 Louisiana, and
rate for the group with less than 12 years of in 1993 New Hampshire were added, increasing
education. The bias was greater among older than the reporting area for Hispanic origin of decedent
younger decedents and somewhat greater among to 47 States and the District of Columbia in 1990,
black than white decedents. 48 States and the District of Columbia in 1991
In addition, educational gradients in death and 1992, and 49 States and the District of
rates based on the National Vital Statistics System Columbia in 1993–96. Only Oklahoma did not
were compared with those based on the NLMS, a provide this information in 1993–96. Starting in
prospective study of persons in the Current 1997 Hispanic origin of decedent was reported by
Population Survey. Results of these comparisons all 50 States and the District of Columbia. Based
indicate that educational gradients in death rates on data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the
based on the National Vital Statistics System were 1990 reporting area encompassed 99.6 percent of
reasonably similar to those based on NLMS for the U.S. Hispanic population. In 1990 more than
white persons 25–64 years of age and black 96 percent of death records included information
persons 25–44 years of age. The number of deaths on origin of decedent.
for persons of Hispanic origin in NLMS was too
Race and Hispanic origin—Death rates by race
small to permit comparison for this ethnic group.
and Hispanic origin are based on information from
Hispanic origin—In 1985 mortality data by death certificates (numerators of the rates) and on
Hispanic origin of decedent were based on deaths population estimates from the Census Bureau
to residents of the following 17 States and the (denominators) (see Appendix I, Bureau of the
District of Columbia whose data on the death Census). Race and ethnicity information on the
certificate were at least 90 percent complete on a death certificate are reported by the funeral
place-of-occurrence basis and of comparable director as provided by an informant, often the
format: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, surviving next of kin, or, in the absence of an
Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, informant, on the basis of observation. Race and
Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, ethnicity information from the Census is by
Ohio, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. In 1986 New self-report. To the extent that race and Hispanic
origin are inconsistent between these two data
sources, death rates will be biased. Studies have
376 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 382
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
shown that persons self-reported as American Mortality data in Health, United States are
Indian, Asian, or Hispanic on census and survey presented for four major race groups, white, black,
records may sometimes be reported as white or American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or
non-Hispanic on the death certificate, resulting in Pacific Islander, in accordance with 1977 U.S.
an underestimation of deaths and death rates for Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
the American Indian, Asian, and Hispanic groups. standards for presenting Federal statistics on race.
Bias also results from undercounts of some Over the next several years, major changes will
population groups in the census, particularly occur in the way Federal agencies collect and
young black and white males and elderly persons, tabulate data on race and Hispanic origin in
resulting in an overestimation of death rates. The accordance with new guidelines from OMB (see
net effects of misclassification and under coverage Appendix II, Race). The major difference between
result in overstated death rates for the white the current and new guidelines is the adoption of
population and black population estimated to be data-collection procedures in which respondents
1 percent and 5 percent, respectively; and can identify with more than one race group.
understated death rates for other population groups Alaska data—For 1995 the number of deaths
estimated as follows: American Indians, occurring in Alaska is in error for selected causes
21 percent; Asian or Pacific Islanders, 11 percent; because NCHS did not receive changes resulting from
and Hispanics, 2 percent. For more information, amended records and because of errors in processing
see Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, the cause-of-death data. Differences are concentrated
Johnson NJ, et al. Quality of death rates by race among selected causes of death, principally Symptoms,
and Hispanic origin: A summary of current signs, and ill-defined conditions (ICD-9 Nos. 780–799)
research, 1999. National Center for Health and external causes.
Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(128). 1999.
Infant and maternal mortality rates are For more information, see: National Center for
calculated with denominators comprised of number Health Statistics, Technical Appendix, Vital Statistics of
of live births rather than population estimates. the United States, 1992, Vol. I, Natality, DHHS Pub.
Starting with 1980 infant and maternal mortality No. (PHS) 96–1100 and Vol. II, Mortality, Part A,
trends are based on maternal race and ethnicity of DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 96–1101, Public Health
the live birth in the denominator. Before 1980 Service. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office,
infant and maternal mortality trends were based on 1996; or visit the NCHS home page at
child’s race in the denominator, which took into www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
account the race of both parents. Infant and
maternal mortality trends for Hispanics National Linked File of Live Births and Infant Deaths
commenced with 1985 and are based on Hispanic National linked files of live births and infant
origin of mother. deaths are data sets for research on infant mortality. To
Vital event rates for the American Indian or create these data sets, death certificates are linked with
Alaska Native population shown in this book are corresponding birth certificates for infants who die in
based on the total U.S. resident population of the United States before their first birthday. Linked
American Indians and Alaska Natives as data files include all of the variables on the national
enumerated by the U.S. Bureau of Census. In natality file, including the more accurate racial and
contrast the Indian Health Service calculates vital ethnic information, as well as the variables on the
event rates for this population based on U.S. national mortality file, including cause of death and
Bureau of Census county data for American age at death. The linkage makes available for the
Indians and Alaska Natives who reside on or near analysis of infant mortality extensive information from
reservations.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 377
Extracted source page 383
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
the birth certificate about the pregnancy, maternal risk Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of
factors, and infant characteristics and health items at Agriculture. See Appendix II, Urbanization. For more
birth. Each year 97–98 percent of infant death records information about the CMF, contact: D. Ingram,
are linked to their corresponding birth records. Analytic Studies Branch, Division of Health and
National linked files of live births and infant Utilization Analysis, National Center for Health
deaths were first produced for the 1983 birth cohort. Statistics, 6525 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782.
Birth cohort linked file data are available for 1983–91
and period linked file data for 1995–97. While birth National Survey of Family Growth
cohort linked files have methodological advantages, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth
their production incurs substantial delays in data (NSFG) are based on samples of women ages 15–44
availability, since it is necessary to wait until the close years in the civilian noninstitutionalized population of
of a second data year to include all infant deaths to the the United States. The first and second cycles,
birth cohort. Starting with data year 1995, more timely conducted in 1973 and 1976, excluded most women
linked file data are produced in a period data format who had never been married. The third, fourth, and
preceding the release of the corresponding birth cohort fifth cycles, conducted in 1982, 1988, and 1995,
format. Other changes to the data set starting with included all women ages 15–44 years.
1995 data include the addition of record weights to The purpose of the survey is to provide national
correct for the 2.2–2.5 percent of records that could not data on factors affecting birth and pregnancy rates,
be linked and the addition of an imputation for not adoption, and maternal and infant health. These factors
stated birthweight. include sexual activity, marriage, divorce and
For more information, see: Prager K. Infant remarriage, unmarried cohabitation, contraception and
mortality by birthweight and other characteristics: sterilization, infertility, breastfeeding, pregnancy loss,
United States, 1985 birth cohort. National Center for low birthweight, and use of medical care for family
Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 20(24). 1994; planning and infertility.
MacDorman MF, Atkinson JO. Infant mortality Interviews are conducted in person by professional
statistics from the 1997 period linked birth/death data female interviewers using a standardized questionnaire.
set. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 47 no 23, supp. In 1973–88 the average interview length was about 1
Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. hour. In 1995 the average interview lasted about 1
1999; or visit the NCHS home page at hour and 45 minutes. In all cycles black women were
www.cdc.gov/nchs/. sampled at higher rates than white women, so that
detailed statistics for black women could be produced.
Compressed Mortality File Interviewing for Cycle 1 of NSFG was conducted
The Compressed Mortality File (CMF) used to from June 1973 to February 1974. Counties and
compute death rates by urbanization level is a county- independent cities of the United States were sampled
level national mortality and population database. The to form a frame of primary sampling units (PSU’s),
mortality data base of CMF is derived from the and 101 PSU’s were selected. From these 101 PSU’s,
detailed mortality files of the National Vital Statistics 10,879 women 15–44 years of age were selected,
System starting with 1968. The population data base of 9,797 of these were interviewed. Most never-married
CMF is derived from intercensal and postcensal women were excluded from the 1973 NSFG.
population estimates and census counts of the resident Interviewing for Cycle 2 of NSFG was conducted
population of each U.S. county by age, race, and sex. from January to September 1976. From 79 PSU’s,
Counties are categorized according to level of 10,202 eligible women were identified; of these, 8,611
urbanization based on an NCHS-modified version of were interviewed. Again, most never-married women
the 1993 rural-urban continuum codes for metropolitan were excluded from the sample for the 1976 NSFG.
and nonmetropolitan counties developed by the
378 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 384
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
Interviewing for Cycle 3 of NSFG was conducted based on data from the Current Population Survey of
from August 1982 to February 1983. The sample the U.S. Bureau of the Census (this last step is called
design was similar to that in Cycle 2: 31,027 ‘‘poststratification’’).
households were selected in 79 PSU’S. Household Quality control procedures for selecting and
screener interviews were completed in 29,511 training interviewers, coding, editing, and processing
households (95.1 percent). Of the 9,964 eligible the data were built into NSFG to minimize
women identified, 7,969 were interviewed. For the first nonsampling error.
time in NSFG, Cycle 3 included women of all marital More information on the methodology of NSFG is
statuses. available in the following reports: French DK. National
Interviewing for Cycle 4 was conducted between Survey of Family Growth, Cycle I: Sample design,
January and August 1988. The sample was obtained estimation procedures, and variance estimation.
from households that had been interviewed in the National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat
National Health Interview Survey in the 18 months 2(76). 1978; Grady WR. National Survey of Family
between October 1, 1985, and March 31, 1987. For the Growth, Cycle II: Sample design, estimation
first time, women living in Alaska and Hawaii were procedures, and variance estimation. National Center
included so that the survey covered women from the for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(87). 198l;
noninstitutionalized population of the entire United Bachrach CA, Horn MC, Mosher WD, Shimizu I.
States. The sample was drawn from 156 PSU’s; 10,566 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III: Sample
eligible women ages 15–44 years were sampled. design, weighting, and variance estimation. National
Interviews were completed with 8,450 women. Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(98).
Between July and November of 1990, 5,686 1985; Judkins DR, Mosher WD, Botman SL. National
women were interviewed by telephone in the first Survey of Family Growth: Design, estimation, and
NSFG telephone reinterview. The average length of inference. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital
interview in 1990 was 20 minutes. The response rate Health Stat 2(109). 1991; Goksel H, Judkins DR,
for the 1990 telephone reinterview was 68 percent of Mosher WD. Nonresponse adjustments for a telephone
those responding to the 1988 survey and still eligible followup to a National In-Person Survey. Journal of
for the 1990 survey. Official Statistics 8(4):417–32. 1992; Kelly JE, Mosher
Interviewing for Cycle 5 of NSFG was conducted WD, Duffer AP, Kinsey SH. Plan and operation of the
between January and October of 1995. The sample was 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health
obtained from households that had been interviewed in Stat 1(36). 1997; Potter FJ, Iannacchione VG, Mosher
198 PSU’s in the National Health Interview Survey in WD, Mason RE, Kavee JD. Sampling weights,
1993. Of the 13,795 eligible women in the sample, imputation, and variance estimation in the 1995
10,847 were interviewed. For the first time, Hispanic National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat
as well as black women were sampled at a higher rate 2(124). 1998; or visit the NCHS home page at
than other women. www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
In order to make national estimates from the
sample for the millions of women ages 15–44 years in National Health Interview Survey
the United States, data for the interviewed sample The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a
women were (a) inflated by the reciprocal of the continuing nationwide sample survey in which data are
probability of selection at each stage of sampling (for collected through personal household interviews.
example, if there was a 1 in 5,000 chance that a Information is obtained on personal and demographic
woman would be selected for the sample, her sampling characteristics including race and ethnicity by
weight was 5,000), (b) adjusted for nonresponse, and self-reporting or as reported by an informant.
(c) forced to agree with benchmark population values Information is also obtained on illnesses, injuries,
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 379
Extracted source page 385
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
impairments, chronic conditions, utilization of health The NHIS questionnaire that was fielded from
resources, and other health topics. 1982 to 1996 consisted of two parts: a set of basic
The sample design plan of NHIS follows a health and demographic items known as the Core
multistage probability design that permits a continuous questionnaire and one or more sets of questions on
sampling of the civilian noninstitutionalized population current health topics (Supplements). Information was
residing in the United States. The survey is designed in collected from responsible family members residing in
such a way that the sample scheduled for each week is the household. Proxy responses were acceptable for
representative of the target population, and the weekly Core and Supplement questionnaires when family
samples are additive over time. The response rate for members were not present at the time of interview.
the ongoing portion of the survey (core) has been Data for children were collected from proxy
between 94 and 98 percent over the years. Response respondents.
rates for special health topics (supplements) have In 1997 the NHIS questionnaire was redesigned
generally been lower. For example, the response rate and consists of three parts: a basic module, a periodic
was 80 percent for the 1994 Year 2000 Supplement, module, and a topical module. The basic module
which included questions about cigarette smoking and functions as the new Core questionnaire and is
use of such preventive services as mammography. comprised of three components (Family Core, Sample
In 1985 NHIS adopted several new sample design Adult Core, Sample Child Core). For the Family Core,
features although, conceptually, the sampling plan information is obtained about all members of the
remained the same as the previous design. Two major family by interviewing adult members of the
changes included reducing the number of primary household or from adult proxy respondents. For the
sampling locations from 376 to 198 for sampling Sample Adult Core, one adult in the household is
efficiency and oversampling the black population to randomly selected to participate; proxy respondents are
improve the precision of the statistics. The sample was not used in this component. For families with children
designed so that a typical NHIS sample for the data under 18 years of age, one child in the household is
collection years 1985–94 consisted of approximately randomly selected for participation in the Sample
7,500 segments containing about 59,000 assigned Child Core. Data for this component are collected from
households. Of these households, an expected 10,000 a knowledgeable adult in the household. Periodic and
were vacant, demolished, or occupied by persons not topical modules will be incorporated into future years
in the target population of the survey. The expected of NHIS.
sample of 49,000 occupied households yielded a In 1997 the collection methodology changed from
probability sample of about 127,000 persons. In 1994 paper and pencil questionnaires to computer-assisted
there was a sample of 116,179 persons. personal interviewing (CAPI). The NHIS questionnaire
In 1995 the NHIS sample was redesigned again. was also revised extensively in 1997. In some
Major design changes included increasing the number instances, basic concepts measured in NHIS changed
of primary sampling units from 198 to 358 and and in other instances the same concepts were
oversampling the black and Hispanic populations to measured in a different way. While some questions
improve the precision of the statistics. The sample was remain the same over time, they may be preceded by
designed so that a typical NHIS sample for the data different questions or topics. For some questions, there
collection years 1995–2004 will consist of was a change in the reference period for reporting an
approximately 7,000 segments. The expected sample of event or condition. Because of the extensive redesign
44,000 occupied respondent households will yield a of the questionnaire in 1997 and the introduction of
probability sample of about 106,000 persons. In 1997 the CAPI method of data collection, data from 1997
there was a sample of 103,477 persons and in 1998 the and later years may not be comparable with earlier
sample was comprised of 98,785 persons. years.
380 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 386
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
A description of the survey design, the methods Vaccination Surveillance System. Public Health
used in estimation, and the general qualifications of the Reports 2000; 115:65–77; or visit the NCHS home
data obtained from the survey are presented in: Massey page at www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
JT, Moore TF, Parsons VL, Tadros W. Design and
estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
1985–94. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital For the first program or cycle of the National
Health Stat 2(110). 1989; Kovar MG, Poe GS. The Health Examination Survey (NHES I), 1960–62, data
National Health Interview Survey design, 1973–84, were collected on the total prevalence of certain
and procedures, 1975–83. National Center for Health chronic diseases as well as the distributions of various
Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(18). 1985; Adams PF, physical and physiological measures, including blood
Hendershot G, Marano M. Current estimates from the pressure and serum cholesterol levels. For that
National Health Interview Survey, 1996. National program, a highly stratified, multistage probability
Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(200). sample of 7,710 adults, of whom 86.5 percent were
1999; or visit the NCHS home page at examined, was selected to represent the 111 million
www.cdc.gov/nchs/. civilian noninstitutionalized adults 18–79 years of age
in the United States at that time. The sample areas
National Immunization Survey consisted of 42 primary sampling units (PSU’s) from
The National Immunization Survey (NIS) is a the 1,900 geographic units.
continuing nationwide telephone sample survey to NHES II (1963–65) and NHES III (1966–70)
gather data on children 19–35 months of age. examined probability samples of the nation’s
Estimates of vaccine-specific coverage are available for noninstitutionalized children between the ages of 6 and
national, State, and 28 urban areas considered to be 11 years (NHES II) and 12 and 17 years (NHES III)
high risk for undervaccination. focusing on factors related to growth and development.
NIS uses a two-phase sample design. First, a Both cycles were multistage, stratified probability
random-digit-dialing (RDD) sample of telephone samples of clusters of households in land-based
numbers is drawn. When households with age-eligible segments and used the same 40 PSU’s. NHES II
children are contacted, the interviewer collects sampled 7,417 children with a response rate of
information on the vaccinations received by all 96 percent. NHES III sampled 7,514 youth with a
age-eligible children. In 1998 the overall response rate response rate of 90 percent.
was 68 percent, yielding data for 32,511 children aged For more information on NHES I, see: Gordon T,
19–35 months. The interviewer also collects Miller HW. Cycle I of the Health Examination Survey:
information on the vaccination providers. In the second Sample and response, United States, 1960–62. National
phase, all vaccination providers are contacted by mail. Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(1).
The vaccination information from providers was 1974. For more information on NHES II, see: Plan,
obtained for 66 percent of all children who were operation, and response results of a program of
eligible for provider followup in 1998. Providers’ children’s examinations. National Center for Health
responses are combined with information obtained Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(5). 1967. For more
from the households to provide a more accurate information on NHES III, see: Schaible WL. Quality
estimate of vaccination coverage levels. Final estimates control in a National Health Examination Survey.
are adjusted for noncoverage of nontelephone National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat
households. 2(44). 1972.
A description of the survey design and the In 1971 a nutrition surveillance component was
methods used in estimation are presented in: Zell ER, added and the survey name was changed to the
Ezzati-Rice TM, Battaglia PM, Wright RA. National National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Immunization Survey: The Methodology of a (NHANES). In NHANES I, conducted from 1971 to
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 381
Extracted source page 387
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
1974, a major purpose was to measure and monitor sample 20,322 (73.1 percent) were examined. Race
indicators of the nutrition and health status of the information for NHANES I and NHANES II was
American people through dietary intake data, determined primarily by interviewer observation.
biochemical tests, physical measurements, and clinical The estimation procedure used to produce national
assessments for evidence of nutritional deficiency. statistics for NHANES I and NHANES II involved
Detailed examinations were given by dentists, inflation by the reciprocal of the probability of
ophthalmologists, and dermatologists with an selection, adjustment for nonresponse, and
assessment of need for treatment. In addition, data poststratified ratio adjustment to population totals.
were obtained for a subsample of adults on overall Sampling errors also were estimated to measure the
health care needs and behavior, and more detailed reliability of the statistics.
examination data were collected on cardiovascular, For more information on NHANES I, see: Miller
respiratory, arthritic, and hearing conditions. HW. Plan and operation of the Health and Nutrition
The NHANES I target population was the civilian Examination Survey, United States, 1971–73. National
noninstitutionalized population 1–74 years of age Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(10a)
residing in the coterminous United States, except for and 1(10b). 1977 and 1978; and Engel A, Murphy RS,
people residing on any of the reservation lands set Maurer K, Collins E. Plan and operation of the
aside for the use of American Indians. The sample NHANES I Augmentation Survey of Adults 25–74
design was a multistage, stratified probability sample years, United States, 1974–75. National Center for
of clusters of persons in land-based segments. The Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(14). 1978.
sample areas consisted of 65 PSU’s selected from the For more information on NHANES II, see:
1,900 PSU’s in the coterminous United States. A McDowell A, Engel A, Massey JT, Maurer K. Plan
subsample of persons 25–74 years of age was selected and operation of the second National Health and
to receive the more detailed health examination. Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976–80. National
Groups at high risk of malnutrition were oversampled Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(15).
at known rates throughout the process. Household 1981. For information on nutritional applications of
interviews were completed for more than 96 percent of these surveys, see: Yetley E, Johnson C. Nutritional
the 28,043 persons selected for the NHANES I sample, applications of the Health and Nutrition Examination
and about 75 percent (20,749) were examined. Surveys (HANES). Ann Rev Nutr 7:441–63. 1987.
For NHANES II, conducted from 1976 to 1980, The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination
the nutrition component was expanded from the one Survey (HHANES), conducted during 1982–84, was
fielded for NHANES I. In the medical area primary similar in content and design to the previous National
emphasis was placed on diabetes, kidney and liver Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The major
functions, allergy, and speech pathology. The difference between HHANES and the previous national
NHANES II target population was the civilian surveys is that HHANES employed a probability
noninstitutionalized population 6 months–74 years of sample of three special subgroups of the population
age residing in the United States, including Alaska and living in selected areas of the United States rather than
Hawaii. a national probability sample. The three HHANES
NHANES II utilized a multistage probability universes included approximately 84, 57, and
design that involved selection of PSU’s, segments 59 percent of the respective 1980 Mexican-, Cuban-,
(clusters of households) within PSU’s, households, and Puerto Rican-origin populations in the continental
eligible persons, and finally, sample persons. The United States. The Hispanic ethnicity of these
sample design provided for oversampling among those populations was determined by self-report.
persons 6 months–5 years of age, those 60–74 years of In the HHANES three geographically and
age, and those living in poverty areas. A sample of ethnically distinct populations were studied: Mexican
27,801 persons was selected for NHANES II. Of this Americans living in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
382 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 388
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
Colorado, and California; Cuban Americans living in Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Dade County, Florida; and Puerto Ricans living in Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital
parts of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. In Health Stat 2(113). 1992; Plan and operation of the
the Southwest 9,894 persons were selected (75 percent Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
or 7,462 were examined), in Dade County 2,244 Survey, 1988–94. National Center for Health Statistics.
persons were selected (60 percent or 1,357 were Vital Health Stat 1(32). 1994; or visit the NCHS home
examined), and in the Northeast 3,786 persons were page at www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
selected (75 percent or 2,834 were examined).
For more information on HHANES, see: Maurer National Health Provider Inventory (National Master
KR. Plan and operation of the Hispanic Health and Facility Inventory)
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982–84. National The National Master Facility Inventories (NMFI’s)
Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(19). were a series of surveys of inpatient health facilities in
1985. the United States. They included hospitals, nursing and
The third National Health and Nutrition related-care homes, and other custodial care facilities.
Examination Survey (NHANES III) is a 6-year survey The last NMFI was conducted in 1982. In 1986 a
covering the years 1988–94. Over the 6-year period, different inventory was conducted, the Inventory of
39,695 persons were selected for the survey of which Long-Term Care Places (ILTCP). This was a survey of
30,818 (77.6 percent) were examined in the mobile nursing and related-care homes and facilities for the
examination center. mentally retarded. In 1991 the National Health
The NHANES III target population is the civilian Provider Inventory (NHPI) was conducted. This was a
noninstitutionalized population 2 months of age and survey of nursing homes, board and care homes, home
over. The sample design provides for oversampling health agencies, and hospices. The NMFI, ILTCP, and
among children 2–35 months of age, persons 70 years NHPI were used as a basis for sampling frames for
of age and over, black Americans, and Mexican other surveys conducted by the National Center for
Americans. Race is reported for the household by the Health Statistics (National Nursing Home Survey and
respondent. National Home and Hospice Care Survey).
Although some of the specific health areas have
changed from earlier NHANES surveys, the following National Home and Hospice Care Survey
goals of the NHANES III are similar to those of The National Home and Hospice Care Survey
earlier NHANES surveys: (NHHCS) is a sample survey of health agencies and
to estimate the national prevalence of selected hospices. Initiated in 1992, it was also conducted in
diseases and risk factors 1993, 1994, and 1996. The original sampling frame
to estimate national population reference consisted of all home health-care agencies and
distributions of selected health parameters hospices identified in the 1991 National Health
to document and investigate reasons for secular Provider Inventory (NHPI). The 1992 sample
trends in selected diseases and risk factors contained 1,500 agencies. These agencies were
Two new additional goals for the NHANES III survey revisited during the 1993 survey (excluding agencies
are: that had been found to be out of scope for the survey).
to contribute to an understanding of disease In 1994 in-scope agencies identified in the 1993 survey
etiology were revisited, with 100 newly identified agencies
to investigate the natural history of selected added to the sample. For 1996 the universe was again
diseases updated, and a new sample of 1,200 agencies was
drawn.
For more information on NHANES III, see: Ezzati
TM, Massey JT, Waksberg J, et al. Sample design:
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 383
Extracted source page 389
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
The sample design for the 1992–NHHCS was a according to bed size and geographic region. Sample
stratified three-stage probability design. Primary hospitals were selected with probabilities ranging from
sampling units were selected at the first stage, agencies certainty for the largest hospitals to 1 in 40 for the
were selected at the second stage, and current patients smallest hospitals. Within each sample hospital, a
and discharges were selected at the third stage. The systematic random sample of discharges was selected
sample design for the 1996 NHHCS has a two-stage from the daily listing sheet. Initially, the
probability design in which agencies were selected at within-hospital sampling rates for selecting discharges
the first stage and current patients and discharges were varied inversely with the probability of hospital
selected at the second stage. Current patients were on selection so that the overall probability of selecting a
the rolls of the agency as of midnight on the day discharge was approximately the same across the
before the survey. Discharges were selected to estimate sample. Those rates were adjusted for individual
the number of discharges from the agency during the hospitals in subsequent years to control the reporting
year before the survey. burden of those hospitals.
After the samples were selected, a patient In 1985, for the first time, two data collection
questionnaire was completed for each current patient procedures were used for the survey. The first was the
and discharge by interviewing the staff member most traditional manual system of sample selection and data
familiar with the care provided to the patients. The abstraction. In the manual system, sample selection
respondent was requested to refer to the medical and transcription of information from the hospital
records for each patient. For additional information records to abstract forms were performed by either the
see: Haupt BJ. Development of the National Home and hospital staff or representatives of NCHS or both. The
Hospice Care Survey. National Center for Health second was an automated method, used in
Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1(33). 1994; or visit the approximately 17 percent of the sample hospitals in
NCHS home page at www.cdc.gov/nchs/. 1985, involving the purchase of data tapes from
commercial abstracting services. These tapes were then
National Hospital Discharge Survey subjected to the NCHS sampling, editing, and
The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) weighting procedures.
is a continuing nationwide sample survey of short-stay In 1988 NHDS was redesigned. The hospitals with
hospitals in the United States. The scope of NHDS the most beds and/or discharges annually were selected
encompasses patients discharged from noninstitutional with certainty, but the remaining sample was selected
hospitals, exclusive of military and Department of using a three-stage stratified design. The first stage is a
Veterans Affairs hospitals, located in the 50 States and sample of PSU’s used by the National Health
the District of Columbia. Only hospitals having six or Interview Survey. Within PSU’s, hospitals were
more beds for patient use are included in the survey stratified or arrayed by abstracting status (whether
and, before, 1988 those in which the average length of subscribing to a commercial abstracting service) and
stay for all patients was less than 30 days. In 1988 the within abstracting status arrayed by type of service and
scope was altered slightly to include all general and bed size. Within these strata and arrays, a systematic
children’s general hospitals regardless of the length of sampling scheme with probability proportional to the
stay. Although all discharges of patients from these annual number of discharges was used to select
hospitals are within the scope of the survey, discharges hospitals. The rates for systematic sampling of
of newborn infants from all hospitals are excluded discharges within hospitals vary inversely with
from this report. probability of hospital selection within PSU. Discharge
The original sample was selected in 1964 from a records from hospitals submitting data via commercial
frame of short-stay hospitals listed in the National abstracting services and selected State data systems
Master Facility Inventory. A two-stage stratified sample (approximately 40 percent of sample hospitals in 1997
design was used, and hospitals were stratified and 1998) were arrayed by primary diagnoses, patient
384 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 390
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
sex and age group, and date of discharge before Freestanding Outpatient Surgery Center Database or
sampling. Otherwise, the procedures for sampling Medicare Provider-of-Service files. Facilities
discharges within hospitals are the same as those used specializing in dentistry, podiatry, abortion, family
in the prior design. planning, or birthing were excluded.
In 1997 the hospital sample was updated by A three-State stratified cluster design was used,
continuing the sampling process among hospitals that and facilities were stratified according to primary
were NHDS-eligible for the sampling frame in 1997 sampling unit (PSU). The second stage consisted of the
but not in 1994. The additional hospitals were added at selection of facilities from sample PSU’s, and the third
the end of the list for the strata where they belonged, stage consisted of a systematic random sample of cases
and the systematic sampling was continued as if the from all locations within a facility where ambulatory
additional hospitals had been present during the initial surgery was performed. Locations within hospitals
sample selection. Hospitals that were no longer dedicated exclusively to dentistry, podiatry, pain block,
NHDS-eligible were deleted. A similar updating abortion, or small procedures (sometimes referred to as
process occurred in 1991 and 1994. ‘‘lump and bump’’ rooms) were not included. In 1996
The basic unit of estimation for NHDS is the of the 751 hospitals and freestanding ambulatory
sample patient abstract. The estimation procedure surgery centers selected for the survey, 601 were
involves inflation by the reciprocal of the probability in-scope and 488 responded for an overall response
of selection, adjustment for nonresponding hospitals rate of 81 percent. These facilities provided
and missing abstracts, and ratio adjustments to fixed information for approximately 125,000 ambulatory
totals. In 1997, 513 hospitals were selected, 501 were surgery discharges. Up to six procedures were coded to
within scope, 474 participated (95 percent), and the International Classification of Diseases, 9th
300,000 medical records were abstracted. In 1998, 513 Revision, Clinical Modification. Estimates were derived
hospitals were selected, 495 were within scope, 478 using a multistage estimation procedure: inflation by
participated (97 percent), and 307,000 medical records reciprocals of the probabilities of selection; adjustment
were abstracted. for nonresponse; and population weighting ratio
For more detailed information on the design of adjustments.
NHDS and the magnitude of sampling errors For more detailed information on the design of
associated with the NHDS estimates, see: Lawrence L, NSAS, see: McLemore T, Lawrence L. Plan and
Hall MJ. 1997 Summary: National Hospital Discharge operation of the National Survey of Ambulatory
Survey. Advance data from vital and health statistics; Surgery. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital
no 308. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Stat 1(37). 1997; or visit the NCHS home page
Health Statistics. 1999; and Haupt BJ, Kozak LJ. at www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
Estimates from two survey designs: National Hospital
Discharge Survey. National Center for Health National Nursing Home Survey
Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(111). 1992; or visit the NCHS conducted five National Nursing Home
NCHS home page at www.cdc.gov/nchs/. Surveys, the first survey from August 1973–April
1974; the second survey from May 1977–December
National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery 1977; the third from August 1985–January 1986; the
The National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery fourth from July 1995–December 1995; and the fifth
(NSAS) is a nationwide sample survey of ambulatory from July 1997–December 1997.
surgery patient discharges from short-stay non-Federal Much of the background information and
hospitals and freestanding surgery centers. NSAS was experience used to develop the first National Nursing
conducted annually between 1994 and 1996. The Home Survey was obtained from a series of three ad
sample consisted of eligible hospitals listed in the 1993 hoc sample surveys of nursing and personal care
SMG Hospital Market Database and the 1993 SMG homes called the Resident Places Surveys (RPS-1, -2,
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 385
Extracted source page 391
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
-3). The three surveys were conducted by the National Financing Administration. Information on the facility
Center for Health Statistics during April–June 1963, was collected through a personal interview with the
May–June 1964, and June–August 1969. During the administrator. Accountants were asked to complete a
first survey, RPS-1, data were collected on nursing questionnaire on expenditures or provide a financial
homes, chronic disease and geriatric hospitals, nursing statement. Resident data were provided by a nurse
home units, and chronic disease wards of general and familiar with the care provided to the resident. The
mental hospitals. RPS-2 concentrated mainly on nurse relied on the medical record and personal
nursing homes and geriatric hospitals. During the third knowledge of the resident. In addition to employee
survey, RPS-3, nursing and personal care homes in the data that were collected during the interview with the
coterminous United States were sampled. administrator, a sample of registered nurses completed
For the initial National Nursing Home Survey a self-administered questionnaire. Discharge data were
(NNHS) conducted in 1973–74, the universe included based on information recorded in the medical record.
only those nursing homes that provided some level of Additional data about the current and discharged
nursing care. Homes providing only personal or residents were obtained in telephone interviews with
domiciliary care were excluded. The sample of 2,118 next of kin. Data were obtained from 1,079 facilities,
homes was selected from the 17,685 homes that 2,763 registered nurses, 5,243 current residents, and
provided some level of nursing care and were listed in 6,023 discharges. Response rates were 93 percent for
the 1971 National Master Facility Inventory (NMFI) or facilities, 68 percent for expenses, 80 percent for
those that opened for business in 1972. Data were registered nurses, 97 percent for residents, 95 percent
obtained from about 20,600 staff and 19,000 residents. for discharges, and 90 percent for next of kin.
Response rates were 97 percent for facilities, The scope of the 1995 and 1997 NNHS was
88 percent for expenditures, 98 percent for residents, similar to the 1985 and the 1973–74 NNHS in that
and 82 percent for staff. they included only nursing homes that provided some
The scope of the 1977 NNHS encompassed all level of nursing care. Homes providing only personal
types of nursing homes, including personal care and or domiciliary care were excluded. The 1995 sample of
domiciliary care homes. The sample of about 1,700 1,500 homes was selected from a sampling frame of
facilities was selected from 23,105 nursing homes in 17,500 nursing homes. The frame consisted of an
the sampling frame, which consisted of all homes updated version of the 1991 National Health Provider
listed in the 1973 NMFI and those opening for Inventory (NHPI). Data were obtained from about
business between 1973 and December 1976. Data were 1,400 nursing homes and 8,000 current residents. Data
obtained from about 13,600 staff, 7,000 residents, and on current residents were provided by a staff member
5,100 discharged residents. Response rates were familiar with the care received by residents and from
95 percent for facilities, 85 percent for expenses, information contained in resident’s medical records.
81 percent for staff, 99 percent for residents, and The 1997 sample of 1,488 nursing homes was the
97 percent for discharges. same basic sample used in 1995. Excluded were
The scope of the 1985 NNHS was similar to the out-of-scope and out-of-business places identified in
1973–74 survey in that it excluded personal or the 1995 survey and included were a small number of
domiciliary care homes. The sample of 1,220 homes additions to the sample from a supplemental frame of
was selected from a sampling frame of 20,479 nursing places not in the 1995 frame. The 1997 NNHS
and related-care homes. The frame consisted of all included the discharge component not available in the
homes in the 1982 NMFI; homes identified in the 1982 1995 survey.
Complement Survey of NMFI as ‘‘missing’’ from the Statistics for all five surveys were derived by a
1982 NMFI; facilities that opened for business ratio-estimation procedure. Statistics were adjusted for
between 1982 and June 1984; and hospital-based failure of a home to respond, failure to fill out one of
nursing homes obtained from the Health Care the questionnaires, and failure to complete an item on
a questionnaire.
386 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 392
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
For more information on the 1973–74 NNHS, see: from about 1,900 such units into which the United
Meiners MR. Selected operating and financial States has been divided. In each sample PSU, a sample
characteristics of nursing homes, United States, of practicing non-Federal office-based physicians is
1973–74 National Nursing Home Survey. National selected from master files maintained by the American
Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(22). Medical Association and the American Osteopathic
1975. For more information on the 1977 NNHS, see: Association. The final stage involves systematic
Van Nostrand JF, Zappolo A, Hing E, et al. The random samples of office visits during randomly
National Nursing Home Survey, 1977 summary for the assigned 7-day reporting periods. In 1985 the survey
United States. National Center for Health Statistics. excluded Alaska and Hawaii. Starting in 1989 the
Vital Health Stat 13(43). 1979. For more information survey included all 50 States.
on the 1985 NNHS, see: Hing E, Sekscenski E, In the 1998 survey a sample of 2,500 physicians
Strahan G. The National Nursing Home Survey: 1985 was selected. The response rate was 68 percent, and
summary for the United States. National Center for data were provided on 23,339 records.
Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13(97). 1985. For The estimation procedure used in NAMCS
more information on the 1995 NNHS, see: Strahan G. basically has three components: inflation by the
An overview of nursing homes and their current reciprocal of the probability of selection, adjustment
residents: Data from the 1995 National Nursing Home for nonresponse, and ratio adjustment to fixed totals.
Survey. Advance data from vital and health statistics; For more detailed information on NAMCS, see:
no 280. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Woodwell, DA National Ambulatory Medical Care
Statistics. 1997. For more information on the 1997 Survey: 1997 summary. Advance data from vital and
NNHS, see the Advance Data report available in the health statistics; no 305. Hyattsville, MD: National
summer of 1999; or visit the NCHS home page at Center for Health Statistics. 1999; or visit the NCHS
www.cdc.gov/nchs/. home page at www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care
(NAMCS) is a continuing national probability sample Survey (NHAMCS), initiated in 1992, is a continuing
of ambulatory medical encounters. The scope of the annual national probability sample of visits by patients
survey covers physician-patient encounters in the to emergency departments (ED’s) and outpatient
offices of nonfederally employed physicians classified departments (OPD’s) of non-Federal, short-stay or
by the American Medical Association or American general hospitals. Telephone contacts are excluded.
Osteopathic Association as ‘‘office-based, patient care’’ A four-stage probability sample design is used in
physicians. Patient encounters with physicians engaged NHAMCS, involving samples of primary sampling
in prepaid practices (health maintenance organizations units (PSU’s), hospitals with ED’s and/or OPD’s
(HMO’s), independent practice organizations (IPA’s), within PSU’s, ED’s within hospitals and/or clinics
and other prepaid practices) are included in NAMCS. within OPD’s, and patient visits within ED’s and/or
Excluded are visits to hospital-based physicians, visits clinics. In 1997 and 1998 the hospital response rate for
to specialists in anesthesiology, pathology, and NHAMCS was 96 percent for ED’s and 88–90 percent
radiology, and visits to physicians who are principally for OPD’s. Hospital staff were asked to complete
engaged in teaching, research, or administration. Patient Record Forms (PRF) for a systematic random
Telephone contacts and nonoffice visits are excluded, sample of patient visits occurring during a randomly
also. assigned 4-week reporting period. On the PRF, up to
A multistage probability design is employed. The three physicians’ diagnoses were collected and coded
first-stage sample consists of 84 primary sampling by NCHS to the International Classification of
units (PSU’s) in 1985 and 112 PSU’s in 1992 selected Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM).
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 387
Extracted source page 393
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Additionally, if the cause-of-injury check box was in the number of persons living with HIV and AIDS. A
marked on the PRF, up to three external causes of growing number of States require confidential
injury were coded by NCHS to the ICD–9–CM reporting of persons with HIV infection and participate
Supplementary Classification of External Causes of in CDC’s integrated HIV/AIDS surveillance system
Injury and Poisoning. In 1997 the number of PRF’s that compiles information on the population of persons
completed for ED’s was 22,209 and for OPD’s was newly diagnosed with and living with HIV infection.
30,107. In 1998 the number of PRF’s completed for For more information on AIDS surveillance, see:
ED’s was 24,175 and for OPD’s 29,402. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS
For more detailed information on NHAMCS, see: Surveillance Report, published semiannually; or
McCaig LF, McLemore T. Plan and operation of the contact: Chief, Surveillance Branch, Division of
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. HIV/AIDS Prevention Surveillance and Epidemiology,
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention
1(34). 1994; or visit the NCHS home page at (NCHSTP), Centers for Disease Control and
www.cdc.gov/nchs/. Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; or visit the NCHSTP
home page at www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/nchstp.html.
National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention
Epidemiology Program Office
AIDS Surveillance
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
surveillance is conducted by health departments in The Epidemiology Program Office (EPO) of CDC,
each State, territory, and the District of Columbia. in partnership with the Council of State and Territorial
Although surveillance activities range from passive to Epidemiologists (CSTE), operates the National
active, most areas employ multifaceted active Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. The purpose
surveillance programs, which include four major of this system is primarily to provide weekly
reporting sources of AIDS information: hospitals and provisional information on the occurrence of diseases
hospital-based physicians, physicians in nonhospital defined as notifiable by CSTE. In addition, the system
practice, public and private clinics, and medical record also provides summary data on an annual basis. State
systems (death certificates, tumor registries, hospital epidemiologists report cases of notifiable diseases to
discharge abstracts, and communicable disease EPO, and EPO tabulates and publishes these data in
reports). Using a standard confidential case report the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
form, the health departments collect information that is and the Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States
then transmitted electronically to CDC without (entitled Annual Summary before 1985). Notifiable
personal identifiers. disease surveillance is conducted by public health
AIDS surveillance data are used to detect practitioners at local, State, and national levels to
epidemiologic trends, to identify unusual cases support disease prevention and control activities.
requiring followup, and for semiannual publication in Notifiable disease reports are received from 52
the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Studies to areas in the United States and 5 territories. To
determine the completeness of reporting of AIDS cases calculate U.S. rates, data reported by 50 States, New
meeting the national surveillance definition suggest York City, and the District of Columbia are used.
reporting at greater than or equal to 90 percent. (New York State is reported as Upstate New York,
Decreases in the AIDS incidence and in the which excludes New York City.)
number of AIDS deaths, first noted in 1996, have been CSTE and CDC annually review the status of
ascribed to the effect of new treatments, which prevent national infectious disease surveillance and recommend
or delay the onset of AIDS and premature death additions or deletions to the list of nationally notifiable
among HIV-infected persons, and result in an increase diseases based on the need to respond to emerging
388 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 394
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
priorities. For example, genital chlamydial infections preventable causes of morbidity and mortality
became nationally notifiable in 1995. However, associated with abortions. For each year since 1969
reporting nationally notifiable diseases to CDC by abortion data have been available from 52 reporting
States is voluntary. Reporting is currently mandated by areas: 50 States, the District of Columbia, and New
law or regulation only at the State level. Therefore, the York City. The total number of legal induced abortions
list of diseases that are considered notifiable varies is available from all reporting areas; however, not all
slightly by State. For example, reporting of mumps to areas collect information regarding the characteristics
CDC is not done by some States in which this disease of women who obtain abortions. Furthermore the
is not notifiable to local or State authorities. number of States reporting each characteristic and the
Completeness of reporting varies because not all number of States with complete data for each
cases receive medical care and not all treated characteristic vary from year to year. State data with
conditions are reported. Estimates of underreporting of more than 15 percent unknown for a given
some diseases have been made. For example, it is characteristic are excluded from the analysis of that
estimated that only 22 percent of cases of congenital characteristic.
rubella syndrome are reported. Only 10–15 percent of For 48 reporting areas, data concerning the
all measles cases were reported before the institution number and characteristics of women who obtain legal
of the Measles Elimination Program in 1978. Recent induced abortions are provided by central health
investigations suggest that fewer than 50 percent of agencies such as State health departments and the
measles cases were reported following an outbreak in health departments of New York City and the District
an inner city and that 40 percent of hospitalized of Columbia. For the other four areas, data concerning
measles cases are currently reported. Data from a study the number of abortions are provided by hospitals and
of pertussis suggest that only one-third of severe cases other medical facilities. In general the procedures are
causing hospitalization or death are reported. Data reported by the State in which the procedure is
from a study of tetanus deaths suggest that only performed. However, two reporting areas (the District
40 percent of tetanus cases are reported to CDC. of Columbia and Wisconsin) report abortions by State
For more information, see: Centers for Disease of residence; occurrence data are unavailable for these
Control and Prevention, Summary of Notifiable areas.
Diseases, United States, 1998 Morbidity and Mortality The total number of abortions reported to CDC is
Weekly Report, 47(53) Public Health Service, DHHS, about 10 percent less than the total estimated
Atlanta, GA, 1998; or write: Chief, Surveillance independently by the Alan Guttmacher Institute, a
Systems Branch, Division of Public Health not-for-profit organization for reproductive health
Surveillance and Informatics. Epidemiology Program research, policy analysis, and public education.
Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, For more information, see: Centers for Disease
4770 Buford Highway, MS K74, Atlanta, GA, Control and Prevention, CDC Surveillance Summaries,
30341–3717; or visit the EPO home page at July 30, 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
www.cdc.gov/epo/phs.htm. 1999; 48 (NoSS-4), Abortion Surveillance-United
States, 1996; or contact: Director, Division of
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic
and Health Promotion Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
(NCCDPHP), Centers for Disease Control and
Abortion Surveillance Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341; or visit the NCCDPHP
In 1969 CDC began abortion surveillance to home page at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp.
document the number and characteristics of women
obtaining legal induced abortions, monitor unintended
pregnancy, and assist efforts to identify and reduce
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 389
Extracted source page 395
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Health Resources and Services Administration Since 1991 the National Household Survey on
Drug Abuse has covered the civilian
Bureau of Health Professions noninstitutionalized population 12 years of age and
over in the United States. This includes civilians living
Nurse Supply Estimates on military bases and persons living in
Nursing estimates in this report are based on a noninstitutionalized group quarters, such as college
model developed by the Bureau of Health Professions dormitories, rooming houses, and shelters. Hawaii and
to meet the requirements of Section 951, P.L. 94–63. Alaska were included for the first time in 1991.
The model estimates the following for each State: (a) In 1994 the survey underwent major changes that
population of nurses currently licensed to practice; (b) affect the reporting of substance abuse prevalence
supply of full- and part-time practicing nurses (or rates. New questionnaire and data-editing procedures
available to practice); and (c) full-time equivalent were implemented to improve the measurement of
supply of nurses practicing full time plus one-half of trends in prevalence and to enhance the timeliness and
those practicing part time (or available on that basis). quality of the data. Because it was anticipated that the
The three estimates are divided into three levels of new methodology would affect the estimates of
highest educational preparation: associate degree or prevalence, the 1994 NHSDA was designed to generate
diploma, baccalaureate, and master’s and doctorate. two sets of estimates. The first set, called the 1994-A
Among the factors considered are new graduates, estimates, was based on the same questionnaire and
changes in educational status, nursing employment editing method that was used in 1993. The second set,
rates, age, migration patterns, death rates, and licensure called the 1994-B estimates, was based on the new
phenomena. The base data for the model are derived questionnaire and editing methodology. A description
from the National Sample Surveys of Registered of this new methodology can be found in Advance
Nurses, conducted by the Division of Nursing, Bureau Report 10, available from SAMHSA. Because of the
of Health Professions, HRSA. Other data sources 1994 changes, many of the estimates from the 1994-A
include National League for Nursing for data on and earlier NHSDA’s are not comparable with
nursing education and National Council of State estimates from the 1994-B and later NHSDA’s. To be
Boards of Nursing for data on licensure. able to describe long-term trends in drug use
accurately, an adjustment procedure was developed and
applied to the pre-1994 estimates. This adjustment uses
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services the 1994 split sample design to estimate the magnitude
Administration of the impact of the new methodology for each drug
category. The adjusted estimates are presented in this
Office of Applied Studies
volume of Health, United States. A description of the
National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse adjustment method can be found in the 1998 NHSDA
Main Findings, NHSDA Series H-11, Appendix E,
Data on trends in use of marijuana, cigarettes,
available from SAMHSA.
alcohol, and cocaine among persons 12 years of age
The 1998 survey employed a multistage
and over are from the National Household Survey on
probability sample design. Young people (age 12–34
Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The 1998 survey is the 18th in
years), black Americans, Hispanics, and residents of
a series that began in 1971 under the auspices of the
Arizona and California were oversampled. The sample
National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse.
included 25,500 respondents. The screening and
From 1974 to September 1992, the survey was
interview response rates were 93.0 percent and
sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
77.0 percent, respectively.
Since October 1992, the survey has been sponsored by
For more information on the National Household
the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), see: NHSDA Series:
Administration (SAMHSA).
390 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 396
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
H-9 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: The data from the DAWN sample are used to
Population Estimates 1998, H-10 Summary of Findings generate estimates of the total number of emergency
from the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug department drug abuse episodes and drug mentions in
Abuse, and H-11 National Household Survey on Drug all eligible hospitals in the coterminous United States
Abuse Main Findings 1998; or write: Office of Applied and in the 21 metropolitan areas. Overall, a response
Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services rate of 77 percent of sample hospitals was obtained in
Administration, Room 16C-06, 5600 Fishers Lane, the 1997 survey.
Rockville, MD 20857; or visit the SAMHSA Web site For further information, see Drug Abuse Warning
at www.samhsa.gov. Network (DAWN) Series D-9, Drug Abuse Warning
Network Annual Emergency Department Data, 1997;
Drug Abuse Warning Network DAWN Series: D-10, Mid-Year 1998 Preliminary
The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) is a Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse
large-scale, ongoing drug abuse data collection system Warning Network; DAWN Series D-4, Drug Abuse
based on information from hospital emergency Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data
departments and from medical examiner facilities. The 1996; or write: Office of Applied Studies, Substance
major objectives of the DAWN data system include the Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
monitoring of drug abuse patterns and trends, the Room 16-105, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD
identification of substances associated with drug abuse 20857; or visit the SAMHSA home page at
episodes, and the assessment of drug-related www.samhsa.gov.
consequences and other health hazards. Estimates
reported in this publication are from the hospital Uniform Facility Data Set
emergency department (ED) component of DAWN. The Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS), is part of
Hospitals eligible for DAWN are non-Federal, the Drug and Alcohol Services Information System
short-stay general hospitals that have a 24-hour (DASIS) maintained by the Substance Abuse and
emergency department. Since 1988 the DAWN Mental Health Services Administration. UFDS is a
emergency department data have been collected from a census of all substance abuse treatment and prevention
representative sample of these hospitals located facilities that are licensed, certified, or otherwise
throughout the coterminous United States, including 21 recognized by the individual State substance abuse
oversampled metropolitan areas. Within each facility, a agencies, and an additional group of substance abuse
designated DAWN reporter is responsible for treatment facilities identified from other sources. It
identifying eligible drug-abuse episodes by reviewing seeks information from all specialized facilities that
emergency department records and abstracting and treat substance abuse. These include facilities that only
submitting data on each reportable case. To be treat substance abuse, as well as specialty substance
included in DAWN, the patient presenting to the ED abuse units operating within larger mental health (for
must meet all of the following four criteria: (a) The example, community mental health centers), general
patient was between the ages of 6 and 97 and was health (for example, hospitals), social service (for
treated in the hospital’s ED. (b) The patient’s example, family assistance centers), and criminal
presenting problem(s)—the reason for the ED justice (for example, probation departments) agencies.
visit—was induced by or related to drug use, UFDS solicits data concerning facility and client
regardless of when the drug use occurred. (c) The characteristics for a specific reference day (on or about
episode involved the use of an illegal drug or the use October 1) including number of individuals in
of a legal drug or other chemical substance contrary to treatment, substance of abuse (alcohol, drugs, or both),
directions. (d) The patient’s reason for using the types of services, and source of revenue. Public and
substance(s) was dependence, suicide attempt or private facilities are included.
gesture, and/or psychic effect.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 391
Extracted source page 397
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Treatment facilities contacted through UFDS are organizations, and multiservice mental health
identified from the National Master Facility Inventory organizations, not elsewhere classified.
(NMFI), which lists all State-sanctioned substance Federally funded community mental health centers
abuse treatment and prevention facilities and additional (CMHC’s) were included separately through 1980. In
treatment facilities identified through business 1981, with the advent of block grants, the changes in
directories and other sources. In 1996 only definition of CMHC’s and the discontinuation of
State-sanctioned facilities were included in the CMHC monitoring by the Center for Mental Health
published tables. The 1997 and 1998 data include the Services, organizations formerly classified as CMHC’s,
facilities identified through business directories and have been reclassified as other organization types,
other sources. Response rates to the surveys were 86, primarily ‘‘multiservice mental health organizations,
88, and 91 percent in 1996, 1997, and 1998, not elsewhere classified,’’ and ‘‘freestanding psychiatric
respectively. outpatient clinics.’’
For further information on UFDS, contact: Office Beginning in 1983 any organization that provides
of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental services in any combination of two or more services
Health Services Administration, Room 16–105, 5600 (for example, outpatient plus partial care, residential
Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857; or visit the OAS treatment plus outpatient plus partial care) and is
statistical information section of the SAMHSA home neither a hospital nor a residential treatment center for
page: www.samhsa.gov. emotionally disturbed children is classified as a
multiservice mental health organization.
Center for Mental Health Services Other surveys conducted by the Survey and
Analysis Branch encompass samples of patients
Surveys of Mental Health Organizations admitted to State and county mental hospitals, private
The Survey and Analysis Branch of the Division mental hospitals, multiservice mental health
of State and Community Systems Development organizations, the psychiatric services of non-Federal
conducts a biennial inventory of mental health general hospitals and Department of Veterans Affairs
organizations (IMHO’s) and general hospital mental medical centers, residential treatment centers for
health services (GHMHS). One version is designed for emotionally disturbed children, and freestanding
specialty mental health organizations and another for outpatient and partial care programs. The purpose of
non-Federal general hospitals with separate psychiatric these surveys is to determine the sociodemographic,
services. The response rate to most of the items on clinical, and treatment characteristics of patients served
these inventories is relatively high (90 percent or by these facilities.
better) as is the rate for data presented in this report. For more information, write: Survey and Analysis
However, for some inventory items, the response rate Banc, Division of State and Community Systems
may be somewhat lower. Development, Center for Mental Health Services,
IMHO and GHMHS are the primary sources for Room 15C-O4, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD
Center for Mental Health Services data included in this 20857. For further information on mental health, see:
report. This data system is based on questionnaires Center for Mental Health Services, Mental Health,
mailed every other year to mental health organizations United States, 1998. Manderscheid R, Henderson MJ,
in the United States, including psychiatric hospitals, eds. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 99–3285. Washington:
non-Federal general hospitals with psychiatric services, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatric services, Printing Office. 1998; or visit the Center for Mental
residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed Health Services home page at
children, freestanding outpatient psychiatric clinics, www.samhsa.gov/cmhs/cmhs.htm.
partial care organizations, freestanding day-night
392 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 398
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
National Institutes of Health Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in 1975 and is
conducted annually through a NIDA grant awarded to
National Cancer Institute the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social
Research. MTF is composed of three substudies: (a)
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program annual survey of high school seniors initiated in 1975;
In the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End (b) ongoing panel studies of representative samples
Results (SEER) Program the National Cancer Institute from each graduating class that have been conducted
(NCI) contracts with 11 population-based registries by mail since 1976; and (c) annual surveys of 8th and
throughout the United States to provide data on all 10th graders initiated in 1991.
residents diagnosed with cancer during the year and to The survey design is a multistage random sample
provide current followup information on all previously with stage one being the selection of particular
diagnosed patients. geographic areas, stage two the selection of one or
This report covers residents of one of the more schools in each area, and stage three the
following geographic areas at the time of the initial selection of students within each school. Data are
diagnosis of cancer: Atlanta, Georgia; Detroit, collected using self-administered questionnaires
Michigan; Seattle-Puget Sound, Washington; San administered in the classroom by representatives of the
Francisco-Oakland, California; Connecticut; Iowa; New Institute for Social Research. Dropouts and students
Mexico; Utah; and Hawaii. who are absent on the day of the survey are excluded.
Population estimates used to calculate incidence Recognizing that the dropout population is at higher
rates are obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. risk for drug use, this survey was expanded to include
NCI uses estimation procedures as needed to obtain similar nationally representative samples of 8th and
estimates for years and races not included in the data 10th graders in 1991. Statistics that are published in
provided by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Rates the Dropout Rates in the United States: 1997
presented in this report may differ somewhat from (published by the National Center for Educational
previous reports due to revised population estimates Statistics, Pub. No. 1999–082) stated that among
and the addition and deletion of small numbers of persons 15–16 years of age, 2.7 percent have dropped
incidence cases. out of school. Among persons 17 years of age,
Life tables used to determine normal life 2.4 percent have dropped out of school, while the
expectancy when calculating relative survival rates dropout percent increases to 5.9 percent of persons 18
were obtained from NCHS and in-house calculations. years of age, and to 10.2 percent for persons 19 years
Separate life tables are used for each race-sex-specific of age. Therefore, surveying eighth graders (where
group included in the SEER Program. drop out rates are much lower than for high school
For further information, see: National Cancer seniors) should be effective for picking up students at
Institute, Cancer Statistics Review 1973–96 by L.A.G. higher risk for drug use.
Ries, et al. Public Health Service. Bethesda, MD, Approximately 45,300 8th, 10th, and 12th graders
1999; or visit the SEER home page: in 433 schools were surveyed in 1999. In 1999 the
www.seer.ims.nci.nih.gov. annual senior samples were comprised of roughly
14,100 seniors in 143 public and private high schools
National Institute on Drug Abuse nationwide, selected to be representative of all seniors
in the continental United States. The 10th grade
Monitoring the Future Study (High School Senior samples involve about 13,900 students in 140 schools
Survey) in 1999, and the 1999 eighth grade samples have
Monitoring the Future Study (MTF) is a approximately 17,300 students in 150 schools.
large-scale epidemiological survey of drug use and For further information on Monitoring the Future
related attitudes. It was initiated by the National Study, see: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 393
Extracted source page 399
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the homes, and those provided by licensed professionals or
Future Study, 1975–1998, Vol. I, Secondary School through home health agencies are excluded here, but
Students, NIH Pub. No. 99–4660, Bethesda, MD: are included with the expenditure estimates of the
Public Health Service, printed September 1999; or visit provider service category.
the NIDA home page at www.nida.nih.gov or the Nursing home expenditures cover care rendered in
Monitoring the Future home page at establishments providing inpatient nursing and
monitoringthefuture.org/. health-related personal care through active treatment
programs for medical and health-related conditions.
Health Care Financing Administration These establishments cover skilled nursing and
intermediate care facilities, including those for the
Office of the Actuary mentally retarded. Spending estimates are based upon
data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census Services
Estimates of National Health Expenditures Annual Survey, and the quinequennial Census of
Estimates of expenditures for health (National Service Industries.
Health Accounts) are compiled annually by type of Expenditures for construction include those spent
expenditure and source of funds. on the erection or renovation of hospitals, nursing
Estimates of expenditures for health services come homes, medical clinics, and medical research facilities,
from an array of sources. The American Hospital but not for private office buildings providing office
Association (AHA) data on hospital finances are the space for private practitioners. Expenditures for
primary source for estimates relating to hospital care. noncommercial research (the cost of commercial
The salaries of physicians and dentists on the staffs of research by drug companies is assumed to be
hospitals, hospital outpatient clinics, hospital-based imbedded in the price charged for the product; to
home health agencies, and nursing home care provided include this item again would result in double
in the hospital setting are considered to be components counting) are developed from information gathered by
of hospital care. Expenditures for home health care and the National Institutes of Health.
for services of health professionals (for example, Source of funding estimates likewise come from a
doctors, chiropractors, private duty nurses, therapists, multiplicity of sources. Data on the Federal health
and podiatrists) are estimated primarily using a programs are taken from administrative records
combination of data from the U.S. Bureau of the maintained by the servicing agencies. Among the
Census’ Service Annual Survey and the quinquennial sources used to estimate State and local government
Census of Service Industries. spending for health are the U.S. Bureau of the Census’
The estimates of retail spending for prescription Government Finances and Social Security
drugs are based on results of HCFA-sponsored study Administration reports on State-operated Workers’
conducted by the Actuarial Research Corporation and Compensation programs. Federal and State-local
on industry data on prescription drug transactions. expenditures for education and training of medical
Expenditures for other medical nondurables and vision personnel are excluded from these measures where
products and other medical durables purchased in retail they are separable. For the private financing of health
outlets are based on estimates of personal consumption care, data on the financial experience of health
expenditures prepared by the U.S. Department of insurance organizations come from special Health Care
Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Financing Administration analyses of private health
Bureau of Labor Statistics/Consumer Expenditure insurers, and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
Survey, and the 1987 National Medical Expenditure survey on the cost of employer-sponsored health
Survey conducted by the Agency for Health Care insurance and on consumer expenditures. Information
Policy and Research. Those durable and nondurable on out-of-pocket spending from the U.S. Bureau of the
products provided to inpatients in hospitals or nursing Census’ Services Annual Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor
394 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 400
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey, the 1987 non-U.S. areas accounts for a 0.9 percent reduction in
National Medical Expenditure Survey conducted by the hospital expenditures from those measured as part of
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, and from NHE.
private surveys conducted by the American Hospital For more information, contact: Office of the
Association, American Medical Association, and the Actuary, Health Care Financing Administration, 7500
American Dental Association are used to develop Security Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21244–1850; or visit
estimates of direct spending by customers. the Health Care Financing Administration home page
For more specific information on definitions, at www.hcfa.gov.
sources, and methods used in the National health
accounts, see: National Health Accounts: Lessons from Medicare National Claims History Files
the U.S. experience, by Lazenby HC, Levit KR, Waldo The Medicare Common Working File (CWF) is a
DR, et al. Health Care Financing Review, vol 14 no 4. Medicare Part A and Part B benefit coordination and
Health Care Financing Administration. Washington: claims validation system. There are two National
Public Health Service. 1992 and National Health Claims History (NCH) files, the NCH
Expenditures, 1994, Levit KR, Lazenby HC, Sivarajan 100 percent-Nearline File, and the NCH Beneficiary
L, et al. Health Care Financing Review, vol 17 no 3. Program Liability (BPL) File. The NCH files contain
Health Care Financing Administration. Washington: claims records and Medicare beneficiary information.
Public Health Service. 1996; or visit the Health Care The NCH 100 percent Nearline File contains all
Financing Administration home page at www.hcfa.gov. institutional and physician/supplier claims from the
CWF. It provides records of every claim submitted,
Estimates of State Health Expenditures including all adjustment claims. The NCH BPL file
Estimates of spending by State are created using contains Medicare Part A and Part B beneficiary
the same definitions of health care sectors used in liability information (such as deductible and
producing the National Health Expenditures (NHE). coinsurance amounts remaining). The records include
The same data sources used in creating NHE are also all Part A and Part B utilization and entitlement data.
used to create State estimates whenever possible. Records for 1998 were maintained on more than 38
Frequently, however, surveys that are used to create million enrollees and 49,290 institutional providers
valid national estimates lack sufficient size to create including 6,176 hospitals, 15,022 skilled nursing
valid State-level estimates. In these cases, alternative facilities, 9,662 home health agencies, 2,290 hospices,
data sources that best represent the State-by-State 2,905 outpatient physical therapy facilities, 582
distribution of spending are substituted, and the U.S. comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities, 3,512
aggregate expenditures for the specific type of service end-state renal dialysis facilities, 3,560 rural health
or source of funds are used to control the level of clinics, 1,100 community mental health centers, 2,623
State-by-State distributions. This procedure implicitly ambulatory surgical centers, and 1,858 federally
assumes that national spending estimates can be qualified health centers. About 860 million claims were
created more accurately than State-specific processed in fiscal year 1998.
expenditures. Data from the NCH files provide information
Despite definitional correspondence, NHE differ about enrollee use of benefits for a point in time or
from the sum of State estimates. NHE include over an extended period. Statistical reports are
expenditures for persons living in U.S. territories and produced on enrollment, characteristics of participating
for military and Federal civilian employees and their providers, reimbursement, and services used.
families stationed overseas. The sum of the State level For further information on the NCH files see:
expenditures exclude health spending for those groups. Health Care Financing Administration, Office of
For hospital care, exclusion of purchases of services in Information Services, Enterprise Data Base Group,
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 395
Extracted source page 401
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
Division of Information Distribution, Data Users Medicaid Data System
Reference Guide or call the Medicare Hotline at 410 Many State Medicaid agencies continue to submit
786-3689. data annually to the Health Care Financing
For further information on Medicare, visit the Administration (HCFA) using the Form HCFA-2082,
HCFA home page at www.hcfa.gov. Statistical Report on Medical Care: Eligibles,
Recipients, Payments, and Services. However, the
Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey majority of Medicaid data are derived from the
The Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) Medicaid Statistical Information System (MSIS). States
is a continuous survey of a nationally representative participating in MSIS provide HCFA with a larger data
sample of about 18,000 aged and disabled Medicare base through the submission of computer tapes. HCFA
beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Part A (hospital then extracts comparable data to produce a mirror copy
insurance), or Part B (medical insurance), or both, and of the HCFA-2082 report. The Federal reporting period
residing in households or long-term care facilities. The is between October 1 and September 30 of the fiscal
survey provides comprehensive time-series data on year.
utilization of health services, health and functional The following information may help when using
status, health care expenditures, and health insurance, the Medicaid data:
and beneficiary information such as income, assets,
HCFA performs many statistical edits to ensure
living arrangement, family assistance, and quality of
consistency and identification of aberrant and missing
life. The longitudinal design of the survey allows each
data. HCFA may substitute cell values only when
sample person to be interviewed three times a year for
necessary in order to maintain consistency.
4 years, whether he or she resides in the community or
a facility or moves between the two settings, using the Medical Vendor Payments exclude lump sum
version of the questionnaire appropriate to the setting. adjustments (such as payments to disproportionate
Sample persons in the community are interviewed share (DSH) hospitals). States must adjust payments to
using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) qualified hospitals that provide inpatient services to a
survey instruments. Because long-term care facility disproportionate number of Medicaid recipients and/or
residents often are in poor health, information about other low income persons.
institutionalized patients is collected from proxy
The number of recipients and eligibles reported on
respondents such as nurses and other primary care
the HCFA-2082 are referred to as ‘‘Unduplicated,’’
givers affiliated with the facility. The sample is
which simply means that each person is counted once
selected from the Medicare enrollment files with
based on their eligibility grouping (for example, Aged
oversampling among disabled persons under age 65
or Blind or Disabled) when they first receive medical
and among persons 80 years of age and over.
services.
Medicare claims are linked to survey-reported
events to produce the Cost and Use file that provides The Medicaid data presented in Health, United
complete expenditure and source of payment data on States are contained in the Medicaid statistical system
all health care services, including those not covered by (HCFA-2082 Report and the MSIS tapes). Data
Medicare. reported on the quarterly Medicaid financial report
For a description of the MCBS, see: A profile of (HCFA-64) submitted to HCFA by States for
the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, by GS Adler. reimbursement may differ from the Medicaid statistical
Health Care Financing Review, vol 15 no 4. Health report primarily because the HCFA-64 includes
Care Financing Administration. Washington: Public disproportionate share hospital payments, payments to
Health Service. 1994. For further information on the health maintenance organizations and Medicare, and
MCBS visit the HCFA home page at www.hcfa.gov. quarterly payment adjustments.
396 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 402
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
For further information on Medicaid data, see the Department of Health) at least once every 15
Medicaid Statistics, Program and Financial Statistics, months. Therefore a complete census must be based on
Fiscal Year 1997, HCFA Pub. No. 10129, Health Care a 15-month reporting cycle rather than a 12-month
Financing Administration, Baltimore, MD. U.S. cycle. The 1995 data shown in Health, United States,
Government Printing Office, May 1999; or call the 2000, come from a 15-month cycle ending on July 31,
Medicaid Hotline at 410-786-0165. For additional 1995. The 1996 data are based on a cycle ending on
information and data visit the HCFA Web site at January 24, 1997, and the 1997 and 1998 data from
www.hcfa.gov. cycles ending December 29, 1997, and December 13,
1998, respectively. Some nursing homes are inspected
Online Survey Certification and Reporting Database twice or more often during any given reporting cycle.
In order to avoid overcounting, the data must be edited
The Online Survey Certification and Reporting
and duplicates removed. The editing and compilation
(OSCAR) database has been maintained by the Health
of the data were performed by Cowles Research Group
Care Financing Administration (HCFA) since 1992.
and published in the group’s Nursing Home Statistical
OSCAR is an updated version of the Medicare and
Yearbook series.
Medicaid Automated Certification System that has
For more information, see: Cowles CM, 1995
been in existence since 1972. OSCAR is an
Nursing Home Statistical Yearbook. 1996 Nursing
administrative database containing detailed information
Home Statistical Yearbook. 1997 Nursing Home
on all Medicare and Medicaid health care providers in
Statistical Yearbook. Anacortes, WA: Cowles Research
addition to all currently certified Medicare and
Group (CRG), 1995; 1997; 1998; Cowles CM, 1998
Medicaid nursing home facilities in the United States
Nursing Home Statistical Yearbook. Washington, DC:
and Territories. (Data for the territories are not shown
American Association of Homes and Services for the
in this report.) The purpose of the nursing home
Aging (AAHSA), 1999; HCFA: OSCAR Data Users
facility survey certification process is to ensure that
Reference Guide, 1995, available from HCFA, Health
nursing facilities meet the current HCFA long-term
Standards and Quality Bureau, HCFA/HSQB S2 11-07,
care requirements and thus can participate in serving
7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244; or
Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. Included in the
visit the HCFA home page at www.hcfa.gov or the
OSCAR database are all certified nursing facilities,
CRG Web page at www.LongTermCareInfo.com/CRG.
certified hospital-based nursing homes, and certified
The e-mail contact for CRG is MickCowles@aol.com
units for other types of nursing home facilities (for
and for AAHSA is akerman@aahsa.org.
example, life-care communities or board and care
homes). Facilities not included in OSCAR are all
noncertified facilities (that is, facilities that are only Department of Commerce
licensed by the State and are limited to private
payment sources) and nursing homes that are part of Bureau of the Census
the Department of Veterans Affairs. Also excluded are
nursing homes that are intermediate care facilities for Census of Population
the mentally retarded. The census of population has been taken in the
Information on the number of beds, residents, and United States every 10 years since 1790. In the 1990
resident characteristics is collected during an census data were collected on sex, race, age, and
inspection of all certified facilities. The information marital status from 100 percent of the enumerated
present on OSCAR is based on each facility’s own population. More detailed information such as income,
administrative record system in addition to interviews education, housing, occupation, and industry were
with key administrative staff members. collected from a representative sample of the
All certified nursing homes are inspected by population. For most of the country, one out of six
representatives of the State survey agency (generally households (about 17 percent) received the more
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 397
Extracted source page 403
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
detailed questionnaire. In places of residence estimated Population Estimates
to have less than 2,500 population, 50 percent of National population estimates are derived by using
households received the long form. decennial census data as benchmarks and data
For more information on the 1990 census, see: available from various agencies as follows: births and
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of deaths (National Center for Health Statistics);
Population, General Population Characteristics, Series immigrants (Immigration and Naturalization Service);
1990, CP-1; or visit the Census Bureau home page at Armed Forces (Department of Defense); net movement
www.census.gov. between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland (Puerto
Rico Planning Board); and Federal employees abroad
Current Population Survey (Office of Personnel Management and Department of
The Current Population Survey (CPS) is a Defense). State estimates are based on similar data and
household sample survey of the civilian also on a variety of data series, including school
noninstitutionalized population conducted monthly by statistics from State departments of education and
the U.S. Bureau of the Census. CPS provides estimates parochial school systems. Current estimates are
of employment, unemployment, and other consistent with official decennial census figures and do
characteristics of the general labor force, the not reflect estimated decennial census
population as a whole, and various other subgroups of underenumeration.
the population. After decennial population censuses, intercensal
The 1999 CPS sample is located in 754 sample population estimates for the preceding decade are
areas, with coverage in every State and the District of prepared to replace postcensal estimates. Intercensal
Columbia. In an average month during 1999, the population estimates are more accurate than postcensal
number of housing units or living quarters eligible for estimates because they take into account the census of
interview was about 50,000; of these about 7 percent population at the beginning and end of the decade.
were, for various reasons, unavailable for interview. In Intercensal estimates have been prepared for the
1994 major changes were introduced, which included a 1960’s, 1970’s, and 1980’s to correct the ‘‘error of
complete redesign of the questionnaire and the closure’’ or difference between the estimated
introduction of computer-assisted interviewing for the population at the end of the decade and the census
entire survey. In addition, there were revisions to some count for that date. The ‘‘error of closure’’ at the
of the labor force concepts and definitions. national level was quite small during the 1960’s
The estimation procedure used involves inflation (379,000). However, for the 1970’s it amounted to
by the reciprocal of the probability of selection, almost 5 million and for the 1980’s, 1.5 million.
adjustment for nonresponse, and ratio adjustment. For more information, see: U.S. Bureau of the
Beginning in 1994 new population controls based on Census, U.S. population estimated by age, sex, race,
the 1990 census adjusted for the estimated population and Hispanic origin: 1990–96, release PPL-57, March
undercount were utilized. 1997; or visit the Census Bureau home page:
For more information, see: U.S. Bureau of the www.census.gov.
Census, The Current Population Survey, Design, and
Methodology, Technical Paper 40, Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office, Jan. 1978; U.S. Department of Labor
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Employment and Earnings, Feb. 1994, vol 41 no 2 and
Feb. 1995, vol 42 no 2, Washington: U.S. Government Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
Printing Office, Feb. 1994 and Feb. 1995; or visit the
Since 1971 the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
CPS home page at www.bls.gov.
has conducted an annual survey of establishments in
the private sector to collect statistics on occupational
398 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 404
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
injuries and illnesses. The Survey of Occupational The number of injuries and illnesses reported in
Injuries and Illnesses is a Federal/State program in any given year can be influenced by the level of
which employer reports are collected from about economic activity, working conditions and work
169,000 private industry establishments and processed practices, worker experience and training, and the
by State agencies cooperating with BLS. Data for the number of hours worked. Long-term latent illnesses
mining industry and for railroad activities are provided caused by exposure to carcinogens are believed to be
by Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health understated in the survey’s illness measures. In
Administration and Department of Transportation’s contrast, new illnesses such as contact dermatitis and
Federal Railroad Administration. Excluded from the carpal tunnel syndrome are easier to relate directly to
survey are self-employed individuals; farmers with workplace activity.
fewer than 11 employees; private households; Federal For more information, see: Bureau of Labor
Government agencies; and employees in State and Statistics, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in 1998,
local government agencies. Establishments are Washington: U.S. Department of Labor, December
classified in industry categories based on the 1987 1999; or visit the BLS Internet site at
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, as stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm.
defined by the Office of Management and Budget.
Survey estimates of occupational injuries and Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
illnesses are based on a scientifically selected The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI),
probability sample, rather than a census of the entire administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
population. An independent sample is selected for each in conjunction with participating State agencies,
State and the District of Columbia that represents compiles comprehensive and timely information on
industries in that jurisdiction. BLS includes all the fatal work injuries occurring in the 50 States and the
State samples in the national sample. District of Columbia. To compile counts that are as
Establishments included in the survey are complete as possible, the BLS census uses diverse
instructed in a mailed questionnaire to provide sources to identify, verify, and profile fatal work
summary totals of all entries for the previous calendar injuries. Key information about each workplace fatality
year to its Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries (occupation and other worker characteristics,
and Illnesses (OSHA No. 200 form). Additionally, equipment or machinery involved, and circumstances
from the selected establishments, approximately of the event) is obtained by cross-referencing the
550,000 injuries and illnesses with days away from source records. Work relationship is verified for each
work are sampled in order to obtain demographic and work injury fatality by using at least two independent
detailed case characteristic information. An source documents. For a fatality to be included in the
occupational injury is any injury, such as a cut, census, the decedent must have been employed (that is,
fracture, sprain, or amputation, that results from a working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time
work-related event or from a single instantaneous of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or
exposure in the work environment. An occupational present at the site of the incident as a requirement of
illness is any abnormal condition or disorder, other his or her job. These criteria are generally broader than
than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused those used by Federal and State agencies administering
by exposure to factors associated with employment. It specific laws and regulations. Fatalities that occur
includes acute and chronic illnesses or diseases that during a person’s commute to or from work are
may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or excluded from the census counts.
direct contact. Lost workday cases are cases that Data for the CFOI are compiled from various
involve days away from work, or days of restricted Federal, State, and local administrative
work activity, or both. The response rate is about sources—including death certificates, workers’
92 percent. compensation reports and claims, reports to various
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 399
Extracted source page 405
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
regulatory agencies, medical examiner reports, and 122. This change can also be expressed in dollars as
police reports—as well as news reports. Diverse follows: the price of a base period ‘‘market basket’’ of
sources are used because studies have shown that no goods and services bought by all urban consumers has
single source captures all job-related fatalities. Source risen from $10 in 1982–84 to $16.30 in 1998.
documents are matched so that each fatality is counted The current revision of CPI, projected to be
only once. To ensure that a fatality occurred while the completed in 2000, reflects spending patterns based on
decedent was at work, information is verified from two the Survey of Consumer Expenditures from 1993 to
or more independent source documents or from a 1995, the 1990 Census of Population, and the ongoing
source document and a follow-up questionnaire. Point-of-Purchase Survey. Using an improved sample
States may identify additional fatal work injuries design, prices for the goods and services required to
after data collection closeout for a reference year. In calculate the index are collected in urban areas
addition, other fatalities excluded from the published throughout the country and from retail and service
count because of insufficient information to determine establishments. Data on rents are collected from
work relationship may subsequently be verified as tenants of rented housing and residents of
work related. States have up to one year to update owner-occupied housing units. Food, fuels, and other
their initial published State counts. Occupational goods and services are priced monthly in urban
fatalities and rates shown in this report are revised, locations. Price information is obtained through visits
except for the most recent year, and may differ from or calls by trained BLS field representatives using
original data published by CFOI. Increases in the computer-assisted telephone interviews.
published counts based on additional information have The earlier 1987 revision changed the treatment of
averaged less than 100 fatalities per year or less than health insurance in the cost-weight definitions for
1.5 percent of the total. medical care items. This change has no effect on the
For more information, see: Bureau of Labor final index result but provides a clearer picture of the
Statistics, Fatal Workplace Injuries in 1997: A role of health insurance in the CPI. As part of the
Collection of Data and Analysis. Report 934, revision, three new indexes have been created by
Washington: U.S. Department of Labor, July 1999; or separating previously combined items, for example,
visit the CFOI Internet site at eye care from other professional services and inpatient
www.bls.gov/oshfat1.htm. and outpatient treatment from other hospital and
medical care services.
Consumer Price Index Effective January 1997 the hospital index was
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a monthly restructured by combining the three categories—room,
measure of the average change in the prices paid by inpatient services and outpatient services—into one
urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods category, hospital services. Differentiation between
and services. The all-urban index (CPI-U) introduced inpatient and outpatient and among service types are
in 1978 covers residents of metropolitan areas as well under this broad category. In addition new procedures
as residents of urban parts of nonmetropolitan areas for hospital data collection identify a payor, diagnosis,
(about 87 percent of the U. S. population in 1990). and the payor’s reimbursement arrangement from
In calculating the index, price changes for the selected hospital bills.
various items in each location were averaged together A new geographic sample and item structure were
with weights that represent their importance in the introduced in January 1998 and expenditure weights
spending of all urban consumers. Local data were then were updated to 1993–95. Pricing of a new housing
combined to obtain a U.S. city average. sample using computer-assisted data collection started
The index measures price changes from a in June 1998. In January 1999 the index will be
designated reference date, 1982–84, which equals 100. rebased from the 1982–84 time period to 1993–95.
An increase of 22 percent, for example, is shown as
400 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 406
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
For more information, see: Bureau of Labor classified industry categories based on the 1987
Statistics, Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, Apr. 1997; IK defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.
Ford and P Sturm. CPI revision provides more Within an establishment, specific job categories are
accuracy in the medical care services component, selected to represent broader major occupational
Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Department of Labor, groups such as professional specialty and technical
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, Apr. 1988; or occupations. The cost levels are calculated with current
visit the BLS home page at www.bls.gov. employment weights each year.
For more information, see: U.S. Department of
Employment and Earnings Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Cost
The Division of Monthly Industry Employment Indexes and Levels, 1975–95, Bulletin 2466, Oct.
Statistics and the Division of Employment and 1995.
Unemployment Analysis of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics publish data on employment and earnings. Department of Veterans Affairs
The data are collected by the U.S. Bureau of the
Census, State Employment Security Agencies, and Data are obtained from the Department of
State Departments of Labor in cooperation with BLS. Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data systems.
The major data source is the Current Population These include budget, patient treatment, patient census,
Survey (CPS), a household interview survey conducted and patient outpatient-clinic information. Data from the
monthly by the U.S. Bureau of the Census to collect three patient files are collected locally at each VA
labor force data for BLS. CPS is described separately medical center and are transmitted to the national
in this appendix. Data based on establishment records databank at the VA Austin Automated Center where
are also compiled each month from mail questionnaires they are stored and used to provide nationwide
by BLS, in cooperation with State agencies. statistics, reports, and comparisons.
For more information, see: U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and The Patient Treatment File
Earnings, Jan. 2000, vol 47 no 1, Washington: U.S. The patient treatment file (PTF) collects data, at
Government Printing Office. Jan. 2000. the time of the patient’s discharge, on each episode of
inpatient care provided to patients at VA hospitals, VA
Employer Costs for Employee Compensation nursing homes, VA domiciliaries, community nursing
Employer costs for employee compensation cover homes, and other non-VA facilities. The PTF record
all occupations in private industry, excluding farms and contains the scrambled social security number, dates of
households and State and local governments. These inpatient treatment, date of birth, State and county of
cost levels are published once a year with the payroll residence, type of disposition, place of disposition after
period including March 12th as the reference period. discharge, as well as the ICD–9–CM diagnostic and
The cost levels are based on compensation cost procedure or operative codes for each episode of care.
data collected for the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Employment Cost Index (ECI), released quarterly. The Patient Census File
Employee Benefits Survey (EBS) data are jointly The patient census file collects data on each
collected with the ECI data. Cost data were collected patient remaining in a VA medical facility at midnight
from the ECI’s March 1993 sample that consisted of on a selected date of each year, normally September
about 23,000 occupations within 4,500 sample 30. This file includes patients admitted to VA hospitals,
establishments in private industry and 7,000 VA nursing homes, and VA domiciliaries. The census
occupations within 1,000 establishments in State and record includes information similar to that reported in
local governments. The sample establishments are the patient treatment file record.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 401
Extracted source page 407
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
The Outpatient Clinic File For more information, see: Environmental
The outpatient clinic file (OPC) collects data on Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions
each instance of medical treatment provided to a Trend Report, 1994, EPA-454/R-95-014, Research
veteran in an outpatient setting. The OPC record Triangle Park, NC, Oct. 1995, or write: Office of Air
includes the age, scrambled social security number, Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental
State and county of residence, VA eligibility code, Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
clinic(s) visited, purpose of visit, and the date of visit For additional information on this measure and similar
for each episode of care. measures used to track the Healthy People 2000
For more information, write: Department of Objectives and Health Status Indicators, see: National
Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veteran Analysis Center for Health Statistics, Monitoring Air Quality in
and Statistics, Biometrics Division 008Cl2, 810 Healthy People 2000, Statistical Notes, No. 9.
Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20420; or visit Hyattsville, MD: 1995; or visit the EPA AIRS home
the VA home page at www.va.gov. page at www.epa.gov/airs/.
Environmental Protection Agency United Nations
Demographic Yearbook
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
The Statistical Office of the United Nations
The Environmental Protection Agency’s prepares the Demographic Yearbook, a comprehensive
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) collection of international demographic statistics.
compiles data on ambient air levels of particulate Questionnaires are sent annually and monthly to
matter smaller than 10 microns (PM-10), lead, carbon more than 220 national statistical services and other
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and appropriate government offices. Data forwarded on
tropospheric ozone. These pollutants were identified in these questionnaires are supplemented, to the extent
the Clean Air Act of 1970 and in its 1977 and 1990 possible, by data taken from official national
amendments because they pose significant threats to publications and by correspondence with the national
public health. The National Ambient Air Quality statistical services. To ensure comparability, rates,
Standards (NAAQS) define for each pollutant the ratios, and percents have been calculated in the
maximum concentration level (micrograms per cubic statistical office of the United Nations.
meter) that cannot be exceeded during specific time Lack of international comparability between
intervals. Data shown in this publication reflect estimates arises from differences in concepts,
attainment of NAAQS during a 12-month period based definitions, and time of data collection. The
on analysis using county level air-monitoring data comparability of population data is affected by several
from AIRS and population data from the Bureau of the factors, including (a) the definitions of the total
Census. population, (b) the definitions used to classify the
Data are collected at State and local air pollution population into its urban and rural components, (c) the
monitoring sites. Each site provides data for one or difficulties relating to age reporting, (d) the extent of
more of the six pollutants. The number of sites has over- or underenumeration, and (e) the quality of
varied, but generally increased over the years. In 1993 population estimates. The completeness and accuracy
there were 4,469 sites, 4,668 sites in 1994, and 4,800 of vital statistics data also vary from one country to
sites in 1995. The monitoring sites are located another. Differences in statistical definitions of vital
primarily in heavily populated urban areas. Air quality events may also influence comparability.
for less populated areas is assessed through a International demographic trend data are available
combination of data from supplemental monitors and from the United Nations on a CD-ROM entitled
air pollution models. United Nations Demographic Yearbook: Historical
402 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 408
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
Supplement, 1948–97. First Issue DYB-CD, in press. For more information, see: World Health
United Nations publication sales number Organization, World Health Statistics Annual 1996,
E/F.99.XIII.12. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1998; or visit the
For more information, see: United Nations, WHO home page at www.who.org.
Demographic Yearbook 1996, United Nations, New
York, 1998; or visit the United Nations home page at
www.un.org or their Web site locator at Alan Guttmacher Institute
www.unsystem.org. Abortion Survey
The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) conducts an
World Health Statistics Annual annual survey of abortion providers. Data are collected
The World Health Organization (WHO) prepares from hospitals, nonhospital clinics, and physicians
the World Health Statistics Annual, an annual volume identified as providers of abortion services. A universal
of information on vital statistics and causes of death survey of 3,092 hospitals, nonhospital clinics, and
designed for use by the medical and public health individual physicians was compiled. To assess the
professions. Each volume is the result of a joint effort completeness of the provider and abortion counts,
by the national health and statistical administrations of supplemental surveys were conducted of a sample of
many countries, the United Nations, and WHO. United obstetrician-gynecologists and a sample of hospitals
Nations estimates of vital rates and population size and (not in original universe) that were identified as
composition, where available, are reprinted directly in providing abortion services through the American
the Statistics Annual. For those countries for which the Hospital Association Survey.
United Nations does not prepare demographic The number of abortions estimated by AGI
estimates, primarily smaller populations, the latest through the mid to late 1980’s was about 20 percent
available data reported to the United Nations and more than the number reported to the Centers for
based on reasonably complete coverage of events are Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Since 1989 the
used. AGI estimates have been about 12 percent higher than
Information published on late fetal and infant those reported by CDC.
mortality is based entirely on official national data For more information, write: The Alan Guttmacher
either reported directly or made available to WHO. Institute, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005; or
Selected life table functions are calculated from visit AGI’s home page at www.agi-usa.org.
the application of a uniform methodology to national
mortality data provided to WHO, in order to enhance
their value for international comparisons. The life table American Association of Colleges of
procedure used by WHO may often lead to Osteopathic Medicine
discrepancies with national figures published by The American Association of Colleges of
countries, due to differences in methodology or degree Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) compiles data on
of age detail maintained in calculations. various aspects of osteopathic medical education for
The international comparability of estimates distribution to the profession, the government, and the
published in the World Health Statistics Annual is public. Questionnaires are sent annually to all schools
affected by the same problems discussed above for the of osteopathic medicine requesting information on
Demographic Yearbook. Cross-national differences in characteristics of applicants and students, curricula,
statistical definitions of vital events, in the faculty, grants, contracts, revenues, and expenditures.
completeness and accuracy of vital statistics data, and The response rate is 100 percent.
in the comparability of population data are the primary For more information, see: Annual Statistical
factors affecting comparability. Report, 1998, American Association of Colleges of
Osteopathic Medicine: Rockville, MD, 1998; or visit
the AACOM home page at www.aacom.org.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 403
Extracted source page 409
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy to all hospitals, AHA-registered and nonregistered, in
the United States and its associated areas. U.S.
The American Association of Colleges of government hospitals located outside the United States
Pharmacy (AACP) compiles data on the Colleges of were excluded. Questionnaires were mailed to all
Pharmacy, including information on student enrollment hospitals on AHA files. For nonreporting hospitals and
and types of degrees conferred. Data are collected for the survey questionnaires of reporting hospitals on
through an annual survey; the response rate is which some information was missing, estimates were
100 percent. made for all data except those on beds, bassinets, and
For further information, see: Profile of Pharmacy facilities. Data for beds and bassinets of nonreporting
Students. The American Association of Colleges of hospitals were based on the most recent information
Pharmacy, 1426 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA; or visit available from those hospitals. Facilities and services
the AACP home page at www.aacp.org. and inpatient-service area data include only reporting
hospitals and, therefore, do not include estimates.
American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Estimates of other types of missing data were
based on data reported the previous year, if available.
Medicine
When unavailable, the estimates were based on data
The American Association of Colleges of Podiatric furnished by reporting hospitals similar in size, control,
Medicine (AACPM) compiles data on the Colleges of major service provided, length of stay, and geographic
Podiatric Medicine, including information on the and demographic characteristics.
schools and enrollment. Data are collected annually For more information on the AHA Annual Survey
through written questionnaires. The response rate is of Hospitals, see: American Hospital Association,
100 percent. (Health Forum), Hospital Statistics, 2000 ed. Chicago,
For further information, write: The American 1999; or visit an AHA page at www.aha.org.
Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine, 1350
Piccard Drive, Suite 322, Rockville, MD 20850–4307;
or visit the AACPM home page at www.aacpm.org. American Medical Association
Physician Masterfile
American Dental Association
A masterfile of physicians has been maintained by
The Division of Educational Measurement of the the American Medical Association (AMA) since 1906.
American Dental Association (ADA) conducts annual The Physician Masterfile contains data on almost every
surveys of predoctoral dental educational institutions. physician in the United States, members and
The questionnaire, mailed to all dental schools, collects nonmembers of AMA, and on those graduates of
information on student characteristics, financial American medical schools temporarily practicing
management, and curricula. overseas. The file also includes graduates of
For more information, see: American Dental international medical schools who are in the United
Association, 1997–98 Survey of Predoctoral Dental States and meet education standards for primary
Educational Institutions. Chicago, 1998; or visit the recognition as physicians.
ADA home page at www.ada.org. A file is initiated on each individual upon entry
into medical school or, in the case of international
American Hospital Association graduates, upon entry into the United States. Between
1969–85 a mail questionnaire survey was conducted
Annual Survey of Hospitals every 4 years to update the file information on
professional activities, self-designated area of
Data from the American Hospital Association
(AHA) annual survey are based on questionnaires sent
404 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 410
.............................................................................................................. Appendix I
Sources of Data
specialization, and present employment status. Since student opportunities in medicine questionnaire, the
1985 approximately one-third of all physicians are faculty roster system, data from the Medical College
surveyed each year. Admission Test, and one-time surveys developed for
For more information on the AMA Physician special projects.
Masterfile, see: Division of Survey and Data For more information, see: Association of
Resources, American Medical Association, Physician American Medical Colleges, Statistical Information
Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S., Related to Medical Education, Washington. 1999, or
2000–2001 ed. Chicago, 1999; or visit the AMA home visit the AAMC home page at www.aamc.org.
page at www.ama-assn.org.
Annual Census of Hospitals
Association of Schools and Colleges of
From 1920 to 1953 the Council on Medical
Optometry
Education and Hospitals of the AMA conducted annual The Association of Schools and Colleges of
censuses of all hospitals registered by AMA. Optometry (ASCO) compiles data on the various
In each annual census, questionnaires were sent to aspects of optometric education including data on
hospitals asking for the number of beds, bassinets, schools and enrollment. Questionnaires are sent
births, patients admitted, average census of patients, annually to all the schools and colleges of optometry.
lists of staff doctors and interns, and other information The response rate is 100 percent.
of importance at the particular time. Response rates For further information, write: Annual Survey of
were always nearly 100 percent. Optometric Educational Institutions, Association of
The community hospital data from 1940 and 1950 Schools and Colleges of Optometry, 6110 Executive
presented in this report were calculated using Blvd., Suite 690, Rockville, MD 20852; or visit the
published figures from the AMA Annual Census of ASCO home page at www.opted.org.
Hospitals. Although the hospital classification scheme
used by AMA in published reports is not strictly
comparable with the definition of community hospitals, Association of Schools of Public Health
methods were employed to achieve the greatest
comparability possible. The Association of Schools of Public Health
For more information on the AMA Annual Census (ASPH) compiles data on the 29 schools of public
of Hospitals, see: American Medical Association, health in the United States and Puerto Rico.
Hospital service in the United States, Journal of the Questionnaires are sent annually to all member
American Medical Association, 16(11):1055–1144. schools, and the response rate is 100 percent.
1941; or visit the AMA home page at Unlike health professional schools that emphasize
www.ama-assn.org. specific clinical occupations, schools of public health
offer study in specialty areas such as biostatistics,
epidemiology, environmental and occupational health,
Association of American Medical Colleges health administration, health planning, nutrition,
maternal and child health, social and behavioral
The Association of American Medical Colleges
sciences, and other population-based sciences.
(AAMC) collects information on student enrollment in
For further information, write: Association of
medical schools through the annual Liaison Committee
Schools of Public Health, 1660 L Street, NW, Suite
on Medical Education questionnaire, the fall
204, Washington, D.C. 20036–5603; or visit the ASPH
enrollment questionnaire, and the American Medical
home page at www.asph.org.
College Application Service (AMCAS) data system.
Other data sources are the institutional profile system,
the premedical students questionnaire, the minority
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 405
Extracted source page 411
Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
Sources of Data
InterStudy For more information, see: National League for
Nursing, Nursing Data Review, New York, 1998; or
visit the NLN home page at www.nln.org.
National Health Maintenance Organization Census
From 1976 to 1980 the Office of Health
Maintenance Organizations conducted a census of
health maintenance organizations (HMO’s). Since 1981
InterStudy has conducted the census. A questionnaire is
sent to all HMO’s in the United States asking for
updated enrollment, profit status, and Federal
qualification status. New HMO’s are also asked to
provide information on model type. When necessary,
information is obtained, supplemented, or clarified by
telephone. For nonresponding HMO’s State-supplied
information or the most current available data are used.
In 1985 a large increase in the number of HMO’s
and enrollment was partly attributable to a change in
the categories of HMO’s included in the census:
Medicaid-only and Medicare-only HMO’s have been
added. Also component HMO’s, which have their own
discrete management, can be listed separately;
whereas, previously the oldest HMO reported for all of
its component or expansion sites, even when the
components had different operational dates or were
different model types.
For further information, see: The InterStudy
Competitive Edge,. InterStudy Publications, St. Paul,
MN, 1999; or visit the InterStudy home page at
www.hmodata.com.
National League for Nursing
The division of research of the National League
for Nursing (NLN) conducts The Annual Survey of
Schools of Nursing in October of each year.
Questionnaires are sent to all graduate nursing
programs (master’s and doctoral), baccalaureate
programs designed exclusively for registered nurses,
basic registered nursing programs (baccalaureate,
associate degree, and diploma), and licensed practical
nursing programs. Data on enrollments, first-time
admissions, and graduates are completed for all
nursing education programs. Response rates of
approximately 80 percent are achieved for other areas
of inquiry.
406 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 412
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
The glossary is an alphabetical listing of terms sample person from the Medicare Current Beneficiary
used in Health, United States. It includes cross Survey had any difficulty performing an activity by
references to related terms and synonyms. It also himself or herself and without special equipment, or
contains the standard populations used for age did not perform the activity at all because of health
adjustment and International Classification of Diseases problems, the person was categorized as having a
(ICD) codes for cause of death and diagnostic and limitation in that activity. The limitation may have
procedure categories. New standards for presenting been temporary or chronic at the time of the interview.
Federal data on race and ethnicity are described under Sample persons who were administered a community
Race. interview answered health status and functioning
questions themselves if able to do so. A proxy, such as
Abortion—The Centers for Disease Control and
a nurse, answered questions about the sample person’s
Prevention’s (CDC) surveillance system counts legal
health status and functioning for long-term care facility
induced abortions only. For surveillance purposes,
interview. In the National Health Interview Survey
legal abortion is defined as a procedure performed by a
respondents were asked about needing the help of
licensed physician or someone acting under the
another person with personal care needs because of a
supervision of a licensed physician to induce the
physical, mental, or emotional problem. Persons are
termination of a pregnancy.
considered to have an ADL limitation if the causal
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome condition for the ADL limitation is chronic. See related
(AIDS)—All 50 States and the District of Columbia Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL);
report AIDS cases to CDC using a uniform Limitation of activity.
surveillance case definition and case report form. The
Addition—An addition to a psychiatric
case reporting definitions were expanded in 1985
organization is defined by the Center for Mental
(MMWR 1985; 34:373–5); 1987 (MMWR 1987; 36
Health Services as a new admission, a readmission, a
(supp. no. 1S): 1S-15S); 1993 for adults and
return from long-term leave, or a transfer from another
adolescents (MMWR 1992; 41 (no. RR-17): 1–19); and
service of the same organization or another
1994 for pediatric cases (MMWR 1994; 43 (no.
organization. See related Mental health disorder;
RR-12): 1–19). The revisions incorporated a broader
Mental health organization; Mental health service
range of AIDS-indicator diseases and conditions and
type.
used HIV diagnostic tests to improve the sensitivity
and specificity of the definition. The 1993 expansion of Admission—The American Hospital Association
the case definition caused a temporary distortion of defines admissions as patients, excluding newborns,
AIDS incidence trends. In 1995 new treatments for accepted for inpatient services during the survey
HIV and AIDS (protease inhibitors) were approved. reporting period. See related Days of care; Discharge;
These therapies have prevented or delayed the onset of Patient.
AIDS and premature death among many HIV-infected
Age—Age is reported as age at last birthday, that
persons. AIDS incidence data are published
is, age in completed years, often calculated by
semiannually by CDC in HIV/AIDS Surveillance
subtracting date of birth from the reference date, with
Report. See related Human immunodeficiency virus
the reference date being the date of the examination,
(HIV) infection.
interview, or other contact with an individual.
Active physician—See Physician.
Age adjustment—Age adjustment, using the
Activities of daily living (ADL)—Activities of direct method, is the application of age-specific rates in
daily living are activities related to personal care and a population of interest to a standardized age
include bathing or showering, dressing, getting in or distribution in order to eliminate differences in
out of bed or a chair, using the toilet, and eating. If a observed rates that result from age differences in
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 407
Extracted source page 413
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
population composition. This adjustment is usually Table I. Standard million age distribution used to adjust death rates
done when comparing two or more populations at one to the U.S. population in 1940
point in time or one population at two or more points Standard
Age million
in time.
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000
Age-adjusted rates are calculated by the direct
Under 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,343
method as follows: 1–4 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,718
5–14 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,355
n 15–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,677
∑ ri × (pi /P) 25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162,066
139,237
i=1 45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,811
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,294
where ri = age-specific rates for the population 65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,426
of interest 75–84 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,303
85 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,770
pi = standard population in age group i
n
P = ∑ pi for the age groups that table), and the National Home and Hospice Care
i=1 comprise the age range of Survey are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard.
the rate being age adjusted Mortality data—Death rates are age adjusted to
n = total number of age groups over the the U.S. standard million population (relative age
age range of the age-adjusted rate distribution of 1940 enumerated population of the
Age adjustment by the direct method requires use United States totaling 1,000,000) (table I).
of a standard age distribution. Historically, NCHS and Age-adjusted rates are calculated using age-specific
the States used a standard distribution for mortality death rates per 100,000 population rounded to 1
statistics based on the 1940 U.S. population. Morbidity decimal place. Adjustment is based on 11 age groups
statistics were age adjusted to different standards with 2 exceptions. First, age-adjusted death rates for
including 1970 and 1980. Findings from a Department black males and black females in 1950 are based on
of Health and Human Services workshop on age nine age groups, with under 1 year and 1–4 years of
adjustment recommended that a new standard based on age combined as one group and 75–84 years and 85
the year 2000 projected resident population be years of age and over combined as one group. Second,
implemented beginning with data year 1999 for age-adjusted death rates by educational attainment for
mortality statistics (Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. Age the age group 25–64 years are based on four 10-year
Standardization of Death Rates: Implementation of the age groups (25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54 years,
Year 2000 Standard. National vital statistics reports; and 55–64 years).
vol 47 no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for The rate for years of potential life lost (YPLL)
Health Statistics. 1998. This report is available through before age 75 years is age adjusted to the U.S.
the NCHS homepage at: www.cdc.gov/nchs. The year standard million population (table I) and is based on
2000 projected resident population is available through eight age groups (under 1 year, 1–14 years, 15–24
the Bureau of the Census homepage at: years, and 10-year age groups through 65–74 years).
www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p25-1130/.) In Health, Maternal mortality rates for Complications of
United States the new standard will be used for all pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium, ICD-9
data systems and implementation will be phased in by codes 630–676, are calculated as the number of deaths
data system. In this edition of Health, United States, per 100,000 live births. These rates are age adjusted to
estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, the 1970 distribution of live births by mother’s age in
the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the the United States as shown in table II. See related
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, Rate: Death and related rates; Years of potential life
the National Nursing Home Survey (resident rates lost.
408 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 414
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Table II. Numbers of live births and mother’s age groups used to Table III. Populations and age groups used to age adjust NCHS
adjust maternal mortality rates to live births in the United States in survey data
1970
Number in
Mother’s age Number Population, survey, and age thousands
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,731,386 U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population in 1970
NHDS and NSAS
Under 20 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656,460
20–24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,418,874 All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,584
25–29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994,904
Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,745
30–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427,806
15–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,189
35 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,342
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,537
65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,113
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census: Population estimates and 65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,224
projections. Current Population Reports. Series P-25, No. 499. 75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,889
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1973.
U.S. resident population in 1980
NHES and NHANES
National Health Interview Survey—Beginning with 6–11 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,834
6–8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,777
Health, United States 2000 data from the National 9–11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,057
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) are age adjusted to 12–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,410
12–14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,945
the year 2000 projected resident population (table III). 15–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,465
Information on the age groups utilized in the age 20–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,120
20–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,401
adjustment procedure is contained in the footnotes on 35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,635
the relevant tables. In editions before Health, United 45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,800
55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,703
States 2000 data from NHIS were age adjusted to the 65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,581
1970 civilian noninstitutionalized population. The 1970
U.S. resident population projected in 2000
civilian noninstitutionalized population was derived as NHIS, NAMCS, NHAMCS, NHHCS, and NNHS
follows: Civilian noninstitutionalized population = All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274,634
civilian population on July 1, 1970 - institutionalized 18 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,851
25 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,593
population. Institutionalized population = (1 - 65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,710
proportion of total population not institutionalized on Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,783
2–17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,229
April 1, 1970) x total population on July 1, 1970. 18–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,150
25–34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,233
Health Care Surveys—Data from the National 35–44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,659
45–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,991
Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) and the National 45–54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,030
Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS) are age 55–64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,961
65–74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,136
adjusted to the 1970 civilian noninstitutionalized 75 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,574
population using five age groups: under 15 years, SOURCES: U.S. Bureau of Census: Current Population Reports.
15–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75 years P25–721, Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex,
and Race: 1970 to 1977; P25-1095, U.S. Population Estimates by Age,
and over (table III). Data from the National Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin: 1980 to 1991, table 1; P25-1130, Population
Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic
Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), the Origin, table 2. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1978;
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 1993; 1996.
(NHAMCS), the National Nursing Home Survey
(NNHS) (resident rates table), and the National Home Survey (NHES) and the National Health and Nutrition
and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS) are age adjusted Examination Survey (NHANES) are age adjusted to
to the year 2000 standard. Information on the age the 1980 U.S. resident population using five age
groups utilized in the age adjustment procedure is groups for adults: 20–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54
contained in the footnotes on the relevant tables. years, 55–64 years, and 65–74 years (table III). Data
for children aged 6–11 years and 12–17 years are age
National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey—Data from the National Health Examination
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 409
Extracted source page 415
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
adjusted within each group using two subgroups: 6–8 the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the average
years and 9–11 years; and 12–14 years and 15–17 length of stay is computed by dividing the total
years (table III). number of days of care, counting the date of admission
but not the date of discharge, by the number of
AIDS—See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
patients discharged. The American Hospital
Air quality standards—See National ambient air Association computes the average length of stay by
quality standards. dividing the number of inpatient days by the number
of admissions. See related Days of care; Discharge;
Air pollution—See Pollutant.
Patient.
Alcohol abuse treatment clients—See Substance
Bed—Any bed that is set up and staffed for use
abuse treatment clients.
by inpatients is counted as a bed in a facility. For the
Ambulatory care—Health care provided to American Hospital Association the count is the average
persons without their admission to a health facility. number of beds, cribs, and pediatric bassinets during
Ambulatory surgery—According to the National the entire reporting period. In the Health Care
Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS), ambulatory Financing Administration’s Online Survey Certification
surgery refers to previously scheduled surgical and and Reporting database, all beds in certified facilities
nonsurgical procedures performed on an outpatient are counted on the day of certification inspection. The
basis in a hospital or freestanding ambulatory surgery World Health Organization defines a hospital bed as
center’s general or main operating rooms, satellite one regularly maintained and staffed for the
operating rooms, cystoscopy rooms, endoscopy rooms, accommodation and full-time care of a succession of
cardiac catheterization labs, and laser procedure rooms. inpatients and situated in a part of the hospital where
Procedures performed in locations dedicated continuous medical care for inpatients is provided. The
exclusively to dentistry, podiatry, abortion, pain block, Center for Mental Health Services counts the number
or small procedures were not included. In NSAS, data of beds set up and staffed for use in inpatient and
on up to six surgical and nonsurgical procedures are residential treatment services on the last day of the
collected and coded. See related Outpatient surgery; survey reporting period. See related Hospital; Mental
Procedure. health organization; Mental health service type;
Occupancy rate.
Average annual rate of change (percent
change)—In this report average annual rates of change Birth cohort—A birth cohort consists of all
or growth rates are calculated as follows: persons born within a given period of time, such as a
calendar year.
[(Pn /Po )1/N – 1] × 100
Birth rate—See Rate: Birth and related rates.
where Pn = later time period
Po = earlier time period Birthweight—The first weight of the newborn
N = number of years in interval. obtained after birth. Low birthweight is defined as less
than 2,500 grams or 5 pounds 8 ounces. Very low
This geometric rate of change assumes that a
birthweight is defined as less than 1,500 grams or 3
variable increases or decreases at the same rate during
pounds 4 ounces. Before 1979 low birthweight was
each year between the two time periods.
defined as 2,500 grams or less and very low
Average length of stay—In the National Health birthweight as 1,500 grams or less.
Interview Survey, the average length of stay per
Body mass index (BMI)—BMI is a measure that
discharged patient is computed by dividing the total
adjusts body weight for height. It is calculated as
number of hospital days for a specified group by the
weight in kilograms divided by height in meters
total number of discharges for that group. Similarly, in
squared. Sex- and age- specific cut points of BMI are
410 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 416
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
used in this book in the definition of overweight for introduce discontinuities in cause-of-death statistics
children and adolescents. Healthy weight for adults is over time. For further discussion, see Technical
defined as a BMI of 19 to less than 25; overweight, as Appendix in National Center for Health Statistics: Vital
greater than or equal to a BMI of 25; and obesity, as Statistics of the United States, 1995, Volume II,
greater than or equal to a BMI of 30. BMI cut points Mortality, Part A available on the NCHS web site at
are defined in the Report of the Dietary Guidelines www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/mortdata.htm. See
Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for related Human immunodeficiency virus infection;
Americans, 1995. U.S. Department of Agriculture, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
Agricultural Research Service, Dietary Guidelines Revision.
Advisory Committee. 1995. pp.23–4; NHLBI Obesity
Cause-of-death ranking—Cause-of-death ranking
Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification,
for infants is based on the List of 61 Selected Causes
Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity
of Infant Death and HIV infection (ICD-9 Nos.
in Adults. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification,
*042-*044). Cause-of-death ranking for other ages is
Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity
based on the List of 72 Selected Causes of Death, HIV
in Adults—The Evidence Report. Obes Res
infection, and Alzheimer’s disease. The List of 72
1998;6:51S–209S or access on the internet at
Selected Causes of Death was adapted from one of the
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.htm;
special lists for mortality tabulations recommended by
and in the Healthy People 2010 Objectives: Draft for
the World Health Organization for use with the Ninth
Public Comment. September 15, 1998. Objectives 2.1,
Revision of the International Classification of Diseases.
2.2, and 2.3.
Two group titles—Certain conditions originating in the
Cause of death—For the purpose of national perinatal period and Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined
mortality statistics, every death is attributed to one conditions—are not ranked from the List of 61
underlying condition, based on information reported on Selected Causes of Infant Death; and two group
the death certificate and utilizing the international rules titles—Major cardiovascular diseases and Symptoms,
for selecting the underlying cause of death from the signs, and ill-defined conditions— are not ranked from
reported conditions. Beginning with 1979 the the List of 72 Selected Causes. In addition, category
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision titles that begin with the words ‘‘Other’’ and ‘‘All
(ICD-9) has been used for coding cause of death. Data other’’ are not ranked. The remaining category titles
from earlier time periods were coded using the are ranked according to number of deaths to determine
appropriate revision of the ICD for that time period. the leading causes of death. When one of the titles that
(See tables IV and V.) Changes in classification of represent a subtotal is ranked (for example,
causes of death in successive revisions of the ICD may unintentional injuries), its component parts are not
ranked (in this case, motor vehicle-related injuries and
Table IV. Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, all other unintentional injuries). See related
according to year of conference by which adopted and years in use
in the United States International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
Revision.
Revision of the Year of Years in
International Classification conference by use in
of Diseases which adopted United States Civilian noninstitutionalized population;
Civilian population—See Population.
First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1900 1900–1909
Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 1910–1920
Third . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 1921–1929
Cocaine-related emergency department
Fourth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929 1930–1938 episodes—The Drug Abuse Warning Network monitors
Fifth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1938 1939–1948
Sixth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 1949–1957 selected adverse medical consequences of cocaine and
Seventh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 1958–1967 other drug abuse episodes by measuring contacts with
Eighth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 1968–1978
Ninth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 1979–1998 hospital emergency departments. Contacts may be for
drug overdose, unexpected drug reactions, chronic
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 411
Extracted source page 417
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Table V. Cause-of-death codes, according to applicable revision of International Classification of Diseases
Code numbers
Cause of death Sixth Revision Seventh Revision Eighth Revision Ninth Revision
Natural causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 001–799
Communicable diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 001–139, 460–466, 480–487
Chronic and other noncommunicable
diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–459, 467–479, 488–799
Injury and adverse effects/External causes . . . . . . . . . . . E800–E999
Meningococcal infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 036
Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 038
Human immunodeficiency virus infection1 . . . . . . . . . . . . *042–*044
Malignant neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–205 140–205 140–209 140–208
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153–154 153–154 153–154 153, 154
Peritoneum and pleura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 163.0 158, 163
Respiratory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160–164 160–164 160–163 160–165
Trachea, bronchus and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 170 174 174–175
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 177 185 185
Benign neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210–239
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 260 250 250
Anemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280–285
Meningitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320–322
Alzheimer’s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.0
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410–443 400–402, 410–443 390–398, 402, 404, 410–429 390–398, 402, 404–429
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410–414
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330–334 330–334 430–438 430–438
Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480–483, 490–493 480–483, 490–493 470–474, 480–486 480–487
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases . . . . 241, 501, 502, 527.1 241, 501, 502, 527.1 490–493, 519.3 490–496
Coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515.1 500
Asbestosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515.2 501
Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515.0 502
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . . . 581 581 571 571
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and
nephrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580–589
Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and
the puerperium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640–689 640–689 630–678 630–676
Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740–759
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760–779
Newborn affected by maternal complica-
tions of pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Newborn affected by complications of
placenta, cord, and membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Disorders relating to short gestation and
unspecified low birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Birth trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Respiratory distress syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Infections specific to the perinatal period . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Sudden infant death syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798.0
Unintentional injuries2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E800–E962 E800–E962 E800–E949 E800–E949
Motor vehicle-related injuries2 . . . . . . . . . E810–E835 E810–E835 E810–E823 E810–E825
Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E963, E970–E979 E963, E970–E979 E950–E959 E950–E959
Homicide and legal intervention . . . . . . . . . E964, E980–E985 E964, E980–E985 E960–E978 E960–E978
Firearm-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E922, E955, E965, E922, E955.0–E955.4,
E970, E985 E965.0–E965.4, E970,
E985.0–E985.4
. . . Cause-of-death code numbers are not provided for causes not shown in Health, United States.
1Categories for coding human immunodeficiency virus infection were introduced in 1987. The * indicates codes are not part of the Ninth Revision.
2In the public health community, the term ‘‘unintentional injuries’’ is preferred to ‘‘accidents and adverse effects’’ and ‘‘motor vehicle-related injuries’’ to ‘‘motor vehicle
accidents.’’
412 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 418
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
abuse, detoxification, or other reasons in which drug physician visit (medical attention) or restricted activity.
use is known to have occurred. A chronic condition refers to any condition lasting 3
months or more or is a condition classified as chronic
Cohort fertility—Cohort fertility refers to the
regardless of its time of onset (for example, diabetes,
fertility of the same women at successive ages. Women
heart conditions, emphysema, and arthritis). The
born during a 12-month period comprise a birth cohort.
National Nursing Home Survey uses a specific list of
Cohort fertility for birth cohorts of women is measured
chronic conditions, also disregarding time of onset. See
by central birth rates, which represent the number of
related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
births occurring to women of an exact age divided by
Revision, Clinical Modification.
the number of women of that exact age. Cumulative
birth rates by a given exact age represent the total Consumer Price Index (CPI)—CPI is prepared
childbearing experience of women in a cohort up to by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is a monthly
that age. Cumulative birth rates are sums of central measure of the average change in the prices paid by
birth rates for specified cohorts and show the number urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods
of children ever born up to the indicated age. For and services. The medical care component of CPI
example, the cumulative birth rate for women exactly shows trends in medical care prices based on specific
30 years of age as of January 1, 1960, is the sum of indicators of hospital, medical, dental, and drug prices.
the central birth rates for the 1930 birth cohort for the A revision of the definition of CPI has been in use
years 1944 (when its members were age 14) through since January 1988. See related Gross domestic
1959 (when they were age 29). Cumulative birth rates product; Health expenditures, national.
are also calculated for specific birth orders at each
Crude birth rate; Crude death rate—See Rate:
exact age of woman. The percent of women who have
Birth and related rates; Rate: Death and related rates.
not had at least one live birth by a certain age is found
by subtracting the cumulative first birth rate for Current drinker—Starting with 1997 the
women of that age from 1,000 and dividing by 10. For National Health Interview Survey is collecting
method of calculation, see Heuser RL. Fertility tables information on alcohol consumption in the sample
for birth cohorts by color: United States, 1917–73. adult questionnaire. Adult respondents are asked two
Rockville, Maryland. NCHS. 1976. See related Rate: screening questions about lifetime alcohol
Birth and related rates. consumption: ‘‘In any one year, have you had at least
12 drinks of any type of alcoholic beverage? In your
Community hospitals—See Hospital.
entire life, have you had at least 12 drinks of any type
Compensation—See Employer costs for employee of alcoholic beverage?’’ Persons who report at least 12
compensation. drinks in a lifetime are then asked a series of questions
about alcohol consumption in the past year: ‘‘In the
Condition—A health condition is a departure from
past year, how often did you drink any type of
a state of physical or mental well-being. An
alcoholic beverage? In the past year, on those days that
impairment is a health condition that includes chronic
you drank alcoholic beverages, on the average, how
or permanent health defects resulting from disease,
many drinks did you have? In the past year, on how
injury, or congenital malformations. All health
many days did you have 5 or more drinks of any
conditions, except impairments, are coded according to
alcoholic beverage?’’
the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM). Current smoker— Before 1992 a current smoker
Based on duration, there are two categories of was defined by the following questions from the
conditions, acute and chronic. In the National Health National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) ‘‘Have you
Interview Survey, an acute condition is a condition that ever smoked 100 cigarettes in your lifetime?’’ and ‘‘Do
has lasted less than 3 months and has involved either a you smoke now?’’ (traditional definition). In 1992 the
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 413
Extracted source page 419
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
definition of current smoker in the NHIS was modified admission but not including the date of discharge are
to specifically include persons who smoked on ‘‘some counted. See related Admission; Average length of
days.’’ In 1992 cigarette smoking data were collected stay; Discharge; Hospital; Patient.
for a half-sample with half the respondents
Death rate—See Rate: Death and related rates.
(one-quarter sample) using the traditional smoking
questions and for the other half of respondents Dental visit—In the National Health Interview
(one-quarter sample) using a revised smoking question Survey respondents are asked ‘‘About how long has it
(‘‘Do you smoke every day, some days, or not at been since you last saw or talked to a dentist? Include
all?’’). An unpublished analysis of the 1992 traditional all types of dentists, such as orthodonists, oral
smoking measure revealed that the crude percent of surgeons, and all other dental specialists as well as
current smokers 18 years of age and over remained the hygienists.’’
same as 1991. The statistics for 1992 combine data Diagnosis—See First-listed diagnosis.
collected using the traditional and the revised
questions. For further information on survey Diagnostic and other nonsurgical
methodology and sample sizes pertaining to the NHIS procedures—See Procedure.
cigarette data for data years 1965–92 and other sources Discharge—The National Health Interview Survey
of cigarette smoking data available from the National defines a hospital discharge as the completion of any
Center for Health Statistics, see: National Center for continuous period of stay of one night or more in a
Health Statistics, Bibliographies and Data Sources, hospital as an inpatient. According to the National
Smoking Data Guide, No. 1, DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) Hospital Discharge Survey and the American Hospital
91–1308–1, Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Association, discharge is the formal release of an
Government Printing Office. 1991. inpatient by a hospital (excluding newborn infants),
Starting with 1993 data estimates of cigarette that is, the termination of a period of hospitalization
smoking prevalence were based on the revised (including stays of 0 nights) by death or by disposition
definition that is considered a more complete estimate to a place of residence, nursing home, or another
of smoking prevalence. In 1993–95 estimates of hospital. See related Admission; Average length of
cigarette smoking prevalence were based on a stay; Days of care; Patient.
half-sample. Smoking data were not collected in 1996.
Starting in 1997 smoking data were collected in the Domiciliary care homes—See Nursing home.
sample adult questionnaire. Drug abuse treatment clients—See Substance
Days of care—According to the American abuse treatment clients.
Hospital Association, days, hospital days, or inpatient Education—Two approaches to defining
days are the number of adult and pediatric days of care educational categories are used in this report. The
rendered during the entire reporting period. Days of more recent approach used to collect and present
care for newborns are excluded. survey data defines education categories based on
In the National Health Interview Survey, hospital information about educational credentials, such as
days during the year refer to the total number of diplomas and degrees. The older approach defines
hospital days occurring in the 12-month period before education categories based on years of education
the interview week. A hospital day is a night spent in completed. Educational attainment is used to present
the hospital for persons admitted as inpatients. vital statistics data and National Health Interview
In the National Hospital Discharge Survey, days of Survey (NHIS) data prior to 1997. In the older
care refers to the total number of patient days approach, the education variable in NHIS was
accumulated by patients at the time of discharge from measured by asking, ‘‘What is the highest grade or
non-Federal short-stay hospitals during a reporting year of regular school ___ has ever attended?’’ and
period. All days from and including the date of ‘‘Did___ finish the grade/year?’’ Responses were used
414 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 420
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
to categorize individuals according to years of the sample adult and sample child questionnaires are
education completed (for example, less than 12 years, asked about the number of visits to hospital emergency
12 years, 13–15 years, 16 or more years). rooms during the past 12 months. Visits resulting in a
Beginning in 1997 the NHIS questionnaire was hospital admission are included. In the National
changed to ask ‘‘What is the highest level of school Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey an
___ has completed or the highest degree received?’’ emergency department visit is a direct personal
Responses were used to categorize individuals exchange between a patient and a physician or other
according to educational credentials (for example, no health care providers working under the physician’s
high school diploma or general equivalency diploma supervision, for the purpose of seeking care and
(GED); high school diploma or GED; some college, no receiving personal health services. Visits resulting in a
bachelor’s degree; bachelor’s degree or higher). hospital admission are excluded. See related
Data from the 1996 and 1997 NHIS were used to Emergency department; Injury-related visit.
compare distributions of educational attainment for
Employer costs for employee compensation—A
adults 25 years of age and over using categories based
measure of the average cost per employee hour worked
on educational credentials (1997) with categories based
to employers for wages and salaries and benefits.
on years of education completed (1996). A larger
Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly
percent of persons reported ‘‘some college’’ than
straight-time wage rate, or for workers not paid on an
‘‘13–15 years’’ of education and a correspondingly
hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the
smaller percent reported ‘‘high school diploma or
corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary
GED’’ than ‘‘12 years of education.’’ In 1997,
rates are total earnings before payroll deductions,
19 percent of adults reported no high school diploma,
excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on
31 percent high school diploma or GED, 26 percent
weekends and holidays, shift differentials,
some college, and 24 percent bachelor’s degree or
nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum payments
higher. In 1996, 18 percent of adults reported less than
provided in lieu of wage increases. Production
12 years of education, 37 percent 12 years of
bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and
education, 20 percent 13–15 years, and 25 percent 16
cost-of-living adjustments are included in straight-time
or more years of education.
wage and salary rates. Benefits covered are paid
See related Appendix I, National Vital Statistics
leave—paid vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other
System. For further information on measurement of
leave; supplemental pay— premium pay for overtime
education see Kominski R and Siegel PM. Measuring
and work on weekends and holidays, shift differentials,
education in the Current Population Survey. Monthly
nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum payments
Labor Review, Sept. 1993: 34–38.
provided in lieu of wage increases; insurance
Emergency department—According to the benefits—life, health, and sickness and accident
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey insurance; retirement and savings benefits—pension
(NHAMCS), an emergency department is a hospital and other retirement plans and savings and thrift plans;
facility for the provision of unscheduled outpatient legally required benefits—social security, railroad
services to patients whose conditions require retirement and supplemental retirement, railroad
immediate care and is staffed 24 hours a day. Off-site unemployment insurance, Federal and State
emergency departments open less than 24 hours are unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and
included if staffed by the hospital’s emergency other benefits required by law, such as State temporary
department. See related Emergency department visit; disability insurance; and other benefits—severance pay
Outpatient department. and supplemental unemployment plans.
Emergency department visit—Starting with the Expenditures—See Health expenditures, national.
1997 National Health Interview Survey, respondents to
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 415
Extracted source page 421
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
Family income—For purposes of the National care providers on the basis of a fee for each health
Health Interview Survey and National Health and service provided to the insured person. Also known as
Nutrition Examination Survey, all people within a indemnity health insurance. See related Health
household related to each other by blood, marriage, or insurance coverage.
adoption constitute a family. Each member of a family
Fertility rate—See Rate: Birth and related rates.
is classified according to the total income of the
family. Unrelated individuals are classified according Fetal death—In the World Health Organization’s
to their own income. In the National Health and definition, also adopted by the United Nations and the
Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Health National Center for Health Statistics, a fetal death is
Interview Survey (in years prior to 1997) family death before the complete expulsion or extraction from
income is the total income received by members of a its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of
family (or by an unrelated individual) in the 12 months the duration of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the
before the interview. Starting in 1997 the National fact that after such separation, the fetus does not
Health Interview Survey collected family income data breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as
on the calendar year prior to the interview. (For beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or
example, 1997 family income data are based on 1996 definite movement of voluntary muscles. For statistical
calendar year information). Family income includes purposes, fetal deaths are classified according to
wages, salaries, rents from property, interest, dividends, gestational age. In this report tabulations are shown for
profits and fees from their own businesses, pensions, fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 20
and help from relatives. In the National Health weeks or more and of 28 weeks or more, the latter
Interview Survey, family income data are used in the gestational age group also known as late fetal deaths.
computation of poverty level. For data years 1990–96, See related Gestation; Live birth; Rate: Death and
about 16–18 percent of persons had missing data on related rates.
poverty level. Missing values were imputed for family First-listed diagnosis—In the National Hospital
income using a sequential hot deck within matrix cells Discharge Survey this is the first recorded final
imputation approach. A detailed description of the diagnosis on the medical record face sheet (summary
imputation procedure as well as data files with imputed sheet).
annual family income for 1990–96 are available from
NCHS on CD-ROM NHIS Imputed Annual Family First-listed external cause of injury—In the
Income 1990–96, Series 10, Number 9A. See related National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Poverty level. this is the first-listed external cause of injury coded
from the Patient Record Form (PRF). Up to three
Federal hospitals—See Hospital. causes of injury can be reported on the PRF. Injuries
Federal physicians—See Physician. are coded by NCHS to the International Classification
of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
Fee-for-service health insurance—This is private
Supplementary Classification of External Causes of
(commercial) health insurance that reimburses health
Table VI. Codes for first-listed external causes of injury from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
External cause of injury category E-Code numbers
Unintentional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E800–E869, E880–E929
Motor vehicle traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E810–E819
Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E880–E886, E888
Struck by or against objects or persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E916–E917
Caused by cutting and piercing instruments or objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E920
Intentional (suicide and homicide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E950–E969
416 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 422
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Injury and Poisoning. See table VI for listing of injury gestation is defined as beginning with the first day of
categories and codes. See related Injury-related visit. the last normal menstrual period and ending with the
day of birth or day of termination of pregnancy. See
General hospitals—See Hospital.
related Abortion; Fetal death; Live birth.
General hospitals providing separate
Gross domestic product (GDP)—GDP is the
psychiatric services—See Mental health organization.
market value of the goods and services produced by
Geographic region and division—The 50 States labor and property located in the United States. As
and the District of Columbia are grouped for statistical long as the labor and property are located in the
purposes by the U.S. Bureau of the Census into 4 United States, the suppliers (that is, the workers and,
geographic regions and 9 divisions. The groupings are for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents
as follows: or residents of the rest of the world. See related
Northeast Consumer Price Index; Health expenditures, national.
New England
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Health care contact—Starting with 1997 the
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, National Health Interview Survey is collecting
Connecticut information on health care contacts with doctors and
Middle Atlantic other health care professionals. This information is
New York, New Jersey,
collected in a detailed section pertaining to all types of
Pennsylvania
Midwest health care contacts. Analyses of interval since last
East North Central health care contact are based upon the following
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, question: ‘‘About how long has it been since you last
Wisconsin saw or talked to a doctor or other health care
West North Central professional about your own health? Include doctors
Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, seen while a patient in a hospital.’’ Analyses of the
Kansas percent of children without a health care visit are
South based upon the following question: ‘‘During the past
South Atlantic 12 months, how many times has ___seen a doctor or
Delaware, Maryland, District of other health care professional about (his/her) health at
Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia,
a doctor’s office, a clinic or some other place? Do not
North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida include times ____was hospitalized overnight, visits to
East South Central hospital emergency rooms, home visits or telephone
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, calls.’’ Analyses of the distribution of health care visits
Mississippi are based on a summary measure combining
West South Central information about visits to doctor’s offices or clinics,
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
Texas emergency departments, and home visits. See related
West Emergency department visit; Home visit.
Mountain
Health expenditures, national—See related
Montana, Idaho, Wyoming,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Consumer Price Index; Gross domestic product.
Utah, Nevada Health services and supplies expenditures—These
Pacific
Washington, Oregon, California, are outlays for goods and services relating directly
Alaska, Hawaii to patient care plus expenses for administering
Gestation—For the National Vital Statistics health insurance programs and government public
System and the Centers for Disease Control and health activities. This category is equivalent to
Prevention’s Abortion Surveillance, the period of total national health expenditures minus
expenditures for research and construction.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 417
Extracted source page 423
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
National health expenditures—This measure Respondents are covered by private health
estimates the amount spent for all health services insurance if they indicate private health insurance or if
and supplies and health-related research and they are covered by a single service hospital plan,
construction activities consumed in the United except in 1997 when no information on single service
States during the calendar year. Detailed estimates plans was obtained. Private health insurance includes
are available by source of expenditures (for managed care such as health maintenance
example, out-of-pocket payments, private health organizations (HMO’s).
insurance, and government programs), type of Until 1996 persons were defined as having
expenditures (for example, hospital care, physician Medicaid or other public assistance coverage if they
services, and drugs), and are in current dollars for indicated that they had either Medicaid or other public
the year of report. Data are compiled from a assistance, or if they reported receiving Aid to Families
variety of sources. with Dependent Children (AFDC) or Supplementary
Security Income (SSI). After welfare reform in late
Nursing home expenditures—These cover care
1996, Medicaid was delinked from AFDC and SSI. In
rendered in skilled nursing and intermediate care
1997 persons were considered to be covered by
facilities, including those for the mentally retarded.
Medicaid if they reported Medicaid or a
The costs of long-term care provided by hospitals
State-sponsored health program.
are excluded.
Medicare or military health plan coverage is also
Personal health care expenditures—These are determined in the interview, and in 1997 other
outlays for goods and services relating directly to government-sponsored program was determined.
patient care. The expenditures in this category are If respondents do not report coverage under one of
total national health expenditures minus the above types of plans and they have unknown
expenditures for research and construction, coverage on either private health insurance or
expenses for administering health insurance Medicaid then they are considered to have unknown
programs, and government public health activities. coverage.
The remaining respondents are considered
Private expenditures—These are outlays for
uninsured. The uninsured are persons who do not have
services provided or paid for by nongovernmental
coverage under private health insurance, Medicare,
sources—consumers, insurance companies, private
Medicaid, public assistance, a State-sponsored health
industry, philanthropic, and other nonpatient care
plan, other government-sponsored programs, or a
sources.
military health plan. Persons with only Indian Health
Public expenditures—These are outlays for Service coverage are considered uninsured. Estimates
services provided or paid for by Federal, State, of the percent of persons who are uninsured based on
and local government agencies or expenditures the NHIS (table 128) are slightly higher than those
required by governmental mandate (such as, based on the March Current Population Survey (CPS)
workmen’s compensation insurance payments). (table 146). The NHIS asks about coverage at the time
Health insurance coverage—National Health of the survey (or in some survey years, coverage
Interview Survey (NHIS) respondents were asked during the previous month), whereas the CPS asks
about their health insurance coverage at the time of the about coverage over the previous calendar year. This
interview in 1984, 1989, and 1997 and in the previous may result in higher estimates of Medicaid and other
month in 1993–96. Questions on health insurance health insurance coverage and correspondingly lower
coverage were expanded starting in 1993 compared estimates of persons without health care coverage in
with previous years. In 1997 the entire questionnaire the CPS compared with the NHIS. In addition, the
was redesigned and data were collected using a CPS estimate is for persons of all ages whereas the
computer assisted personal interview (CAPI). NHIS estimate is for persons under age 65. See related
418 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 424
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Fee-for-service health insurance; Health maintenance Survey by asking the respondent, ‘‘Would you say
organization; Managed care; Medicaid; Medicare. ____________’s health is excellent, very good, good,
fair, or poor?’’
Health maintenance organization (HMO)—An
HMO is a prepaid health plan delivering Hispanic origin—Hispanic origin includes persons
comprehensive care to members through designated of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South
providers, having a fixed monthly payment for health American, and other or unknown Latin American or
care services, and requiring members to be in a plan Spanish origins. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of
for a specified period of time (usually 1 year). Pure any race. See related Race.
HMO enrollees use only the prepaid capitated health
HIV—See Human immunodeficiency virus
services of the HMO’s panel of medical care
infection.
providers. Open-ended HMO enrollees use the prepaid
HMO health services but in addition may receive Home health care—Home health care as defined
medical care from providers who are not part of the by the National Home and Hospice Care Survey is
HMO’s panel. There is usually a substantial care provided to individuals and families in their place
deductible, copayment, or coinsurance associated with of residence for promoting, maintaining, or restoring
the use of nonpanel providers. These open-ended health; or for minimizing the effects of disability and
products are governed by State HMO regulations. illness including terminal illness.
HMO model types are: Home visits—Starting with 1997 the National
Group—An HMO that delivers health services Health Interview Survey is collecting information on
through a physician group that is controlled by the home visits received during the past 12 months.
HMO unit or an HMO that contracts with one or Respondents are asked: ‘‘During the past 12 months,
more independent group practices to provide did you receive care at home from a nurse or other
health services. health care professional? What was the total number of
home visits received?’’ These data are combined with
Individual practice association (IPA)—An HMO
data on visits to doctor’s offices, clinics, and
that contracts directly with physicians in
emergency departments to provide a summary measure
independent practice, and/or contracts with one or
of health care visits. See related Emergency
more associations of physicians in independent
department visit; Health care contact.
practice, and/or contracts with one or more
multispecialty group practices. The plan is Hospice care—Hospice care as defined by the
predominantly organized around National Home and Hospice Care Survey is a program
solo-single-specialty practices. of palliative and supportive care services providing
physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care for
Mixed—An HMO that combines features of group
dying persons, their families, and other loved ones.
and IPA. This category was introduced in
Hospice services are available in home and inpatient
mid-1990 because HMO’s are continually
settings.
changing and many now combine features of
group and IPA plans in a single plan. Hospital—According to the American Hospital
See related Managed care. Association, hospitals are licensed institutions with at
least six beds whose primary function is to provide
Health services and supplies expenditures—See diagnostic and therapeutic patient services for medical
Health expenditures, national. conditions by an organized physician staff, and have
Health status, respondent-assessed—Health continuous nursing services under the supervision of
status was measured in the National Health Interview registered nurses. The World Health Organization
considers an establishment to be a hospital if it is
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 419
Extracted source page 425
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
permanently staffed by at least one physician, can offer 98 percent of hospitals are registered.
inpatient accommodation, and can provide active
Short-stay hospitals in the National Hospital
medical and nursing care. Hospitals may be classified
Discharge Survey are those in which the average
by type of service, ownership, size in terms of number
length of stay is less than 30 days. The National
of beds, and length of stay. In the National Hospital
Health Interview Survey defines short-stay
Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS)
hospitals as any hospital or hospital department in
hospitals include all those with an average length of
which the type of service provided is general;
stay for all patients of less than 30 days (short-stay) or
maternity; eye, ear, nose, and throat; children’s; or
hospitals whose specialty is general (medical or
osteopathic.
surgical) or children’s general. Federal hospitals and
hospital units of institutions and hospitals with fewer Specialty hospitals, such as psychiatric,
than six beds staffed for patient use are excluded. See tuberculosis, chronic disease, rehabilitation,
related Average length of stay; Bed; Days of care; maternity, and alcoholic or narcotic, provide a
Emergency department; Outpatient department; particular type of service to the majority of their
Patient. patients.
Community hospitals traditionally included all Hospital-based physician—See Physician.
non-Federal short-stay hospitals except facilities Hospital days—See Days of care.
for the mentally retarded. In the revised definition
the following additional sites are excluded: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
hospital units of institutions, and alcoholism and infection—Mortality coding: Beginning with data for
chemical dependency facilities. 1987, NCHS introduced category numbers *042-*044
for classifying and coding HIV infection as a cause of
Federal hospitals are operated by the Federal death. HIV infection was formerly referred to as
Government. human T-cell lymphotropic virus-III/lymphadenopathy-
For profit hospitals are operated for profit by associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) infection. The
individuals, partnerships, or corporations. asterisk before the category numbers indicates that
these codes are not part of the Ninth Revision of the
General hospitals provide diagnostic, treatment,
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9).
and surgical services for patients with a variety of
Before 1987 deaths involving HIV infection were
medical conditions. According to the World Health
classified to Deficiency of cell-mediated immunity
Organization, these hospitals provide medical and
(ICD-9 279.1) contained in the title All other diseases;
nursing care for more than one category of
to Pneumocystosis (ICD-9 136.3) contained in the title
medical discipline (for example, general medicine,
All other infectious and parasitic diseases; to
specialized medicine, general surgery, specialized
Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of
surgery, and obstetrics). Excluded are hospitals,
lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues; and to a number
usually in rural areas, that provide a more limited
of other causes. Therefore, before 1987, death statistics
range of care.
for HIV infection are not strictly comparable with data
Nonprofit hospitals are operated by a church or for 1987 and later years, and are not shown in this
other nonprofit organization. report.
Morbidity coding: The National Hospital
Psychiatric hospitals are ones whose major type of
Discharge Survey codes diagnosis data using the
service is psychiatric care. See Mental health
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
organization.
Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM).
Registered hospitals are hospitals registered with Discharges with diagnosis of HIV as shown in Health,
the American Hospital Association. About United States, have at least one HIV diagnosis listed
420 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 426
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
on the face sheet of the medical record and are not Classification (SIC) Manual of the Office of
limited to the first-listed diagnosis. During 1984 and Management and Budget. Two editions of the SIC are
1985 only data for AIDS (ICD–9–CM 279.19) were used for coding industry data in Health, United States:
included. In 1986–94, discharges with the following the 1977 supplement to the 1972 edition and the 1987
diagnoses were included: acquired immunodeficiency edition. The changes between versions include a few
syndrome (AIDS), human immunodeficiency virus detailed titles created to correct or clarify industries or
(HIV) infection and associated conditions, and positive to recognize changes within the industry. Codes for
serological or viral culture findings for HIV major industry divisions (table VII) were not changed
(ICD–9–CM 042- 044, 279.19, and 795.8). Beginning between versions.
in 1995 discharges with the following diagnoses were Establishments engaged in the same kind of
included: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) economic activity are classified by the same industry
disease and asymptomatic human immunodeficiency code, regardless of the type of
virus (HIV) infection status (ICD–9–CM 042 and ownership—corporations, sole proprietorships, and
V08). See related Acquired immunodeficiency government agencies. Data from the Census of Fatal
syndrome; Cause of death; International Classification Occupational Injuries are therefore further broken out
of Diseases, Ninth Revision; International by private sector and government. Data from the
Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses are
Modification. provided for the private sector only and exclude the
self-employed.
ICD; ICD codes—See Cause of death;
The category ‘‘Private sector’’ includes all industry
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
divisions except public administration and military.
Revision.
The category ‘‘Not classified’’ is used for fatalities for
Incidence—Incidence is the number of cases of which there was insufficient information to determine a
disease having their onset during a prescribed period specific industry classification.
of time. It is often expressed as a rate (for example,
Infant death—An infant death is the death of a
the incidence of measles per 1,000 children 5–15 years
live-born child before his or her first birthday. Deaths
of age during a specified year). Incidence is a measure
in the first year of life may be further classified
of morbidity or other events that occur within a
according to age as neonatal and postneonatal.
specified period of time. See related Prevalence.
Neonatal deaths are those that occur before the 28th
Individual practice association (IPA)—See day of life; postneonatal deaths are those that occur
Health maintenance organization (HMO). between 28 and 365 days of age. See related Live
birth; Rate: Death and related rates.
Industry of employment—Industries are
classified according to the Standard Industrial Injury-related visit—In the National Hospital
Ambulatory Medical Care Survey an emergency
Table VII. Codes for industries, according to the Standard Industrial
department visit was considered injury-related if, on
Classification (SIC) Manual the Patient Record Form (PRF), the checkbox for
Industry Code numbers injury was indicated. In addition, injury visits were
identified if the physician’s diagnosis or the patient’s
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01–09
Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–14 reason for visit code was injury related. See related
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17 Emergency department visit; First-listed external cause
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–39
Transportation and public utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40–49 of injury.
Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50–51
Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52–59 Inpatient care—See Mental health service type.
Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . . . . . . . . . 60–67
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70–89
Public administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91–97 Inpatient days—See Days of care.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 421
Extracted source page 427
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
Instrumental activities of daily living limitation if the causal condition for the IADL
(IADL)—Instrumental activities of daily living are limitation is chronic. See related Activities of daily
activities related to independent living and include living (ADL); Limitation of activity.
preparing meals, managing money, shopping for
Insured—See Health insurance coverage.
groceries or personal items, performing light or heavy
housework and using a telephone. If a sample person Intermediate care facilities—See Nursing home.
from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey had any
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
difficulty performing an activity by himself or herself
Revision (ICD–9)—The International Classification of
and without special equipment, or did not perform the
Diseases (ICD) classifies mortality information for
activity at all because of health problems, the person
statistical purposes. The ICD was first used in 1900
was categorized as having a limitation in that activity.
and has been revised about every 10 years since then.
The limitation may have been temporary or chronic at
The ICD-9, published in 1977, is used to code U.S.
the time of the interview. Sample persons who were
mortality data beginning with data year 1979. (See
administered a community interview answered health
tables IV and V.) See related Cause of death;
status and functioning questions themselves if able to
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
do so. A proxy, such as a nurse, answered questions
Revision, Clinical Modification.
about the sample person’s health status and functioning
for long-term care facility interview. In the National International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
Health Interview Survey respondents are asked about Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM)—The
needing the help of another person for handling routine ICD–9–CM is based on and is completely compatible
IADL needs due to a physical, mental, or emotional with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
problem. Persons are considered to have an IADL Revision. The ICD–9–CM is used to code morbidity
Table VIII. Codes for diagnostic categories from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
Diagnostic category Code numbers
Females with delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V27
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1984–85) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279.19
(1986–94). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 042–044, 279.19, 795.8
(Beginning in 1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 042, V08
Malignant neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–208
Large intestine and rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153–154, 197.5
Trachea, bronchus, and lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 197.0, 197.3
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174–175, 198.81
Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Psychoses (excluding alcoholic and drug psychoses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293–299
Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320–389
Diseases of the circulatory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390–459
Diseases of heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391–392.0, 393–398, 402, 404, 410–416, 420–429
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410–414
Acute myocardial infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.0
Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430–438
Diseases of the respiratory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460–519
Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.0, 490–491
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.1, 480–487.0
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Hyperplasia of prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Decubitus ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.0
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710–739
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Intervertebral disc disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
Injuries and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800–999
Fracture, all sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800–829
Fracture of neck of femur (hip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
422 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 428
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Table IX. Codes for procedure categories from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
Procedure category Code numbers
Extraction of lens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1–13.6
Insertion of prosthetic lens (pseudophakos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7
Myringotomy with insertion of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.01
Tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.2–28.3
Coronary angioplasty (Prior to 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.0
(Beginning in 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.01–36.05, 36.09
Coronary artery bypass graft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.21–37.23
Pacemaker insertion or replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7–37.8
Carotid endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.12
Endoscopy of large or small intestine with or without biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.11–45.14, 45.16, 45.21–45.25
Cholecystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2
Prostatectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2–60.6
Bilateral destruction or occlusion of fallopian tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2–66.3
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3–68.7, 68.9
Cesarean section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.0–74.2, 74.4, 74.99
Repair of current obstetrical laceration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5–75.6
Reduction of fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.7,79.0–79.3
Arthroscopy of knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.26
Excision or destruction of intervertebral disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5
Total hip replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.51
Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.21
Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4
Angiocardiography with contrast material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.5
data and the ICD-9 is used to code mortality data. Life expectancy—Life expectancy is the average
Diagnostic groupings and code number inclusions for number of years of life remaining to a person at a
ICD–9–CM are shown in table VIII; procedures and particular age and is based on a given set of
code number inclusions are shown in table IX. age-specific death rates, generally the mortality
ICD-9 and ICD–9–CM are arranged in 17 main conditions existing in the period mentioned. Life
chapters. Most of the diseases are arranged according expectancy may be determined by race, sex, or other
to their principal anatomical site, with special chapters characteristics using age-specific death rates for the
for infective and parasitic diseases; neoplasms; population with that characteristic. See related Rate:
endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional diseases; mental Death and related rates.
diseases; complications of pregnancy and childbirth;
Limitation of activity—In the National Health
certain diseases peculiar to the perinatal period; and
Interview Survey limitation of activity refers to a
ill-defined conditions. In addition, two supplemental
long-term reduction in a person’s capacity to perform
classifications are provided: the classification of factors
the usual kind or amount of activities associated with
influencing health status and contact with health
his or her age group due to a chronic condition.
service and the classification of external causes of
Limitation of activity is assessed by asking
injury and poisoning. See related Condition;
respondents a series of questions about limitations in
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
their ability to perform activities usual for their age
Revision; Mental health disorder.
group because of a physical, mental, or emotional
Late fetal death rate—See Rate: Death and problem. Respondents are asked about limitations in
related rates. activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily
living, play, school, work, and difficulty in walking or
Leading causes of death—See Cause-of-death
remembering. For reported limitations the condition
ranking.
causing the limitation is determined and respondents
Length of stay—See Average length of stay. are considered limited if the causal conditions are
chronic in nature.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 423
Extracted source page 429
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
Sample persons from the Medicare Current See related Health maintenance organization;
Beneficiary Survey who reported no limitations in the Preferred provider organization.
activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental
Marital status—Marital status is classified
activities of daily living (IADL) due to health
through self-reporting into the categories married and
problems were included in the category ‘‘none’’.
unmarried. The term married encompasses all married
Sample persons with limitations in at least one IADL,
people including those separated from their spouses.
but no ADL, were included in the category ‘‘IADL’’
Unmarried includes those who are single (never
only. Sample persons with ADL limitations were
married), divorced, or widowed. The Abortion
categorized by the number of limitations (1 to 2, 3 to
Surveillance Reports of the Centers for Disease
5) regardless of the number of IADL limitations. See
Control and Prevention classified separated people as
related Activities of daily living; Condition;
unmarried before 1978.
Instrumental activities of daily living.
Maternal mortality rate—See Rate: Death and
Live birth—In the World Health Organization’s
related rates.
definition, also adopted by the United Nations and the
National Center for Health Statistics, a live birth is the Medicaid—This program is State operated and
complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a administered but has Federal financial participation.
product of conception, irrespective of the duration of Within certain broad federally determined guidelines,
the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or States decide who is eligible; the amount, duration,
shows any other evidence of life such as heartbeat, and scope of services covered; rates of payment for
umbilical cord pulsation, or definite movement of providers; and methods of administering the program.
voluntary muscles, whether the umbilical cord has Medicaid provides health care services for certain
been cut or the placenta is attached. Each product of low-income persons. Medicaid does not provide health
such a birth is considered live born. See related services to all poor people in every State. It
Gestation; Rate: Birth and related rates. categorically covers participants in the Aid to Families
with Dependent Children program and in the
Live-birth order—In the National Vital Statistics
Supplemental Security Income program. In most States
System this item from the birth certificate refers to the
it also covers certain other people deemed to be
total number of live births the mother has had,
medically needy. The program was authorized in 1965
including the present birth as recorded on the birth
by Title XIX of the Social Security Act. See related
certificate. Fetal deaths are excluded. See related Live
Health expenditures, national; Health maintenance
birth.
organization; Medicare.
Low birthweight—See Birthweight.
Medical specialties—See Physician specialty.
Managed care—Managed care is a health care
Medical vendor payments—Under the Medicaid
plan that integrates the financing and delivery of health
program, medical vendor payments are payments
care services by using arrangements with selected
(expenditures) to medical vendors from the State
health care providers to provide services for covered
through a fiscal agent or to a health insurance plan.
individuals. Plans are generally financed using
Adjustments are made for Indian Health Service
capitation fees. There are signifcant financial incentives
payments to Medicaid, cost settlements, third party
for members of the plan to use the health care
recoupments, refunds, voided checks, and other
providers associated with the plan. The plan includes
financial settlements that cannot be related to specific
formal programs for quality assurance and utilization
provided claims. Excluded are payments made for
review. Health maintenance organizations (HMO’s),
medical care under the emergency assistance
preferred provider organizations (PPO’s), and point of
provisions, payments made from State medical
service (POS) plans are examples of managed care.
assistance funds that are not federally matchable,
424 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 430
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Table X. Mental health codes, according to applicable revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International
Classification of Diseases
Diagnostic category DSM-II/ICDA-8 DSM-IIIR/ICD-9-CM
Alcohol related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291, 303, 309.13 291, 303, 305.0
Drug related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.3, 304, 309.14 292, 304, 305.1–305.9, 327, 328
Organic disorders (other than alcoholism and drug) . 290, 292, 293, 294 (except 294.3), 309.0, 309.2–309.9 290, 293, 294, 310
Affective disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296, 298.0, 300.4 296, 298.0, 300.4, 301.11, 301.13
Schizophrenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 295
disproportionate share hospital payments, cost sharing the provision of direct mental health services to the
or enrollment fees collected from recipients or a third mentally ill or emotionally disturbed. Excluded are
party, and administration and training costs. private office-based practices of psychiatrists,
psychologists, and other mental health providers;
Medicare—This is a nationwide health insurance
psychiatric services of all types of hospitals or
program providing health insurance protection to
outpatient clinics operated by Federal agencies other
people 65 years of age and over, people entitled to
than the Department of Veterans Affairs (for example,
social security disability payments for 2 years or more,
Public Health Service, Indian Health Service,
and people with end-stage renal disease, regardless of
Department of Defense, and Bureau of Prisons);
income. The program was enacted July 30, 1965, as
general hospitals that have no separate psychiatric
Title XVIII, Health Insurance for the Aged of the
services, but admit psychiatric patients to
Social Security Act, and became effective on July 1,
nonpsychiatric units; and psychiatric services of
1966. It consists of two separate but coordinated
schools, colleges, halfway houses, community
programs, hospital insurance (Part A) and
residential organizations, local and county jails, State
supplementary medical insurance (Part B). See related
prisons, and other human service providers. The major
Health expenditures, national; Health maintenance
types of mental health organizations are described
organization; Medicaid.
below.
Mental health disorder—The Center for Mental
Freestanding psychiatric outpatient clinics provide
Health Services defines a mental health disorder as any
only outpatient services on either a regular or
of several disorders listed in the International
emergency basis. The medical responsibility for
Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical
services is generally assumed by a psychiatrist.
Modification (ICD–9–CM) or Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition General hospitals providing separate psychiatric
(DSM-IIIR). Table X shows diagnostic categories and services are non-Federal general hospitals that
code numbers for ICD–9–CM/DSM-IIIR and provide psychiatric services in either a separate
corresponding codes for the International psychiatric inpatient, outpatient, or partial
Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the hospitalization service with assigned staff and
United States, Eighth Revision (ICDA-8) and space.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Multiservice mental health organizations directly
Disorders, Second Edition (DSM-II). See related
provide two or more of the program elements
International Classification of Diseases, Clinical
defined under Mental health service type and are
Modification.
not classifiable as a psychiatric hospital, general
Mental health organization—The Center for hospital, or a residential treatment center for
Mental Health Services defines a mental health emotionally disturbed children. (The classification
organization as an administratively distinct public or of a psychiatric or general hospital or a residential
private agency or institution whose primary concern is treatment center for emotionally disturbed children
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 425
Extracted source page 431
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
takes precedence over a multiservice classification, Outpatient care is the provision of ambulatory
even if two or more services are offered.) mental health services for less than 3 hours at a
single visit on an individual, group, or family
Partial care organizations provide a program of
basis, usually in a clinic or similar organization.
ambulatory mental health services.
Emergency care on a walk-in basis, as well as care
Private mental hospitals are operated by a sole provided by mobile teams who visit patients
proprietor, partnership, limited partnership, outside these organizations are included.
corporation, or nonprofit organization, primarily ‘‘Hotline’’ services are excluded.
for the care of persons with mental disorders.
Partial care treatment is a planned program of
Psychiatric hospitals are hospitals primarily mental health treatment services generally
concerned with providing inpatient care and provided in visits of 3 or more hours to groups of
treatment for the mentally ill. Psychiatric inpatient patients. Included are treatment programs that
units of Department of Veterans Affairs general emphasize intensive short-term therapy and
hospitals and Department of Veterans Affairs rehabilitation; programs that focus on recreation,
neuropsychiatric hospitals are combined into the and/or occupational program activities, including
category Department of Veterans Affairs sheltered workshops; and education and training
psychiatric hospitals because of their similarity in programs, including special education classes,
size, operation, and length of stay. therapeutic nursery schools, and vocational
training.
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
disturbed children must meet all of the following Residential treatment care is the provision of
criteria: (a) Not licensed as a psychiatric hospital overnight mental health care in conjunction with
and primary purpose is to provide individually an intensive treatment program in a setting other
planned mental health treatment services in than a hospital. Facilities may offer care to
conjunction with residential care; (b) Include a emotionally disturbed children or mentally ill
clinical program that is directed by a psychiatrist, adults.
psychologist, social worker, or psychiatric nurse See related Addition; Mental health organization.
with a graduate degree; (c) Serve children and
youth primarily under the age of 18; and (d) Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)—MSA’s are
Primary diagnosis for the majority of admissions defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget
is mental illness, classified as other than mental (OMB). The MSA standards are revised before each
retardation, developmental disability, and decennial Census. When Census data become
substance-related disorders, according to available, the standards are applied to define the actual
DSM-II/ICDA-8 or DSM-IIIR/ICD–9–CM codes. MSA’s. An MSA is a county or group of contiguous
counties that contains at least one city with a
State and county mental hospitals are under the population of 50,000 or more or includes a Census
auspices of a State or county government or Bureau-defined urbanized area of at least 50,000 with a
operated jointly by a State and county metropolitan population of at least 100,000. In addition
government. to the county containing the main city or urbanized
See related Addition; Mental health service type. area, an MSA may contain other counties that are
metropolitan in character and are economically and
Mental health service type—refers to the
socially integrated with the central counties. In New
following kinds of mental health services:
England, cities and towns, rather than counties, are
Inpatient care is the provision of 24-hour mental used to define MSA’s. For data from the National
health care in a mental health hospital setting. Health Interview Survey (NHIS) prior to 1995,
metropolitan population is based on MSA’s as defined
426 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 432
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
by OMB in 1983 using the 1980 Census. Starting with officials. Notifiable diseases are those of public interest
the 1995 NHIS, metropolitan population is based on by reason of their contagiousness, severity, or
MSA’s as defined by OMB in 1993 using the 1990 frequency.
Census. For further information on MSA’s, see U.S.
Nursing care—The following definition of
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, State
nursing care applies to data collected in National
and Metropolitan Area Data Book. See related
Nursing Home Surveys through 1977. Nursing care is
Urbanization.
the provision of any of the following services:
Multiservice mental health organizations—See application of dressings or bandages; bowel and
Mental health organization. bladder retraining; catheterization; enema; full bed
bath; hypodermic, intramuscular, or intravenous
National ambient air quality standards—The
injection; irrigation; nasal feeding; oxygen therapy; and
Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, amended in 1977 and
temperature-pulse-respiration or blood pressure
1990, required the Environmental Protection Agency
measurement. See related Nursing home.
(EPA) to establish National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. EPA has set specific standards for each of Nursing care homes—See Nursing home.
six major pollutants: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen
Nursing home—In the Online Survey
dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter
Certification and Reporting database, a nursing home is
whose aerodynamic size is equal to or less than 10
a facility that is certified and meets the Health Care
microns (PM-10). Each pollutant standard represents a
Financing Administration’s long-term care
maximum concentration level (micrograms per cubic
requirements for Medicare and Medicaid eligibility. In
meter) that cannot be exceeded during a specified time
the National Master Facility Inventory and the
interval. A county meets the national ambient air
National Nursing Home Survey, a nursing home is an
quality standards if none of the six pollutants exceed
establishment with three or more beds that provides
the standard during a 12-month period. See related
nursing or personal care services to the aged, infirm, or
Particulate matter; Pollutant.
chronically ill. The following definitions of nursing
Neonatal mortality rate—See Rate: Death and home types apply to data collected in National Nursing
related rates. Home Surveys through 1977.
Non-Federal physicians—See Physician. Nursing care homes must employ one or more
full-time registered or licensed practical nurses and
Nonpatient revenue—Nonpatient revenues are
must provide nursing care to at least one-half the
those revenues received for which no direct patient
residents.
care services are rendered. The most widely recognized
source of nonpatient revenues is philanthropy. Personal care homes with nursing have some but
Philanthropic support may be direct from individuals fewer than one-half the residents receiving nursing
or may be obtained through philanthropic fund raising care. In addition, such homes must employ one or
organizations such as the United Way. Support may more registered or licensed practical nurses or
also be obtained from foundations or corporations. must provide administration of medications and
Philanthropic revenues may be designated for direct treatments in accordance with physicians’ orders,
patient care use or may be contained in an endowment supervision of self-administered medications, or
fund where only the current income may be tapped. three or more personal services.
Nonprofit hospitals—See Hospital. Personal care homes without nursing have no
residents who are receiving nursing care. These
Notifiable disease—A notifiable disease is one
homes provide administration of medications and
that, when diagnosed, health providers are required,
treatments in accordance with physicians’ orders,
usually by law, to report to State or local public health
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 427
Extracted source page 433
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
supervision of self-administered medications, or inspection divided by the total number of beds on the
three or more personal services. day of certification.
Domiciliary care homes primarily provide Office—In the National Ambulatory Medical Care
supervisory care but also provide one or two Survey, an office is any location for a physician’s
personal services. ambulatory practice other than hospitals, nursing
homes, other extended care facilities, patients’ homes,
Nursing homes are certified by the Medicare
industrial clinics, college clinics, and family planning
and/or Medicaid program. The following definitions of
clinics. Offices in health maintenance organizations and
certification levels apply to data collected in National
private offices in hospitals are included. See related
Nursing Home Surveys of 1973–74, 1977, and 1985.
Offıce visit; Outpatient visit; Physician.
Skilled nursing facilities provide the most
Office-based physician—See Physician.
intensive nursing care available outside of a
hospital. Facilities certified by Medicare provide Office visit—In the National Ambulatory Medical
posthospital care to eligible Medicare enrollees. Care Survey, an office visit is any direct personal
Facilities certified by Medicaid as skilled nursing exchange between an ambulatory patient and a
facilities provide skilled nursing services on a physician or members of his or her staff for the
daily basis to individuals eligible for Medicaid purposes of seeking care and rendering health services.
benefits. See related Outpatient visit.
Intermediate care facilities are certified by the Operations—See Procedure.
Medicaid program to provide health-related
Outpatient department—According to the
services on a regular basis to Medicaid eligibles
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
who do not require hospital or skilled nursing
(NHAMCS), an outpatient department (OPD) is a
facility care but do require institutional care above
hospital facility where nonurgent ambulatory medical
the level of room and board.
care is provided. The following are examples of the
Not certified facilities are not certified as providers types of OPD’s excluded from the NHAMCS:
of care by Medicare or Medicaid. ambulatory surgical centers, chemotherapy, employee
See related Nursing care; Resident. health services, renal dialysis, methadone maintenance,
and radiology. See related Emergency department;
Nursing home expenditures—See Health Outpatient visit.
expenditures, national.
Outpatient surgery—According to the American
Occupancy rate—The American Hospital Hospital Association, outpatient surgery is performed
Association defines hospital occupancy rate as the on patients who do not remain in the hospital
average daily census divided by the average number of overnight and occurs in inpatient operating suites,
hospital beds during a reporting period. Average daily outpatient surgery suites, or procedure rooms within an
census is defined by the American Hospital Association outpatient care facility. Outpatient surgery is a surgical
as the average number of inpatients, excluding operation, whether major or minor, performed in
newborns, receiving care each day during a reporting operating or procedure rooms. A surgical operation
period. The occupancy rate for facilities other than involving more than one surgical procedure is
hospitals is calculated as the number of residents considered one surgical operation. See related
reported at the time of the interview divided by the Ambulatory surgery; Procedure.
number of beds reported. In the Online Survey
Certification and Reporting database, occupancy is the Outpatient visit—The American Hospital
total number of residents on the day of certification Association defines outpatient visits as visits for
428 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 434
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
receipt of medical, dental, or other services by patients not practicing, practicing medicine less than 20
who are not lodged in the hospital. Each appearance hours per week, have unknown addresses, or
by an outpatient to each unit of the hospital is counted specialties not classified (when specialty
individually as an outpatient visit. In the National information is presented).
Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey an
Federal physicians are employed by the Federal
outpatient department visit is a direct personal
Government; non-Federal or civilian physicians
exchange between a patient and a physician or other
are not.
health care provider working under the physician’s
supervision for the purpose of seeking care and Hospital-based physicians spend the plurality of
receiving personal health services. See related their time as salaried physicians in hospitals.
Emergency department visit; Outpatient department. Offıce-based physicians spend the plurality of their
Partial care organization—See Mental health time working in practices based in private offices.
organization. Data for physicians are presented by type of
Partial care treatment—See Mental health education (doctors of medicine and doctors of
service type. osteopathy); place of education (U.S. medical
graduates and international medical graduates); activity
Particulate matter—Particulate matter is defined status (professionally active and inactive); employment
as particles of solid or liquid matter in the air, setting (Federal and non-Federal); area of specialty;
including nontoxic materials (soot, dust, and dirt) and and geographic area. See related Offıce; Physician
toxic materials (for example, lead, asbestos, suspended specialty.
sulfates, and nitrates). See related National ambient air
quality standards; Pollutant. Physician specialty—A physician specialty is any
specific branch of medicine in which a physician may
Patient—A patient is a person who is formally
concentrate. Data are based on physician self-reports of
admitted to the inpatient service of a hospital for
their primary area of speciality. Physician data are
observation, care, diagnosis, or treatment. See related
broadly categorized into two general areas of practice:
Admission; Average length of stay; Days of care;
generalists and specialists.
Discharge; Hospital.
Generalist physicians are synonymous with
Percent change—See Average annual rate of
primary care generalists and only include
change.
physicians practicing in the general fields of
Perinatal mortality rate, ratio—See Rate: Death family and general practice, general internal
and related rates. medicine, and general pediatrics. They specifically
exclude primary care specialists.
Personal care homes with or without
nursing—See Nursing home. Primary care specialists practice in the
subspecialties of general and family practice,
Personal health care expenditures—See Health
internal medicine, and pediatrics. The primary care
expenditures, national.
subspecialties for family practice include geriatric
Physician—Physicians, through self-reporting, are medicine and sports medicine. Primary care
classified by the American Medical Association and subspecialties for internal medicine include
others as licensed doctors of medicine or osteopathy, diabetes, endocrinology and metabolism,
as follows: hematology, hepatology, cardiac electrophysiology,
infectious diseases, diagnostic laboratory
Active (or professionally active) physicians are
immunology, geriatric medicine, sports medicine,
currently practicing medicine for a minimum of 20
nephrology, nutrition, medical oncology, and
hours per week. Excluded are physicians who are
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 429
Extracted source page 435
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
rheumatology. Primary care subspecialties for and dependents of members of the Armed Forces
pediatrics include adolescent medicine, critical or other Federal employees) are not included.
care pediatrics, neonatal-perinatal medicine,
Resident population includes persons whose usual
pediatric allergy, pediatric cardiology, pediatric
place of residence (that is, the place where one
endocrinology, pediatric pulmonology, pediatric
usually lives and sleeps) is in one of the 50 States
emergency medicine, pediatric gastroenterology,
or the District of Columbia. It includes members
pediatric hematology/oncology, diagnostic
of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States
laboratory immunology, pediatric nephrology,
and their families. It excludes international
pediatric rheumatology, and sports medicine.
military, naval, and diplomatic personnel and their
Specialist physicians practice in the primary care families located here and residing in embassies or
specialties, in addition to all other specialist fields similar quarters. Also excluded are international
not included in the generalist definition. Specialist workers and international students in this country
fields include allergy and immunology, aerospace and Americans living abroad. The resident
medicine, anesthesiology, cardiovascular diseases, population is usually the denominator when
child and adolescent psychiatry, colon and rectal calculating birth and death rates and incidence of
surgery, dermatology, diagnostic radiology, disease. The resident population is also the
forensic pathology, gastroenterology, general denominator for selected population-based rates
surgery, medical genetics, neurology, nuclear that use numerator data from the National Nursing
medicine, neurological surgery, obstetrics and Home Survey.
gynecology, occupational medicine,
Civilian population is the resident population
ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology,
excluding members of the Armed Forces.
psychiatry, public health and general preventive
However, families of members of the Armed
medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation,
Forces are included. This population is the
plastic surgery, anatomic and clinical pathology,
denominator in rates calculated for the NCHS
pulmonary diseases, radiation oncology, thoracic
National Hospital Discharge Survey, the National
surgery, urology, addiction medicine, critical care
Home and Hospice Care Survey, and the National
medicine, legal medicine, and clinical
Survey of Ambulatory Surgery.
pharmacology.
See related Physician. Civilian noninstitutionalized population is the
civilian population not residing in institutions.
Pollutant—A pollutant is any substance that Institutions include correctional institutions,
renders the atmosphere or water foul or noxious to detention homes, and training schools for juvenile
health. See related National ambient air quality delinquents; homes for the aged and dependent
standards; Particulate matter. (for example, nursing homes and convalescent
Population—The U.S. Bureau of the Census homes); homes for dependent and neglected
collects and publishes data on populations in the children; homes and schools for the mentally or
United States according to several different definitions. physically handicapped; homes for unwed
Various statistical systems then use the appropriate mothers; psychiatric, tuberculosis, and chronic
population for calculating rates. disease hospitals; and residential treatment centers.
Census Bureau estimates of the civilian
Total population is the population of the United noninstitutionalized population are used to
States, including all members of the Armed Forces calculate sample weights for the NCHS National
living in foreign countries, Puerto Rico, Guam, Health Interview Survey, National Health and
and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Other Americans Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey of
abroad (for example, civilian Federal employees Family Growth, National Ambulatory Medical
430 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 436
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Care Survey, and the National Hospital Primary care specialties—See Physician
Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. specialty.
Postneonatal mortality rate—See Rate: Death Private expenditures—See Health expenditures,
and related rates. national.
Poverty level—Poverty statistics are based on Procedure—The National Hospital Discharge
definitions originally developed by the Social Security Survey (NHDS) and the National Survey of
Administration. These include a set of money income Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS) define a procedure as a
thresholds that vary by family size and composition. surgical or nonsurgical operation, diagnostic procedure,
Families or individuals with income below their or therapeutic procedure (such as respiratory therapy)
appropriate thresholds are classified as below the recorded on the medical record of discharged patients.
poverty level. These thresholds are updated annually A maximum of four procedures per discharge in
by the U.S. Bureau of the Census to reflect changes in NHDS and up to six procedures per discharge in
the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers NSAS were recorded and coded to the International
(CPI-U). For example, the average poverty threshold Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical
for a family of four was $16,400 in 1997 and $13,359 Modification. Previous editions of Health, United
in 1990. For more information, see U.S. Bureau of the States classified procedures into surgical and diagnostic
Census: Money Income of Households, Families, and and other nonsurgical procedures. The distinction
Persons in the United States, 1996. Series P-60. between surgical and diagnostic and nonsurgical
Washington. U.S. Government Printing office. See procedures has become less meaningful due to the
related Consumer Price Index; Family income. development of minimally invasive and noninvasive
surgery. Thus the practice of classifying procedures as
Preferred provider organization (PPO)—Health
surgical or diagnostic has been discontinued. See
plan generally consisting of hospital and physician
related Ambulatory surgery; Outpatient surgery.
providers. The PPO provides health care services to
plan members usually at discounted rates in return for Proprietary hospitals—See Hospital.
expedited claims payment. Plan members can use PPO
Psychiatric hospitals—See Hospital; Mental
or non-PPO health care providers, however, financial
health organization.
incentives are built into the benefit structure to
encourage utilization of PPO providers. See related Public expenditures—See Health expenditures,
Managed care. national.
Prevalence—Prevalence is the number of cases of Public health activities—Public health activities
a disease, infected persons, or persons with some other may include any of the following essential services of
attribute present during a particular interval of time. It public health—surveillance, investigations, education,
is often expressed as a rate (for example, the community mobilization, workforce training, research,
prevalence of diabetes per 1,000 persons during a and personal care services delivered or funded by
year). See related Incidence. governmental agencies.
Primary admission diagnosis—In the National Race—In 1977 the Office of Management and
Home and Hospice Care Survey the primary admission Budget (OMB) issued Race and Ethnic Standards for
diagnosis is the first-listed diagnosis at admission on Federal Statistics and Administrative reporting in order
the patient’s medical record as provided by the agency to promote comparability of data among Federal data
staff member most familiar with the care provided to systems. The 1977 standards called for the Federal
the patient. Government’s data systems to classify individuals into
the following four racial groups: American Indian or
Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, black, and
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 431
Extracted source page 437
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
white. Depending on the data source, the classification categories. As with the single race groups, data for the
by race was based on self-classification or on multiple race groups are to be reported when estimates
observation by an interviewer or other person filling meet agency requirements for reliability and
out the questionnaire. confidentiality. The 1997 standards allow for observer
In 1997 new standards were announced for or proxy identification of race but clearly state a
classification of individuals by race within the Federal preference for self-classification.
Government’s data systems (Federal Register, All Federal data systems are required to be
62FR58781–58790). The 1997 standards have five compliant with the 1997 standards by 2003. Although
racial groups: American Indian or Alaska Native, some data systems already permit tabulation of
Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or race-specific estimates under the 1997 standards, most
other Pacific Islander, and White. These five categories do not. In order to facilitate comparisons of
are the minimum set for data on race for Federal race-specific estimates across the various data systems
statistics. The 1997 standards also offer an opportunity presented in Health, United States, the 1977 standard
for respondents to select more than one of the five categories are used in all trend tables and charts.
groups, leading to many possible multiple race However, for illustration, two health statistics (cigarette
Table XI. Current cigarette smoking by persons 18 years of age and over, according to race and Hispanic origin under the 1977 and 1997
Standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity: United States, average annual 1993–95
Sample Standard Sample Standard
1997 Standards size Percent error 1977 Standards size Percent error
Race: Race:
White only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,228 25.2 0.26 White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,664 25.3 0.26
Black or African American only . . . . . . . . . . 7,208 26.6 0.64 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,334 26.5 0.63
American Indian or Alaska Native only . . . . . 416 32.9 2.53 American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . . 480 33.9 2.38
Asian only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,370 15.0 1.19 Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,411 15.5 1.22
Multiple race total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 34.5 2.00
Black or African American; White . . . . . . . 83 *21.7 6.05
American Indian or Alaska Native; White . . 461 40.0 2.58
Race, any mention:
White, any mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,882 25.3 0.26
Black or African American, any mention . . . . 7,382 26.6 0.63
American Indian or Alaska Native, any
mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 36.3 1.71
Asian, any mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,458 15.7 1.20
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, any
mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 *17.5 5.10
Hispanic origin and race: Hispanic origin and race:
Not Hispanic or Latino: Non-Hispanic:
White only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,421 25.8 0.27 White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,976 25.9 0.27
Black or African American only . . . . . . . . 7,053 26.7 0.65 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,203 26.7 0.64
American Indian or Alaska Native only . . . . 358 33.5 2.69 American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . . 407 35.4 2.53
Asian only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320 14.8 1.21 Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . 1,397 15.3 1.24
Multiple race total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 35.6 2.15
Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,175 17.8 0.65 Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,175 17.8 0.65
*Relative standard error 20–30 percent.
NOTES: The 1997 Standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity set five single race groups (White, Black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian,
and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander) and allow respondents to report one or more race groups. Estimates for single race and multiple race
groups not shown above do not meet standards for statistical reliability or confidentiality (relative standard error greater than 30 percent). Race groups
under the 1997 Standards were based on the question, ‘‘What is the group or groups which represents _____ race?’’ For persons who selected
multiple groups, race groups under the 1977 Standards were based on the additional question, ‘‘Which of those groups would you say best represents
____ race?’’ Race-specific estimates in this table were calculated after excluding respondents of other and unknown race. Other published
race-specific estimates are based on files in which such responses have been edited. Percents are age adjusted to the year 2000 standard using
three age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, and 45–64 years of age. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey.
432 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 438
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Table XII. Private health care coverage for persons under 65 years of age, according to race and Hispanic origin under the 1977 and 1997
Standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity: United States, average annual 1993–95
Sample Standard Sample Standard
1997 Standards size Percent error 1977 Standards size Percent error
Race: Race:
White only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,256 76.1 0.28 White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,472 75.9 0.28
Black or African American only . . . . . . . . . . 30,048 53.5 0.63 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,690 53.6 0.63
American Indian or Alaska Native only . . . . . 2,003 44.2 1.97 American Indian or Alaska Native . . . . 2,316 43.5 1.85
Asian only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,896 68.0 1.39 Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . 7,146 68.2 1.34
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 75.0 7.43
Multiple race total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,203 60.9 1.17
Black or African American; White . . . . . . . 686 59.5 3.21
American Indian or Alaska Native; White . . 2,022 60.0 1.71
Asian; White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 71.9 3.39
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander;
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 59.2 10.65
Race, any mention:
White, any mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,817 75.8 0.28
Black or African American, any mention . . . . 31,147 53.6 0.62
American Indian or Alaska Native, any
mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,365 52.4 1.40
Asian, any mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,639 68.4 1.27
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, any
mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 68.7 6.23
Hispanic origin and race: Hispanic origin and race:
Not Hispanic or Latino: Non-Hispanic:
White only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,109 78.9 0.27 White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,057 78.6 0.27
Black or African American only . . . . . . . . 29,250 53.9 0.64 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,877 54.0 0.63
American Indian or Alaska Native only . . . . 1,620 45.2 2.15 American Indian or Alaska Native . . . 1,859 44.6 2.05
Asian only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,623 68.2 1.43 Asian or Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . 6,999 68.4 1.40
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 76.4 7.79
Multiple race total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,365 62.6 1.18
Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,040 48.8 0.74 Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,040 48.8 0.74
NOTES: The 1997 Standards for Federal data on race and ethnicity set five single race groups (White, Black, American Indian or Alaska Native,
Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander) and allow respondents to report one or more race groups. Estimates for single race and
multiple race groups not shown above do not meet standards for statistical reliability or confidentiality (relative standard error greater than 30
percent). Race groups under the 1997 Standards were based on the question, ‘‘What is the group or groups which represents _____ race?’’ For
persons who selected multiple groups, race groups under the 1977 Standards were based on the additional question, ‘‘Which of those groups would
you say best represents ____ race?’’ Race-specific estimates in this table were calculated after excluding respondents of other and unknown race.
Other published race-specific estimates are based on files in which such responses have been edited. Percents are age adjusted to the year 2000
standard using three age groups: Under 18 years, 18–44 years, and 45–64 years of age. See Appendix II, Age adjustment.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey.
smoking and private health insurance coverage) based standards. Under the 1997 standards the sample size in
on data from the 1993–95 National Health Interview each race group declines slightly when compared with
Survey have been tabulated by race and Hispanic the 1977 standards because there are more race groups.
origin using both the 1997 and 1977 standards There are few multiple race groups with sufficient
(tables XI and XII). In these illustrations, three numbers of observations to meet standards of statistical
separate tabulations using the 1997 standards are reliability. Tables XI and XII also illustrate changes in
shown: 1) Race: mutually exclusive race groups, the terms used for specific groups in the 1997
including several multiple race combinations; 2) Race, standards. The race designation of Black was changed
any mention: race groups that are not mutually to Black or African American and the ethnicity
exclusive because each race category includes all designation of Hispanic was changed to Hispanic or
persons who mention that race; and 3) Hispanic origin Latino.
and race: detailed race and Hispanic origin with a Additional information is provided in Appendix I
multiple race total category. When applicable, under National Vital Statistics System. Also see related
comparison tabulations are shown for the 1977 Hispanic origin.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 433
Extracted source page 439
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
Rate—A rate is a measure of some event, disease, reporting area. Death rates are expressed as the
or condition in relation to a unit of population, along number of deaths per 100,000 population. The rate
with some specification of time. See related Age may be restricted to deaths in specific age, race,
adjustment; Population. sex, or geographic groups or from specific causes
of death (specific rate) or it may be related to the
Birth and related rates
entire population (crude rate).
Birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of
Fetal death rate is the number of fetal deaths with
live births in a population in a year by the
stated or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more
midyear resident population. For census years,
divided by the sum of live births plus fetal deaths,
rates are based on unrounded census counts of the
stated per 1,000 live births plus fetal deaths. Late
resident population, as of April 1. For the
fetal death rate is the number of fetal deaths with
noncensus years of 1981–89 and 1991, rates are
stated or presumed gestation of 28 weeks or more
based on national estimates of the resident
divided by the sum of live births plus late fetal
population, as of July 1, rounded to 1,000’s.
deaths, stated per 1,000 live births plus late fetal
Population estimates for 5-year age groups are
deaths. See related Fetal death; Gestation.
generated by summing unrounded population
estimates before rounding to 1,000’s. Starting in Infant mortality rate based on period files is
1992 rates are based on unrounded national calculated by dividing the number of infant deaths
population estimates. Birth rates are expressed as during a calendar year by the number of live
the number of live births per 1,000 population. births reported in the same year. It is expressed as
The rate may be restricted to births to women of the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
specific age, race, marital status, or geographic Neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths of
location (specific rate), or it may be related to the children under 28 days of age, per 1,000 live
entire population (crude rate). See related Cohort births. Postneonatal mortality rate is the number
fertility; Live birth. of deaths of children that occur between 28 days
and 365 days after birth, per 1,000 live births. See
Fertility rate is the total number of live births,
related Infant death.
regardless of age of mother, per 1,000 women of
reproductive age, 15–44 years. Birth cohort infant mortality rates are based on
linked birth and infant death files. In contrast to
Death and related rates
period rates in which the births and infant deaths
Death rate is calculated by dividing the number of occur in the same period or calendar year, infant
deaths in a population in a year by the midyear deaths comprising the numerator of a birth cohort
resident population. For census years, rates are rate may have occurred in the same year as, or in
based on unrounded census counts of the resident the year following the year of birth. The birth
population, as of April 1. For the noncensus years cohort infant mortality rate is expressed as the
of 1981–89 and 1991, rates are based on national number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births. See
estimates of the resident population, as of July 1, related Birth cohort.
rounded to 1,000’s. Population estimates for
Perinatal relates to the period surrounding the
10-year age groups are generated by summing
birth event. Rates and ratios are based on events
unrounded population estimates before rounding to
reported in a calendar year. Perinatal mortality
1,000’s. Starting in 1992 rates are based on
rate is the sum of late fetal deaths plus infant
unrounded national population estimates. Rates for
deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the sum
the Hispanic and non-Hispanic white populations
of live births plus late fetal deaths, stated per
in each year are based on unrounded State
1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths. Perinatal
population estimates for States in the Hispanic
434 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 440
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
mortality ratio is the sum of late fetal deaths plus areas have covered the entire United States since 1933.
infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the Currently, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam
number of live births, stated per 1,000 live births. comprise separate registration areas, although their data
are not included in statistical tabulations of U.S.
Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman
resident data. See related Reporting area.
while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site Relative survival rate—The relative survival rate
of the pregnancy. Maternal death is one for which is the ratio of the observed survival rate for the patient
the certifying physician has designated a maternal group to the expected survival rate for persons in the
condition as the underlying cause of death. general population similar to the patient group with
Maternal conditions are those assigned to respect to age, sex, race, and calendar year of
Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the observation. The 5-year relative survival rate is used to
puerperium, ICD-9 codes 630–676. (See related estimate the proportion of cancer patients potentially
table V.) Maternal mortality rate is defined as the curable. Because over one-half of all cancers occur in
number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. persons 65 years of age and over, many of these
The maternal mortality rate is a measure of the individuals die of other causes with no evidence of
likelihood that a pregnant woman will die from recurrence of their cancer. Thus, because it is obtained
maternal causes. The number of live births used in by adjusting observed survival for the normal life
the denominator is a proxy for the population of expectancy of the general population of the same age,
pregnant women who are at risk of a maternal the relative survival rate is an estimate of the chance
death. of surviving the effects of cancer.
Region—See Geographic region and division. Reporting area—In the National Vital Statistics
System, the reporting area for such basic items on the
Registered hospitals—See Hospital.
birth and death certificates as age, race, and sex, is
Registered nursing education—Registered based on data from residents of all 50 States in the
nursing data are shown by level of educational United States and the District of Columbia. The
preparation. Baccalaureate education requires at least 4 reporting area for selected items such as Hispanic
years of college or university; associate degree origin, educational attainment, and marital status, is
programs are based in community colleges and are based on data from those States that require the item
usually 2 years in length; and diploma programs are to be reported, whose data meet a minimum level of
based in hospitals and are usually 3 years in length. completeness (such as, 80 or 90 percent), and are
considered to be sufficiently comparable to be used for
Registration area—The United States has
analysis. In 1993–96 the reporting area for Hispanic
separate registration areas for birth, death, marriage,
origin of decedent on the death certificate included 49
and divorce statistics. In general, registration areas
States and the District of Columbia. See related
correspond to States and include two separate
Registration area; National Vital Statistics System in
registration areas for the District of Columbia and New
Appendix I.
York City. All States have adopted laws that require
the registration of births and deaths and the reporting Resident—In the Online Survey Certification and
of fetal deaths. It is believed that more than 99 percent Reporting database, all residents in certified facilities
of the births and deaths occurring in this country are are counted on the day of certification inspection. In
registered. the National Nursing Home Survey, a resident is a
The death registration area was established in person on the roster of the nursing home as of the
1900 with 10 States and the District of Columbia, and night before the survey. Included are all residents for
the birth registration area was established in 1915, whom beds are maintained even though they may be
also with 10 States and the District of Columbia. Both
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 435
Extracted source page 441
Appendix II ............................................................................................................
Glossary
on overnight leave or in a hospital. See related Nursing the 1993 rural-urban continuum codes. The 1993
home. rural-urban continuum codes were developed by the
Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of
Resident population—See Population.
Agriculture using the 1993 U.S. Office of Management
Residential treatment care—See Mental health and Budget definition of metropolitan statistical areas
service type. (MSA’s). The codes classify metropolitan counties by
population size and level of urbanization and
Residential treatment centers for emotionally
nonmetropolitan counties by level of urbanization and
disturbed children—See Mental health organization.
proximity to metropolitan areas. NCHS modified the
Self-assessment of health—See Health status, 1993 rural-urban continuum codes to make the
respondent-assessed. definition of core and fringe metropolitan counties
Short-stay hospitals—See Hospital. comparable to the definitions used for the 1983 codes.
For this report, the 10 categories of counties have been
Skilled nursing facilities—See Nursing home. collapsed into 5 categories (a) core metropolitan
Smoker—See Current smoker. counties contain the primary central city of an MSA
with a 1990 population of 1 million or more; (b) fringe
Specialty hospitals—See Hospital. metropolitan counties are the noncore counties of an
State health agency—The agency or department MSA with 1990 population of 1 million or more; (c)
within State government headed by the State or medium or small metropolitan counties are in MSA’s
territorial health official. Generally, the State health with 1990 population under 1 million; (d) urban
agency is responsible for setting statewide public nonmetropolitan counties are not in MSA’s and have
health priorities, carrying out national and State 2,500 or more urban residents in 1990; and (e) rural
mandates, responding to public health hazards, and counties are not in MSA’s and have fewer than 2,500
assuring access to health care for underserved State urban residents in 1990. See related Metropolitan
residents. statistical area (MSA).
Substance abuse treatment clients—In the Usual source of care—Usual source of care was
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services measured in the National Health Interview Survey
Administration’s Uniform Facilities Data Set substance (NHIS) in 1993 and 1994 by asking the respondent,
abuse treatment clients have been admitted to ‘‘Is there a particular person or place that ____usually
treatment and have been seen on a scheduled goes to when ____is sick or needs advice about
appointment basis at least once in the month before the ___health?’’ In the 1995 and 1996 NHIS, the
survey reference date or were inpatients on the survey respondent was asked, ‘‘Is there one doctor, person, or
reference date. Types of treatment include 24-hour place that ____usually goes to when ____is sick or
detoxification, 24-hour rehabilitation or residential needs advice about ____health?’’ Starting in 1997 the
care, and outpatient care. respondent was asked, ‘‘Is there a place that
____usually goes when he/she is sick or you need
Surgical operations—See Procedure. advice about (his/her) health?’’ Persons who report the
Surgical specialties—See Physician specialty. emergency department as their usual source of care are
defined as having no usual source of care for the
Uninsured—See Health insurance coverage.
purposes of this report.
Urbanization—In this report death rates are
Wages and salaries—See Employer costs for
presented according to level of urbanization of the
employee compensation.
decedent’s county of residence. Metropolitan and
nonmetropolitan counties are categorized into Years of potential life lost—Years of potential
urbanization levels based on an NCHS-modification of life lost (YPLL) is a measure of premature mortality.
436 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 442
............................................................................................................ Appendix II
Glossary
Starting with Health, United States, 1996–97, YPLL is
presented for persons under 75 years of age because
the average life expectancy in the United States is over
75 years. YPLL-75 is calculated using the following
eight age groups: under 1 year, 1–14 years, 15–24
years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64
years, 65–74 years. The number of deaths for each age
group is multiplied by the years of life lost, calculated
as the difference between age 75 years and the
midpoint of the age group. For the eight age groups
the midpoints are 0.5, 7.5, 19.5, 29.5, 39.5, 49.5, 59.5,
and 69.5. For example, the death of a person 15–24
years of age counts as 55.5 years of life lost. Years of
potential life lost is derived by summing years of life
lost over all age groups. In Health, United States, 1995
and earlier editions, YPLL was presented for persons
under 65 years of age. For more information, see
Centers for Disease Control. MMWR. Vol 35 no 25S,
suppl. 1986.
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 437
Extracted source page 443
Appendix III ...........................................................................................................
Additional Data
Trend Tables With Additional Years of Data To access the files on the Internet, go to the FTP
server on the NCHS homepage at www.cdc.gov/nchs
Available in Electronic Spreadsheet Files
and select ‘‘Data Warehouse’’ and Health, United
Many of the trend tables in this report present data States.
for extended time periods. Because of space limitations Spreadsheet files are also available on a CD-ROM
on the printed page, only selected years of data are entitled ‘‘Publications from the National Center for
shown to highlight major trends. For the tables listed Health Statistics,’’ featuring Health, United States,
below, additional years of data are available in 2000, vol 1 no 6, 2000. The CD-ROM may be
electronic spreadsheet files that may be accessed purchased from the Government Printing Office or the
through the Internet and on CD-ROM. National Technical Information Service.
Table
number Table topic Additional data years available
1 Resident population 1981–89,1991–96
2 Poverty 1986–89,1991–92
3 Fertility rates and birth rates 1981–84,1986–89,1991–93
5 Live births 1971–74,1976–79,1981–84,1986–89,1991–94
6 Prenatal care 1981–84,1986–89,1991
8 Teenage childbearing 1981–84,1986–89,1991
9 Nonmarital childbearing 1981–84,1986–89,1991
10 Maternal education 1981–84,1986–89,1991
11 Maternal smoking 1991
12 Low birthweight 1981–84,1986–89,1991
13 Low birthweight 1991
16 Abortions 1981–84,1986–88,89
17 Abortions 1981–84,1986–88,89
20 Infant mortality rates 1984,1985–89,1991
21 Infant mortality rates 1984,1985–89,1991
22 Infant mortality rates 1984,1986
23 Infant mortality rates 1981–84,1986–89,1991–94
28 Life expectancy 1975,1981–84
29 Age-adjusted death rates by State 1989–91,1992–94,1993–95,1994–96,1995–97
30 Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes 1991–94
31 Years of potential life lost 1985,1991–97
36 Death rates for all causes 1981–84,1986–89,1991–95
37 Diseases of heart 1981–84,1986–89,1991–94
38 Cerebrovascular diseases 1981–84,1986–89,1991–94
39 Malignant neoplasms 1981–84,1986–89,1991–94
40 Malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and lung 1981–84,1986–89, 1991–94
41 Malignant neoplasm of breast 1981–84,1986–89, 1991–94
42 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 1981–84,1986–89,1991
43 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection 1988,1991
44 Maternal mortality 1981–84,1986–89, 1991–94
45 Motor vehicle-related injuries 1981–84,1986–89, 1991–94
46 Homicide 1981–84,1986–89, 1991–94
47 Suicide 1981–84,1986–89, 1991–94
48 Firearm-related injuries 1981–84,1986–87,1989,1991–93
438 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 444
........................................................................................................... Appendix III
Additional Data
Table
number Table topic Additional data years available
49 Occupational diseases 1979,1981–84,1986–89
51 Occupational injuries 1981–84,1986–89
52 Notifiable diseases 1985,1988–89,1991–94
59 Cigarette smoking 1987–88,1991
60 Cigarette smoking 1987–88,1991
61 Cigarette smoking 1994–97
62 Use of selected substances 1982,1988
63 Use of selected substances 1981–84,1986–89
85 Ambulatory care visits 1997
87 Additions to mental health organizations 1986,1988
90 Discharges 1988–89,1993,1995
91 Discharges 1989,1994
92 Rates of discharges 1995
93 Discharges 1995
95 Hospital admissions 1991–94
100 Persons employed 1983–84,1986–89,1991–92
102 Physicians 1970,1980,1987,1989,1992–94
105 Staff in mental health organizations 1986,1988
109 Hospitals 1991–94
111 Community hospital beds 1985,1988–89,1995–97
112 Occupancy rates 1985,1988–89,1995–97
116 Consumer Price Index 1965,1975,1985
121 Employers’ costs and health insurance 1992–93,1995–97
122 Hospital expenses 1991–92,1994
123 Nursing home average monthly charges 1964
124 Nursing home average monthly charges 1977
126 Funding for health research 1975,1984,1986–89,1991–92
131 Health maintenance organizations 1984,1986–87,1989,1991–92
136 Medicaid 1986–89,1991–94
137 Medicaid 1986–89,1991–94
138 Department of Veterans Affairs 1985,1988–89,1991–92
143 Medicare 1990,1995–96
146 Persons without health care coverage 1991
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 439
Extracted source page 445
Index to Trend Tables .....................................................................................
(Numbers refer to table numbers)
A A—Con.
Table Table
Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17 American Indian population—Con.
Abortions per 100 live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 36
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Death rates, geographic division and State. . . . . . .29
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Death rates, selected causes . . . . 30, 37, 38, 39, 40,
Location of facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
Marital status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Deaths, number, all causes and leading causes . . .32
Number of abortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Dental students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Previous induced abortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 21
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Type of procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Hospital utilization, emergency
Access to care (see also Hospital utilization) . . . 71, 72, department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 79
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 95, 135 Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Health care contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 72 Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 24, 25
Hospital emergency department . . . . . 77, 79, 83, 84 Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Hospital outpatient department . . . . . . . . 83, 95, 135 Maternal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Interval since last health care contact, adults . . . . .72 Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108
Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Nursing students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
No recent health care visit, children . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Optometry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
No usual source of care, adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Pharmacy students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
No usual source of care, children . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Podiatry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Physician office visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 85, 135 Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Accidents, see Motor vehicle-related injuries; Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
Unintentional injuries. Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Activities of Daily Living (ADL), see Limitation Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8
of activities. Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Adolescents, see Child and adolescent health. Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
AIDS, see HIV/AIDS. Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Air quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Anemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Alcohol abuse treatment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Angiocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Alcohol consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 65 Arthroscopy (knee) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 65 Asian population
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 65 AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 65 Air quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9
Alzheimers disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Ambulatory care, see Access to care; Dental visits; Birthweight, low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 14
Hospital utilization; Mammography; Medicare; Birthweight, very low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15
Mental health care utilization. Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 61
American Indian population Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 36
Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Death rates, geographic division and State. . . . . . .29
AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Death rates, selected causes . 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
Air quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Deaths, number, all causes and leading causes . . .32
Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Dental students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Birthweight, low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 14 Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Birthweight, very low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15 Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 21
Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 61 Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129
440 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 446
.................................................................................... Index to Trend Tables
A—Con. B—Con.
Table Table
Asian population—Con. Births—Con.
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .130 Hospital utilization, delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93
Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
Hospital utilization, emergency department . . 77, 79 Race . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 12
Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 24, 25 Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Maternal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Black population
Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108 Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Nursing students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Access to care . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78,
Optometry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 79, 83, 85
Pharmacy students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54
Podiatry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Air quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 65
Poverty level, persons and families below . . . . . . . .2 Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9
Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Birthweight, low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 14
Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 Birthweight, very low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15
Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Cancer incidence rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Cancer survival, 5-year relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Asian subgroups (Chinese; Filipino; Hawaiian; Cholecystetomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Japanese) Cholesterol, serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60, 61, 63
Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Cocaine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 64
Birthweight, low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13 Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 21 Coronary artery bypass graft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21 Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 36
Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Death rates, geographic division and State. . . . . . .29
Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Death rates, selected causes . 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Deaths, number, all causes and leading causes . . .32
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 Dental students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 135
B Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 21
Benign neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Fetal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Birth control, see Contraception. Functional limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Birth trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129
Births (see also Childless women). . . . . . . 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .130
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 92, 93 Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Age of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9, 11 Healthy weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Hospital utilization, emergency department . . 77, 79,
Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 83, 84
Birthweight, low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 14 Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 135
Birthweight, very low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15 Hospital utilization, outpatient
Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 13 department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 135
Fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15 Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 23, 24, 25
Hispanic origin of mother . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, Inhalants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
10, 11, 12, 13 Life expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 441
Extracted source page 447
Index to Trend Tables .....................................................................................
B—Con. C—Con.
Table Table
Black population—Con. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal
Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33
Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Cesarean section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Marijuana use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63 Chancroid, see Diseases, notifiable.
Maternal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Child and adolescent health
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108 Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85
Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Nursing home utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 97 Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63
Nursing students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9
Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Optometry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63
Overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69 Cocaine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 64
Pharmacy students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Podiatry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Death rates, selected causes . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43, 45,
Poverty level, persons and families below . . . . . . . .2 46, 47, 48
Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 Deaths, number, leading causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Region, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 Early screening, Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Urbanization, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Hospital utilization, emergency department . . 77, 83,
Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 84
Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . 89, 90, 92, 93, 94
Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Hospital utilization, outpatient department . . . . . . .83
Inhalants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
C Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Cancer (Malignant neoplasms). . . . . . . . .30, 31, 32, 33, Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
39, 40, 41, 55, 56, 92, 93 Marijuana use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63
All sites . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 55, 56, 92, 93 Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 136
Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 31, 41, 55, 56, 92, 93 Overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Colorectal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 55, 56, 92, 93 Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Deaths and death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33, 39 Poverty level, persons and families below . . . . . . . .2
Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Psychiatric organizations, inpatient additions. . . . .98
Incidence rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Residential treatment centers for emotionally
Prostate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 55, 56, 92, 93 disturbed children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 105, 110
Survival, 5-year relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Trachea, bronchus, lung. . . . . . 30, 40, 55, 56, 92, 93 Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74
Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Childless women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Cardiac catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Chinese population, see Asian subgroups.
Carotid endarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 104, 106
Cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Central and South American population, see Employees, in offices of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Hispanic subgroups. Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
33, 38, 92, 93 Chlamydia, see Diseases, notifiable.
Deaths and death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33, 38 Cholecystectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Cholesterol, serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chronic diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
442 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 448
.................................................................................... Index to Trend Tables
C—Con. D—Con.
Table Table
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33 Diphtheria, see Diseases, notifiable; Vaccinations.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). . . 30, Diseases, notifiable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
31, 32, 33, 42 Disorders relating to short gestation and unspecified
Cigarette smoking (see also Births, smoking status of low birthweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
mother) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60, 61, 63 Drug abuse treatment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 61 Drug use, see Alcohol consumption; Cigarette
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 61, 63 smoking; Cocaine use; Inhalants; Marijuana use.
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis), see Vaccinations.
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60, 61, 63
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 E
Cirrhosis, see Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Education
Cocaine use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 64 Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 64 Births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 13
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Emergency room episodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 61, 63
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 64 Cocaine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 64 Death rates by educational attainment . . . . . . . . . .35
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Communicable diseases (see also Diseases, Inhalants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
notifiable) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 Marijuana use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Consumer Price Index (CPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Elderly population
Contraception (see also Fallopian tube procedures) . .18 Access to care . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 79, 83, 84, 85, 135
Coronary angioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Coronary artery bypass graft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Cost, see Employee costs; Employer costs. Cholesterol, serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Cuban population, see Hispanic subgroups. Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 61
Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
D Death rates, selected causes . 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
Deaths, all causes (see also Cause-of-death titles; 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49
Infant mortality; Life expectancy, Years of potential Deaths, leading causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
life lost). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 35, 36 Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 135
Educational attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Functional limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 32, 36 Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36 Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .143
Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 34, 35, 36 Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Healthy weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Urbanization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Home health care patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Hospice patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 135 Hospital utilization, emergency department . . 79, 83,
Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 84, 135
Recent visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . .89, 90, 92, 93,
Dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 104, 106, 107, 108 94, 135, 143
Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Hospital utilization, outpatient department . . . . . . .83
Employees, in offices of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108 Life expectancy at age 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 92, 93 Life expectancy at age 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Deaths and death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33 Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 443
Extracted source page 449
Index to Trend Tables .....................................................................................
E—Con. G
Table Table
Elderly population—Con. Gonorrhea, see Diseases, notifiable.
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 136, 137 Gross Domestic Product (GDP). . . . . . . . . . . . .114, 115
Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 143 Health expenditures, as percent of. . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Mental health care utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 99 International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Nursing home expenditures. . . . . . . . . 118, 119, 123,
124, 135
Nursing home utilization . . . . . . . . .96, 97, 113, 123,
H
124, 135
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive, see Diseases,
Nursing homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
notifiable.
Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Hawaiian population, see Asian subgroups.
Overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Health expenditures, national, see Expenditures,
Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
national health.
Emergency department, see Hospital utilization,
Health care contacts, see Access to care.
emergency department.
Health insurance (see also Health maintenance
Employee costs for health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
organization (HMO); Medicaid; Medicare). . . 71, 72,
Employer costs for employee compensation . . . . . . .121
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 89, 121, 128, 129, 130, 132, 146
Employer costs for health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
Endoscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Employee costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Expenditures, national health (see also Consumer Price
Employer costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Index; Health research and development;
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129, 132
HIV/AIDS, expenditures by Federal agency; Hospital
Family coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
expenses; Medicaid; Medicare; Mental health
Hospital utilization, emergency
expenditures; Nursing home expenditures; Physician
department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 79
expenditures; Prescription drug expenditures;
Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Veterans medical care) . . 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120
Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Amount in billions. . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 118, 119, 120
65 years of age and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
Amount per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115, 119
Under 65 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 130
Factors affecting growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Uninsured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 146
Federal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115, 119
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . 130, 131,
International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
132, 143, 144, 145
Out-of-pocket payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 120
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Percent of Gross Domestic Product . . . . . . .114, 115
Employee costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Personal health care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117, 119
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Source of funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115, 119
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
State and local government . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115, 119
Medicaid and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Type of expenditure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118, 119
Medicare and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Type of payer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
F Plans and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Fallopian tube procedures (see also Contraception) . .94 Poverty level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Falls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Preferred provider organization (PPO) . . . . . . . . .132
Fertility rates, see Births. Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Fetal mortality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Filipino population, see Asian subgroups. Health research and development (see also
Firearm-related injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 HIV/AIDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Fractures (see also Total hip replacement) . . 92, 93, 94 Health status, respondent-assessed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Hip fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Healthy weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Reduction of fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Heart disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 92, 93
Deaths and death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33, 37
Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93
444 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 450
.................................................................................... Index to Trend Tables
H—Con. H—Con.
Table Table
Heart disease—Con. Hispanic origin population—Con.
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31 Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Procedures (angiocardiography; cardiac Poverty level, persons and families below . . . . . . . .2
catheterization; coronary angioplasty; coronary Prenatal care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
artery bypass graft; pacemaker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8
Hepatitis, see Diseases, notifiable; Vaccinations. Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), see Vaccinations. Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Hispanic origin population Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Hispanic subgroups (Central and South American;
Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Cuban; Mexican; Puerto Rican) (see also Mexican;
AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54 Puerto Rican)
Air quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 65 Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Birthweight, low and very low . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13
Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 21
Birthweight, low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 14 Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129
Birthweight, very low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15 Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .130
Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21
Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62, 64 Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Cocaine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 64 Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 36 Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Death rates, geographic division and State. . . . . . .29 HIV/AIDS . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 43, 53, 54, 91, 127
Death rates, selected causes . . . . 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 43, 53, 91
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54
Deaths, number, all causes and Deaths and death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33, 43
leading causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Educational attainment, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Expenditures by Federal agency and activity. . . .127
Dental students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 43, 53, 54
Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 135 Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 21 Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 43, 53, 54
Functional limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Rank as cause of death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33
Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129 Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 43, 53, 54
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .130 Transmission category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Hospital utilization, emergency Home health care patients (see also Hospice
department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 79 patients). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Homicide and legal intervention . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 46
Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 24, 25 Hospice patients (see also Home health care
Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 patients). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Hospital employees (see also Mental health
Marijuana use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 resources) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Maternal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Hospital expenses (see also Consumer Price Index;
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Medicaid; Medicare). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 122, 139
Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108 Amount in billions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 122
Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Employee costs, as percent of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Nursing students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Optometry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Inpatient care expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Pharmacy students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Source of funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Podiatry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 445
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Index to Trend Tables .....................................................................................
H—Con. I—Con.
Table Table
Hospital utilization (see also Access to care; Medicaid; Infant mortality—Con.
Medicare; Veterans medical care) . . . . .77, 79, 83, 84, Postneonatal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 23
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 135, 143 Race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 23, 24, 25
Admissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Infections specific to the perinatal period . . . . . . . . . .33
Average length of stay. . . . . . 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 143 Inhalants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Days of care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 90, 91, 92 Injuries (see also Firearm-related injuries;
Diagnoses, selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 92, 93 Homicide; Motor vehicle-related injuries;
Discharges for inpatients . . . . . . . . 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 Occupational injuries; Suicide) . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32,
Emergency department . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 79, 83, 84 33, 35, 84, 92, 93
Geographic region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 90 Injury and adverse effects, death rates . . . . . . . . . .35
Outpatient department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 95, 135 Injury and poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93
Ownership type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Emergency department visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Poverty status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Unintentional, deaths and death rates . . . . 30, 32, 33
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Unintentional, YPLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 135 Inpatient care, see Hospital utilization; Mental health
Residence within/outside metropolitan statistical care utilization; Nursing home utilization.
area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), see
Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 Limitation of activity.
Size of hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 International health, see Expenditures, international;
Surgery, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Infant mortality; Life expectancy.
Surgery, outpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95 Intervertebral disc disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93, 94
Hospitals (see also Hospital employees; Mental health Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia . . . . . . . . . . .33
resources; Nursing homes) . . . . . . . . 95, 109, 111, 112 Ischemic heart disease, see Heart disease.
Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Beds per 1,000 population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Community hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 109, 111, 112 J
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . .111, 112
Number of hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Japanese population, see Asian subgroups.
Occupancy rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109, 112
Ownership type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 109 L
Size of hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 109 Leading causes of death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33
Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Hispanic origin population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
I Life expectancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28
International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Immunizations, see Vaccinations. Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Income, family, see Poverty status. Limitation of activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Infant mortality (see also Fetal mortality). . 20, 21, 22, Liver disease, see Chronic liver disease and
23, 24, 25, 26, 33 cirrhosis.
Birth cohort data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 22 Low birthweight, see Births, birthweight, low and
Birthweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 very low; Infant mortality, birthweight.
Cause of death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Lyme disease, see Diseases, notifiable.
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 24, 25 M
International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Neonatal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 23, 25 Malignant neoplasms, see Cancer.
Perinatal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
446 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
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M—Con. M—Con.
Table Table
Managed care, see Health maintenance organization Mental health resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105, 110
(HMO); Preferred provider organization. Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Marijuana use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63 Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Patient care staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Mexican population (see also Hispanic subgroups)
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Access to care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 78, 79
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63 Cholesterol, serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Mastectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Maternal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Measles (Rubeola), see Diseases, notifiable; Healthy weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Vaccinations. Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Medicaid (see also Health insurance) . . . 119, 120, 128, Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
129, 136, 137, 144 Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108
Basis of eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129 Overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69
Expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 120 Poverty level, persons and families below . . . . . . . .2
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), see Vaccinations.
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .144 Motor vehicle-related injuries . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 45, 84
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 45
Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 144 Emergency department visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Recipients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 137, 144 Mumps, see Diseases, notifiable; Vaccinations.
Type of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Myringotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Medical doctors, see Physicians.
Medicare (see also Health insurance) . . . 119, 129, 133,
134, 135, 143 N
Age and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 134 National health expenditures, see Expenditures,
Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 national health.
Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 134, 143 Neonatal mortality, see Infant mortality.
Expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 133 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis . . . . . . 32, 33
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Newborn affected by complications of placenta,
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .143 cord, and membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Hispanic origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Newborn affected by maternal complications of
Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 143 Nulliparous women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Nurses, licensed practical; schools; students. . . . . . .106
Type of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Nurses, registered (see also Mental health
Meningococcal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 52 resources) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106, 107, 108
Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Mental health care utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 98, 99 Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108
Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 98, 99 Type of training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 99 Nursing home employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Diagnosis, primary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Nursing home expenditures . . . . . . . 119, 123, 124, 135
Race and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Age and sex of residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Type of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Amount in billions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Mental health expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 142 Average monthly charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 124
Organization type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Facility characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 124
State mental health agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Source of funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 124
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Index to Trend Tables .....................................................................................
N—Con. P
Table Table
Nursing home utilization . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 97, 113, 135 Pacemakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Age, sex, and race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 97 Perinatal mortality, see Infant mortality.
Functional status of residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Personal health care expenditures, see Expenditures,
Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 national health.
Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Pertussis (whooping cough), see Diseases, notifiable;
Nursing homes, beds, occupancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Vaccinations.
Nutrition related Pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106, 107, 108
Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 65 Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Cancer death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 39 Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108
Cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Physical therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106
Cerebrovascular disease death rates (stroke) . 30, 31, Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
32, 33, 38 Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Cholesterol, serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 93 Physician expenditures (see also Consumer Price
Healthy weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Index; Medicaid; Medicare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 140
Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Amount in billions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Infant mortality . . . . . 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 33 Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Ischemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31 Source of funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Low and very low birthweight . . . . . . 12, 13, 14, 15 Physician utilization, see Access to care; Hospital
Nutritionists/dieticians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 utilization.
Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Physicians (see also Mental health resources) . . . . . 85,
Overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108
Nutritionists/dieticians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Doctors of osteopathy . . . . . . . . . 104, 106, 107, 108
O Employees, in offices of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Geographic division and State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Obstetrical laceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 International medical school graduates. . . . . . . . .102
Occupational diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Primary care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 103
Occupational injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 51 Primary specialty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 102, 103
Deaths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
With lost workdays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108
Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106 Pneumonia and influenza . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 92, 93
Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Deaths and death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33
Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Hospital utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Optometrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106, 107, 108 Podiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106, 107, 108
Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108 Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108
Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 Poliomyelitis (Polio), see Diseases, notifiable;
Osteopaths, see Physicians. Vaccinations.
Outpatient department, see Hospital utilization, Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
outpatient department. Postneonatal mortality, see Infant mortality.
Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69 Poverty status . . . . . . . 2, 57, 58, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77,
Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89 128, 129, 130
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
448 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 454
.................................................................................... Index to Trend Tables
P—Con. S—Con.
Table Table
Poverty status—Con. State data—Con.
Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Expenditures, physician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129 Expenditures, prescription drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .130 Expenditures, State mental health agency . . . . . .142
Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . 143, 144,
Hospital utilization, emergency 145
department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 79 Hospital beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Hospital occupancy rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Infant mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129 Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Persons and families below poverty level . . . . . . . .2 Nursing homes, beds, occupancy,
Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Preferred provider organization (PPO) . . . . . . . . . . .132 Physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Prenatal care, see Births. Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Prescription drug expenditures (see also Consumer Substance abuse treatment clients. . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Price Index; Medicaid; Medicare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Uninsured, health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Primary care, see Physicians. Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Prostatectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Sterilization, see Contraception; Fallopian tube
Psychoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 procedures.
Public Health, schools of; students . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Stroke, see Cerebrovascular disease.
Puerto Rican population (see also Hispanic subgroups) Substance abuse treatment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108 Sudden infant death syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Poverty level, persons and families below . . . . . . . .2 Suicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 33, 47
Surgery, see Hospital utilization.
Syphilis, see Diseases, notifiable.
R
Registered nurses, see Nurses, registered. T
Respiratory distress syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, see Diseases, notifiable. Tetanus, see Diseases, notifiable; Vaccinations.
Rubella (German measles), see Diseases, notifiable; Tonsillectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Vaccinations. Total hip replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Tubal ligation, see Fallopian tube procedures.
S Tuberculosis, see Diseases, notifiable.
Salmonellosis, see Diseases, notifiable.
Self-assessment of health, see Health status, U
respondent-assessed.
Septicemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33 Uninsured, health, see Health insurance, uninsured.
Shigellosis, see Diseases, notifiable. Unintentional injuries, see Injury, unintentional
Smoking, see Cigarette smoking. Urbanization, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Socioeconomic status, see Education; Poverty status. Usual source of care, see Access to care.
Speech therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 106
Active personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
V
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Vaccinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74
State data
Veterans medical care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Alcohol abuse treatment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Birthweight, low and very low . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15
Death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Drug abuse treatment clients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 W
Expenditures, hospital care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Wages and salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Health, United States, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 449
Extracted source page 455
Index to Trend Tables .....................................................................................
W—Con. W—Con.
Table Table
Women’s health Women’s health—Con.
Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17 Nursing home utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 97
Access to care . . . . . . . . . .71, 72, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85 Nursing students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
AIDS cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 54 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 65 Optometry students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Birth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Births, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 Pharmacy students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Breast cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 55, 56, 92, 93 Podiatric students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Population, resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Cancer incidence rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Poverty, families with female householder. . . . . . . .2
Cancer survival, 5-year relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Prenatal care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
Cesarean section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Region, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Childless women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Smoking status of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 12
Cholesterol, serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Teenage childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8
Cigarette smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 59, 60, 61, 63 Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Cocaine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 64 Urbanization, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Death rates, all causes . . . . . . . . . . 30, 34, 35, 36, 37
Death rates, selected causes . 30, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 Y
Deaths, number, leading causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Table
Dental caries (cavities), untreated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Years of potential life lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Dental students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Dental visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Education of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 13, 21
Educational attainment, death rates . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Health care contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129
Health maintenance organization (HMO) . . . . . . .130
Health status, respondent-assessed . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Healthy weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Home health care patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Hospice patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Hospital utilization, emergency
department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 83, 84
Hospital utilization, inpatient . . . . 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
Hospital utilization, outpatient department . . . . . . .83
Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Inhalants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Life expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28
Limitation of activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Lumpectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Marijuana use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63
Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Maternal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Medical students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
450 .......................................................................................................... Health, United States, 2000
Extracted source page 456
DHHS Pub No. (PHS) 2000-1232
9-0725 (6/00)